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Lorkova L, Scigelova M, Arrey TN, Vit O, Pospisilova J, Doktorova E, Klanova M, Alam M, Vockova P, Maswabi B, Klener P, Petrak J. Detailed Functional and Proteomic Characterization of Fludarabine Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135314. [PMID: 26285204 PMCID: PMC4540412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a chronically relapsing aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma considered incurable by currently used treatment approaches. Fludarabine is a purine analog clinically still widely used in the therapy of relapsed MCL. Molecular mechanisms of fludarabine resistance have not, however, been studied in the setting of MCL so far. We therefore derived fludarabine-resistant MCL cells (Mino/FR) and performed their detailed functional and proteomic characterization compared to the original fludarabine sensitive cells (Mino). We demonstrated that Mino/FR were highly cross-resistant to other antinucleosides (cytarabine, cladribine, gemcitabine) and to an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) ibrutinib. Sensitivity to other types of anti-lymphoma agents was altered only mildly (methotrexate, doxorubicin, bortezomib) or remained unaffacted (cisplatin, bendamustine). The detailed proteomic analysis of Mino/FR compared to Mino cells unveiled over 300 differentially expressed proteins. Mino/FR were characterized by the marked downregulation of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and BTK (thus explaining the observed crossresistance to antinucleosides and ibrutinib), but also by the upregulation of several enzymes of de novo nucleotide synthesis, as well as the up-regulation of the numerous proteins of DNA repair and replication. The significant upregulation of the key antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in Mino/FR cells was associated with the markedly increased sensitivity of the fludarabine-resistant MCL cells to Bcl-2-specific inhibitor ABT199 compared to fludarabine-sensitive cells. Our data thus demonstrate that a detailed molecular analysis of drug-resistant tumor cells can indeed open a way to personalized therapy of resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lorkova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ondrej Vit
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pospisilova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Doktorova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Klanova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmudul Alam
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vockova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bokang Maswabi
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Petrak
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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HDM-2 inhibition suppresses expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2, and synergistically enhances gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2011; 118:4140-9. [PMID: 21844567 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-340323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) usually responds well to initial therapy but is prone to relapses with chemoresistant disease, indicating the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Inhibition of the p53 E3 ligase human homolog of the murine double minute protein-2 (HDM-2) with MI-63 has been validated as one such strategy in wild-type (wt) p53 models, and our genomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated that MI-63 suppressed the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit M2 (RRM2). This effect occurred in association with induction of p21 and cell-cycle arrest at G(1)/S and prompted us to examine combinations with the RNR inhibitor 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (gemcitabine). The regimen of MI-63-gemcitabine induced enhanced, synergistic antiproliferative, and proapoptotic effects in wtp53 MCL cell lines. Addition of exogenous dNTPs reversed this effect, whereas shRNA-mediated inhibition of RRM2 was sufficient to induce synergy with gemcitabine. Combination therapy of MCL murine xenografts with gemcitabine and MI-219, the in vivo analog of MI-63, resulted in enhanced antitumor activity. Finally, synergy was seen with MI-63-gemcitabine in primary patient samples that were found to express high levels of RRM2 compared with MCL cell lines. These findings provide a framework for translation of the rational combination of an HDM-2 and RNR inhibitor to the clinic for patients with relapsed wtp53 MCL.
