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De Braekeleer E, Douet-Guilbert N, Morel F, Le Bris MJ, Basinko A, De Braekeleer M. ETV6 fusion genes in hematological malignancies: a review. Leuk Res 2012; 36:945-61. [PMID: 22578774 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Translocations involving band 12p13 are one of the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormalities in human leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Their frequently result in rearrangements of the ETV6 gene. At present, 48 chromosomal bands have been identified to be involved in ETV6 translocations, insertions or inversions and 30 ETV6 partner genes have been molecularly characterized. The ETV6 protein contains two major domains, the HLH (helix-loop-helix) domain, encoded by exons 3 and 4, and the ETS domain, encoded by exons 6 through 8, with in between the internal domain encoded by exon 5. ETV6 is a strong transcriptional repressor, acting through its HLH and internal domains. Five potential mechanisms of ETV6-mediated leukemogenesis have been identified: constitutive activation of the kinase activity of the partner protein, modification of the original functions of a transcription factor, loss of function of the fusion gene, affecting ETV6 and the partner gene, activation of a proto-oncogene in the vicinity of a chromosomal translocation and dominant negative effect of the fusion protein over transcriptional repression mediated by wild-type ETV6. It is likely that ETV6 is frequently involved in leukemogenesis because of the large number of partners with which it can rearrange and the several pathogenic mechanisms by which it can lead to cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne De Braekeleer
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Université de Brest, Brest, France
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De Braekeleer E, Douet-Guilbert N, Rowe D, Bown N, Morel F, Berthou C, Férec C, De Braekeleer M. ABL1 fusion genes in hematological malignancies: a review. Eur J Haematol 2011; 86:361-71. [PMID: 21435002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the ABL1 gene, leading to a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, have been mainly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). At present, six other genes have been shown to fuse to ABL1. The kinase domain of ABL1 is retained in all chimeric proteins that are also composed of the N-terminal part of the partner protein that often includes a coiled-coil or a helix-loop-helix domain. These latter domains allow oligomerization of the protein that is required for tyrosine kinase activation, cytoskeletal localization, and neoplastic transformation. Fusion genes that have a break in intron 1 or 2 (BCR-ABL1, ETV6-ABL1, ZMIZ1-ABL1, EML1-ABL1, and NUP214-ABL1) have transforming activity, although NUP214-ABL1 requires amplification to be efficient. The NUP214-ABL1 gene is the second most prevalent fusion gene involving ABL1 in malignant hemopathies, with a frequency of 5% in T-cell ALL. Both fusion genes (SFPQ-ABL1 and RCSD1-ABL1) characterized by a break in intron 4 of ABL1 are associated with B-cell ALL, as the chimeric proteins lacked the SH2 domain of ABL1. Screening for ABL1 chimeric genes could be performed in patients with ALL, more particularly in those with T-cell ALL because ABL1 modulates T-cell development and plays a role in cytoskeletal remodeling processes in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne De Braekeleer
- Université de Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Brest Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brest CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Service de Cytogénétique, Cytologie et Biologie de la Reproduction, Brest, France
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Nand R, Bryke C, Kroft SH, Divgi A, Bredeson C, Atallah E. Myeloproliferative disorder with eosinophilia and ETV6–ABL gene rearrangement: Efficacy of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1144-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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DeAngelo DJ. Role of Imatinib-Sensitive Tyrosine Kinases in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders. Semin Hematol 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Barbouti A, Ahlgren T, Johansson B, Höglund M, Lassen C, Turesson I, Mitelman F, Fioretos T. Clinical and genetic studies of ETV6/ABL1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia in blast crisis treated with imatinib mesylate. Br J Haematol 2003; 122:85-93. [PMID: 12823349 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients are genetically characterized by the t(9;22)(q34;q11), generating the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene. However, a few CML patients with rearrangements of 9q34 and 12p13, leading to ETV6/ABL1 chimaeras, have also been reported. Here we describe the clinical and genetic response to imatinib mesylate treatment of an ETV6/ABL1-positive CML patient diagnosed in blast crisis (BC). A chronic phase was achieved after acute myeloid leukaemia induction therapy. Then, treatment with imatinib mesylate (600 mg/d) was initiated and the effect was assessed clinically as well as genetically, including by repeated interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. Until d 71 of imatinib mesylate therapy, stable improvements in the clinical and laboratory features were noted, and the frequency of ABL1-rearranged peripheral blood cells decreased from 56% to 11%. At d 92, an additional t(12;13)(p12;q13), with the 12p breakpoint proximal to ETV6, was found. The patient relapsed into BC 126 d after the start of the imatinib mesylate treatment and succumbed to the disease shortly afterwards. No mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of ABL1 of the ETV6/ABL1 fusion were identified in the second BC. However, whereas the ETV6/ABL1 expression was seemingly the same at diagnosis and at second BC, the expression of ETV6 was markedly lower at the second BC. This decreased expression of wild-type ETV6 may have been a contributory factor for the relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Fatal Outcome
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Recurrence
