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Collins MA, Jung IY, Zhao Z, Apodaca K, Kong W, Lundh S, Fraietta JA, Kater AP, Sun C, Wiestner A, Melenhorst JJ. Enhanced Costimulatory Signaling Improves CAR T-cell Effector Responses in CLL. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1089-1103. [PMID: 36922932 PMCID: PMC10010331 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD19-redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown remarkable activity against B-cell cancers. While second-generation CARs induce complete remission in >80% of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, similar monotherapy induces long-term remissions in only 26% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This disparity is attributed to cell-intrinsic effector defects in autologous CLL-derived T cells. However, the mechanisms by which leukemic cells impact CAR T-cell potency are poorly understood. Herein we describe an in vitro assay that recapitulates endogenous CLL-mediated T-cell defects in healthy donor CAR T cells. Contact with CLL cells insufficiently activates, but does not irreversibly impair, CAR T-cell function. This state is rescuable by strong antigenic stimulation or IL2, and is not driven by immune suppression. Rather, this activation defect is attributable to low levels of costimulatory molecules on CLL cells, and exogenous costimulation enhanced CAR T-cell activation. We next assessed the stimulatory phenotype of CLL cells derived from different niches within the same patient. Lymph node (LN)-derived CLL cells had a strong costimulatory phenotype and promoted better CAR T-cell degranulation and cytokine production than matched peripheral blood CLL cells. Finally, in vitro CD40L-activated CLL cells acquired a costimulatory phenotype similar to the LN-derived tumor and stimulated improved CAR T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. Together, these data identify insufficient activation as a driver of poor CAR T-cell responses in CLL. The costimulatory phenotype of CLL cells drives differential CAR T-cell responses, and can be augmented by improving costimulatory signaling. Significance CLL cells insufficiently activate CAR T cells, driven by low levels of costimulatory molecules on the tumor. LN-derived CLL cells are more costimulatory and mediate enhanced CAR T-cell killing. This costimulatory phenotype can be modeled via CD40 L activation, and the activated tumor promotes stronger CAR T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKensie A. Collins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - In-Young Jung
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ziran Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Apodaca
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan Lundh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlabds
| | - Clare Sun
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Alaswad HA, Mahbub AA, Le Maitre CL, Jordan-Mahy N. Molecular Action of Polyphenols in Leukaemia and Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063085. [PMID: 33802972 PMCID: PMC8002821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia is a malignant disease of the blood. Current treatments for leukaemia are associated with serious side-effects. Plant-derived polyphenols have been identified as potent anti-cancer agents and have been shown to work synergistically with standard chemotherapy agents in leukaemia cell lines. Polyphenols have multiple mechanisms of action and have been reported to decrease cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis via the activation of caspase (3, 8 and 9); the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Polyphenols have been shown to suppress activation of transcription factors, including NF-kB and STAT3. Furthermore, polyphenols have pro-oxidant properties, with increasing evidence that polyphenols inhibit the antioxidant activity of glutathione, causing oxidative DNA damage. Polyphenols also induce autophagy-driven cancer cell death and regulate multidrug resistance proteins, and thus may be able to reverse resistance to chemotherapy agents. This review examines the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenols and discusses their potential therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss the pharmacological properties of polyphenols, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumour activities, and suggest that polyphenols are potent natural agents that can be useful therapeutically; and discuss why data on bioavailability, toxicity and metabolism are essential to evaluate their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza A. Alaswad
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
| | - Amani A. Mahbub
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
| | - Nicola Jordan-Mahy
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, The Owen Building, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; (H.A.A.); (C.L.L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0114-225-3120
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3
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de Weerdt I, van Hoeven V, Munneke JM, Endstra S, Hofland T, Hazenberg MD, Kater AP. Innate lymphoid cells are expanded and functionally altered in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2016; 101:e461-e464. [PMID: 27662009 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.144725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iris de Weerdt
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera van Hoeven
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Marius Munneke
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Endstra
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Hofland