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3
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Lai R, Bartlett NL, Mackey JR, Jung SH, Johnson JL, Cook JR, Jones D, Cass CE, Young JD, Said J, Cheson B, Hsi ED. High expression of nucleoside transporter protein hENT1 in Reed–Sternberg cells is associated with treatment failure in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with gemcitabine, vinorelbine and liposomal doxorubicin – A CALGB 59804 correlative study. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:1202-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802094237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Compensatory effects of the human nucleoside transporters on the response to nucleoside-derived drugs in breast cancer MCF7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:639-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Giovannetti E, Mey V, Loni L, Nannizzi S, Barsanti G, Savarino G, Ricciardi S, Del Tacca M, Danesi R. Cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine and correlation with expression profile of drug-related genes in human lymphoid cells. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55:343-9. [PMID: 17296311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and DNA polymerization with promising activity in hematologic malignancies. Gemcitabine enters the cell mostly via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), while drug metabolism occurs by phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), 5'-nucleotidase (cN-II) and cytidine deaminase (CDA) are the main inactivating enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these determinants in gemcitabine cytotoxicity and analyze their expression in lymphoid cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT, and modulated by simultaneous addition of 2'-deoxycytidine (dCK natural substrate), tetrahydrouridine (CDA competitive inhibitor) and diethylpyrocarbonate (cN-II non-competitive inhibitor), while the expression of hENT1, dCK, cN-II, CDA and RR in WIL2-S, Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells as well as in lymphoid cells from 25 chronic lymphocytic B-leukemia (B-CLL) patients was studied with quantitative-PCR. Cell cycle modulation and induction of apoptosis were analyzed by cytofluorimetry and bisbenzimide staining. Gemcitabine was highly cytotoxic, increased the cells in S-phase and significantly enhanced apoptosis. The crucial role of metabolism in gemcitabine activity was confirmed by the significant modulation of cytotoxicity by inhibitors of dCK, CDA and cN-II. Furthermore, PCR demonstrated a correlation between gemcitabine sensitivity and expression of its determinants, and that their values were within those observed in patients. These data indicate that gemcitabine is cytotoxic against lymphoid cells, affecting cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, chemosensitivity may be predicted on the basis of gene expression profile of critical determinants involved in gemcitabine mechanism of action, suggesting the use of pharmacogenetic profiling for treatment optimization.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/metabolism
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/genetics
- Deoxycytidine Kinase/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/genetics
- Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Patient Selection
- Predictive Value of Tests
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase/genetics
- Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giovannetti
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55 Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Alexander RL, Greene BT, Torti SV, Kucera GL. A novel phospholipid gemcitabine conjugate is able to bypass three drug-resistance mechanisms. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:15-21. [PMID: 15789226 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously synthesized a phospholipid-gemcitabine conjugate and a phospholipid-cytosine arabinoside conjugate that we tested in different human cancer cell lines. The gemcitabine conjugate was more cytotoxic to the cancer cells tested than the cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) conjugate. The focus here was to elucidate the mechanism of action of the conjugate molecule and its ability to bypass certain drug-resistance mechanisms. In contrast to gemcitabine, the gemcitabine conjugate did not enter the cell via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1). Additionally, the gemcitabine conjugate was not a substrate for the multidrug resistance efflux pump, MDR-1, even though the molecule is more lipophilic. Finally, we showed that deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) was not required for the activation of the gemcitabine conjugate. As expected, cells overexpressing dCK were more sensitive to gemcitabine whereas cells overexpressing dCK were not more sensitive to the gemcitabine conjugate. Taken together, these results suggest that the gemcitabine conjugate may be therapeutically superior to gemcitabine due to the conjugate's ability to bypass three resistance mechanisms that often render gemcitabine ineffective as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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7
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Ferrer A, Marcé S, Bellosillo B, Villamor N, Bosch F, López-Guillermo A, Espinet B, Solé F, Montserrat E, Campo E, Colomer D. Activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in mantle cell lymphoma: high sensitivity to mitoxantrone in cases with functional DNA-damage response genes. Oncogene 2004; 23:8941-9. [PMID: 15480431 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature B-cell proliferation characterized by the presence of translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32), an aggressive clinical course, and poor response to chemotherapy. The majority of drugs currently used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders induce cell death by triggering apoptosis, but few data concerning drug-induced apoptosis in MCL have been reported. We have analysed the mechanisms of drug-induced cell death in four cell lines with the t(11;14) and in primary cells from 10 patients with MCL. Mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, induced a strong cytotoxic effect in three cell lines (JVM-2, REC-1, and Granta 519), and in primary MCL cells. This cytotoxic effect due to apoptosis induction was observed despite the presence of either p53 or ATM abnormalities. However, no cytotoxic effect was detected after incubation with DNA-damaging agents in the NCEB-1 cell line, carrying p53 and ATM alterations, despite the presence of functional mitochondrial machinery. These results support that mitoxantrone can be effective in the treatment of MCL but that this activity requires the integrity of functional DNA-damage response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferrer