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Million RP, Aster J, Gilliland DG, Van Etten RA. The Tel-Abl (ETV6-Abl) tyrosine kinase, product of complex (9;12) translocations in human leukemia, induces distinct myeloproliferative disease in mice. Blood 2002; 99:4568-77. [PMID: 12036890 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several patients with clinical features of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have fusion of the TEL (ETV6) gene on 12p13 with ABL on 9q34 and express a chimeric Tel-Abl protein that contains the same portion of the Abl tyrosine kinase fused to Tel, an Ets family transcription factor, rather than Bcr. In a murine retroviral bone marrow transduction-transplantation model, a Tel (exon 1-5)-Abl fusion protein induced 2 distinct illnesses: a CML-like myeloproliferative disease very similar to that induced by Bcr-Abl but with increased latency and a novel syndrome characterized by small-bowel myeloid cell infiltration and necrosis, increased circulating endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, and fulminant hepatic and renal failure. Induction of both diseases required the Tel pointed homology oligomerization domain and Abl tyrosine kinase activity. Myeloid cells from mice with both diseases expressed Tel-Abl protein. CML-like disease induced by Tel-Abl and Bcr-Abl was polyclonal and originated from cells with multilineage (myeloid, erythroid, and B- and T-lymphoid) repopulating ability and the capacity to generate day-12 spleen colonies in secondary transplantations. In contrast to findings with Bcr-Abl, however, neither Tel-Abl-induced disease could be adoptively transferred to irradiated secondary recipient syngeneic mice. These results show that Tel-Abl has leukemogenic properties from distinct from those of Bcr-Abl and may act in a different bone marrow progenitor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/adverse effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Intestinal Diseases/etiology
- Intestinal Diseases/mortality
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/mortality
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Neoplasm Transplantation/adverse effects
- Neoplasm Transplantation/mortality
- Neoplasm Transplantation/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/adverse effects
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/adverse effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Survival Rate
- Transduction, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Million
- The Center for Blood Research and Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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O'Brien SG, Vieira SAD, Connors S, Bown N, Chang J, Capdeville R, Melo JV. Transient response to imatinib mesylate (STI571) in a patient with the ETV6-ABL t(9;12) translocation. Blood 2002; 99:3465-7. [PMID: 11964320 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.9.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the transient response of a patient with the ETV6-ABL fusion gene to imatinib mesylate (STI571). A 38-year-old man was referred with an erroneous diagnosis of Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic transformation for treatment with the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571. Further investigation indicated that the patient in fact had acute myeloid leukemia; no evidence of the Philadelphia translocation or BCR-ABL was found using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Detailed FISH analysis identified a cryptic t(9;12) translocation, and molecular studies confirmed the presence of the ETV6-ABL fusion transcript. Because the patient was gravely ill at presentation, treatment was commenced immediately with STI571 monotherapy, resulting in considerable initial improvement. However within 10 days the patient's condition again deteriorated, and he required conventional chemotherapy. This case has implications for the design of future studies using STI571 in leukemias involving ABL-encoded fusion proteins other than BCR-ABL.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Benzamides
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Male
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Recurrence
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G O'Brien
- School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences and the School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom. s.g.o'
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Van Limbergen H, Beverloo HB, van Drunen E, Janssens A, H�hlen K, Poppe B, Van Roy N, Marynen P, De Paepe A, Slater R, Speleman F. Molecular cytogenetic and clinical findings inETV6/ABL1-positive leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<1::aid-gcc1089>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Voss J, Posern G, Hannemann JR, Wiedemann LM, Turhan AG, Poirel H, Bernard OA, Adermann K, Kardinal C, Feller SM. The leukaemic oncoproteins Bcr-Abl and Tel-Abl (ETV6/Abl) have altered substrate preferences and activate similar intracellular signalling pathways. Oncogene 2000; 19:1684-90. [PMID: 10763825 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of Abl family kinases plays a crucial role in different human leukaemias. In addition to the well known oncoproteins p190Bcr-Abl and p210Bcr-Abl, Tel-Abl, a novel fusion protein resulting from a different chromosomal translocation, has recently been described. In this study, the kinase specificities of the Bcr-Abl and Tel-Abl proteins were compared to the physiological Abl family kinases c-Abl and Arg (abl related gene). Using short peptides which correspond to the target epitopes in known substrate proteins of Abl family kinases, we found a higher catalytic promiscuity of Bcr-Abl and Tel-Abl. Similar to Bcr-Abl, Tel-Abl was found in complexes with the adapter protein CRKL. In addition, c-Crk II and CRKL are tyrosine phosphorylated and complexed with numerous other tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in Tel-Abl expressing Ba/F3 cells. GTPase analysis with a Ras-GTP-specific precipitation assay showed constitutive elevation of GTP-loaded Ras in cells expressing the leukaemic Abl proteins. The mitogenic MAPK/Erk kinases as well as Akt/PKB, a kinase implicated to negatively regulate apoptosis, were also constitutively activated by both Bcr-Abl and Tel-Abl. The results indicate that the leukaemic Abl-fusion proteins have catalytic specificities different from the normal kinases c-Abl and Arg and that Tel-Abl is capable to activate at least some pathways which are also upregulated by Bcr-Abl.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Voss
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung, Würzburg, Germany
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