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMM-CARE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Bürgler S, Gimeno A, Parente-Ribes A, Wang D, Os A, Devereux S, Jebsen P, Bogen B, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express CD38 in response to Th1 cell-derived IFN-γ by a T-bet-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:827-35. [PMID: 25505279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, expression of CD38 on CLL cells correlates with CLL cell survival and proliferation, but the mechanisms that regulate CD38 expression and inflammatory cytokines remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that patients have CLL-specific Th cells that support CLL proliferation. In this article, we show that CLL cells attract such Th cells, thereby establishing an Ag-dependent collaboration. Blocking experiments performed in vitro as wells as in vivo, using a xenograft model, revealed that secretion of IFN-γ was a major mechanism by which CLL-specific Th cells increased CD38 on CLL cells. The expression of the transcription factor T-bet in peripheral blood CLL cells significantly correlated with CD38 expression, and transient transfection of CLL cells with T-bet resulted in T-bet(hi)CD38(hi) cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that T-bet can bind to regulatory regions of the CD38 gene. These data suggest that CLL cells attract CLL-specific Th cells and initiate a positive feedback loop with upregulation of T-bet, CD38, and type 1 chemokines allowing further recruitment of Th cells and increased type 1 cytokine secretion. This insight provides a cellular and molecular mechanism that links the inflammatory signature observed in CLL pathogenesis with CD38 expression and aggressive disease and suggests that targeting the IFN-γ/IFN-γR/JAK/STAT/T-bet/CD38 pathway could play a role in the therapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bürgler
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Parente-Ribes
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Wang
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Os
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Hematological Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jebsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
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5
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The passive-aggressive relationship between CLL-B cells and T cell immunity. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1160-1. [PMID: 25182688 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Toll-like receptors in lymphoid malignancies: Double-edged sword. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:262-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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7
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HLA class II upregulation during viral infection leads to HLA-DP-directed graft-versus-host disease after CD4+ donor lymphocyte infusion. Blood 2013; 122:1963-73. [PMID: 23777765 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-470872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell-depleted (TCD) donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) after TCD allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has been associated with a reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while preserving conversion to donor hematopoiesis and antitumor immunity, providing a rationale for exploring CD4+ T cell-based immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies. Here, we analyzed the clinical course and specificity of T cell immune responses in 2 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who converted to full-donor chimerism but developed severe acute GVHD after prophylactic CD4+ DLI after 10/10-HLA-matched, but HLA-DPB1-mismatched TCD-alloSCT. Clonal analysis of activated T cells isolated during GVHD demonstrated allo-reactivity exerted by CD4+ T cells directed against patient-mismatched HLA-DPB1 molecules on hematopoietic cells and skin-derived fibroblasts only when cultured under inflammatory conditions. At the time of CD4+ DLI, both patients contained residual patient-derived T cells, including cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells as a result of CMV reactivations. Once activated by CMV antigens, these CMV-specific T cells could stimulate HLA-DPB1-specific CD4+ T cells, which in turn could target nonhematopoietic tissues in GVHD. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that GVHD after HLA-DPB1-mismatched CD4+ DLI can be mediated by allo-reactive HLA-DPB1-directed CD4+ T cells and that ongoing viral infections inducing HLA class II expression on nonhematopoietic cells may increase the likelihood of GVHD development. This trial is registered at http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN51398568/LUMC as #51398568.
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8
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Generation of functional CLL-specific cord blood CTL using CD40-ligated CLL APC. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51390. [PMID: 23284688 PMCID: PMC3526610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Though remissions have been observed following allo-HSCT for the treatment of CLL, many CLL patients are ineligible for transplant due to the lack of HLA-compatible donors. The use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) permits transplantation of many patients who lack HLA-compatible donors due to reduced requirements for stringent HLA matching between graft and recipient; however, disease relapse remains a concern with this modality. The generation of CLL-specific CTL from UCB T-cells, primed and expanded against the leukemic clone, might enhance the GVL effect and improve outcomes with UCB transplantation. Here we report the generation of functional, CLL-specific CTL using CD40-ligated CLL cells to prime partially-HLA matched UCB T-cells. Functionality and specificity were demonstrated by immune synapse assay, IFN-γ ELISpot, multi-parametric intracellular cytokine flow cytometry, and 51Cr release assay. The use of patient-specific, non-CLL controls demonstrated the generation of both alloantigen and CLL-specific responses. Subsequently, we developed a clinically-applicable procedure permitting separation of alloreactive CTL from leukemia-specific CTL. Leukemia-specific CTL were able to mediate in vivo killing of CLL in humanized mice without concurrent or subsequent development of xenoGVHD. Our results demonstrate that generation of CLL-specific effectors from UCB is feasible and practical, and the results support further exploration of this strategy as a treatment modality for CLL.