- Department of Hematology, Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Loni L, De Braud F, Zinzani PL, Danesi R. Pharmacogenetics and proteomics of anticancer drugs in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 44 Suppl 3:S115-22. [PMID: 15202534 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001623676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The variability of tumor responses to chemotherapeutic agents is a topic of major interest in current cancer research. Advances in the knowledge of dysregulation of key molecular pathways in cancer cells have enabled techniques to be developed that can profile tumor cells for their genetic background, allowing selection of anticancer agents on an individual basis. The next generation of anticancer treatments might therefore be tailored according to the molecular alterations identified in tumor cells of individual patients. However, before these alterations can be exploited from a therapeutic point of view, it is necessary to understand how such alterations influence the cellular pathways that control sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacoproteomics, novel disciplines that investigate the relationship between gene and protein expression in tumor cells and the response to anticancer agents, will be instrumental in developing optimal chemotherapeutic regimens for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Loni
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, via Roma 55, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126 Italy
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Mackey JR, Galmarini CM, Graham KA, Joy AA, Delmer A, Dabbagh L, Glubrecht D, Jewell LD, Lai R, Lang T, Hanson J, Young JD, Merle-Béral H, Binet JL, Cass CE, Dumontet C. Quantitative analysis of nucleoside transporter and metabolism gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): identification of fludarabine-sensitive and -insensitive populations. Blood 2004; 105:767-74. [PMID: 15454483 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to fludarabine is observed in the clinic, and molecular predictive assays for benefit from chemotherapy are required. Our objective was to determine if expression of nucleoside transport and metabolism genes was associated with response to fludarabine therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL cells from 56 patients were collected prior to treatment with fludarabine. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on sample RNA to determine the relative levels of mRNA of 3 nucleoside transporters that mediate fludarabine uptake (human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 [hENT1], human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 [hENT2], and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 [hCNT3]), deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), and 3 5'-nucleotidases (ecto-5'nucleotidase [CD73], deoxynucleotidase-1 [dNT-1], and cytoplasmic high-Km 5-nucleotidase [CN-II]). Two-dimensional hierarchical cluster analysis of gene expression identified 2 distinct populations of CLL. Cluster 2 patients experienced a 3.4-fold higher risk of disease progression than cluster 1 patients (P = .0058, log-rank analysis). Furthermore, independent analysis of the individual genes of interest revealed statistically significant differences for risk of disease progression (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs]) with underexpression of dNT-1 (HR = 0.45; P = .042), CD73 (HR = 0.40; P = .022), and dCK (HR = 0.0.48; P = .035), and overexpression of hCNT3 (HR = 4.7; P = .0007) genes. Subjects with elevated hCNT3 expression experienced a lower complete response rate to fludarabine therapy (11% vs 69%; P = .002). No hCNT3-mediated plasma membrane nucleoside transport was detected in CLL samples expressing hCNT3 message, and hCNT3 protein was localized to the cytoplasm with immunohistochemical and confocal microscopy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nucleoside Transport Proteins/genetics
- Nucleoside Transport Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Pastor-Anglada M, Molina-Arcas M, Casado FJ, Bellosillo B, Colomer D, Gil J. Nucleoside transporters in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 2004; 18:385-93. [PMID: 14737075 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside derivatives have important therapeutic activity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Experimental evidence indicates that in CLL cells most of these drugs induce apoptosis ex vivo, suggesting that programmed cell death is the mechanism of their therapeutic action, relying upon previous uptake and metabolic activation. Although defective apoptosis and poor metabolism often cause resistance to treatment, differential uptake and/or export of nucleosides and nucleotides may significantly modulate intracellular drug bioavailability and, consequently, responsiveness to therapy. Two gene families, SLC28 and SLC29, encode transporter proteins responsible for concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside uptake (CNT and ENT, respectively). Furthermore, selected members of the expanding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family have recently been identified as putative efflux pumps for the phosphorylated forms of these nucleoside-derived drugs, ABCC11 (MRP8) being a good candidate to modulate cell sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines. Sensitivity of CLL cells to fludarabine has also been recently correlated with ENT-type transport function, suggesting that, besides the integrity of apoptotic pathways and appropriate intracellular metabolism, transport across the plasma membrane is also a relevant event during CLL treatment. As long as nucleoside transporter expression in leukaemia cells is not constitutive, the possibility of regulating nucleoside transporter function by pharmacological means may also contribute to improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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