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9
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Toll-like Receptors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012055. [PMID: 22973499 PMCID: PMC3435131 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors belong to the pattern recognition receptors family present on a variety of immune cells including normal and malignant B-cells. They act as immediate molecular sentinels of innate immunity but also act as a molecular bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune response; distinct Toll-like receptors are able to bind specific pattern molecules of bacteria, viruses and autoantigens. In this review we will briefly introduce the Toll-like receptor family and their expression pattern, signaling and function in the B cell context; following we will summarize the published data on TLR in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and we will discuss their emerging role in the modulation of leukemia pathobiology.
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10
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Stevanović S, Griffioen M, Nijmeijer BA, van Schie MLJ, Stumpf AN, Rutten CE, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Human allo-reactive CD4+ T cells as strong mediators of anti-tumor immunity in NOD/scid mice engrafted with human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2011; 26:312-22. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Hock BD, Fernyhough LJ, Gough SM, Steinkasserer A, Cox AG, McKenzie JL. Release and clinical significance of soluble CD83 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1089-95. [PMID: 19195701 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble CD83 (sCD83), a potent immunosuppressive agent, circulates at elevated levels in some chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. We report that CLL patients with elevated plasma sCD83 levels had significantly shorter (P=0.038) treatment free survival. Culture of CLL cells with solid phase CD83 mAb+IL-4 significantly increases sCD83 release (23-117-fold, P=0.013) and ligation of normal donor PBMC with solid phase CD83 mAb alone induces similar significant increases in sCD83 release (P=0.003). RT-PCR analysis detected the presence of a transcript for sCD83 in 2/3 CLL samples. These results suggest sCD83 release may play a regulatory role in CLL progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/mortality
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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12
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Mous R, Savage P, Eldering E, Teeling P, van Oers MHJ, van Lier RAW. Adequate synapse formation between leukemic B cells and effector T cells following stimulation with artificial TCR ligands. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:1592-602. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802195430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Nishida T, Hudecek M, Kostic A, Bleakley M, Warren EH, Maloney D, Storb R, Riddell SR. Development of tumor-reactive T cells after nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4759-68. [PMID: 19567591 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allogeneic nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant (NM-HSCT) can result in durable remission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is thought that the efficacy of NM-HSCT is mediated by recognition of tumor cells by T cells in the donor stem cell graft. We evaluated the development of CTLs specific for CLL after NM-HSCT to determine if their presence correlated with antitumor efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 12 transplant recipients at intervals after NM-HSCT were stimulated in vitro with CLL cells. Polyclonal T-cell lines and CD8(+) T-cell clones were derived from these cultures and evaluated for lysis of donor and recipient target cells including CLL. The presence and specificity of responses was correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Eight of the 12 patients achieved remission or a major antitumor response and all 8 developed CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells specific for antigens expressed by CLL. A clonal analysis of the CD8(+) T-cell response identified T cells specific for multiple minor histocompatibility (H) antigens expressed on CLL in six of the responding patients. A significant fraction of the CD8(+) T-cell response in some patients was also directed against nonshared tumor-specific antigens. By contrast, CLL-reactive T cells were not detected in the four patients who had persistent CLL after NM-HSCT, despite the development of graft-versus-host disease. CONCLUSIONS The development of a diverse T-cell response specific for minor H and tumor-associated antigens expressed by CLL predicts an effective graft-versus-leukemia response after NM-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nishida
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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14
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Saunderson SC, Schuberth PC, Dunn AC, Miller L, Hock BD, MacKay PA, Koch N, Jack RW, McLellan AD. Induction of exosome release in primary B cells stimulated via CD40 and the IL-4 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8146-52. [PMID: 18523279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid-bound nanovesicles formed by inward budding of the endosomal membrane and released following fusion of the endosomal limiting membrane with the plasma membrane. We show here that primary leukocytes do not release exosomes unless subjected to potent activation signals, such as cytokine or mitogen stimulation. In particular, high levels of exosomes were released when murine splenic B cells were stimulated via CD40 and the IL-4 receptor. This property was shared by B cells from different anatomic locations, as newly formed marginal zone and follicular B cells were capable of secreting exosomes upon CD40/IL-4 triggering. B cell exosomes expressed high levels of MHC class I, MHC class II, and CD45RA (B220), as well as components of the BCR complex, namely, surface Ig, CD19, and the tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. Ig on the plasma membrane of primary B cells was targeted to the exosome pathway, demonstrating a link between the BCR and this exocytic pathway. IgD and IgM were the predominant Ig isotypes associated with CD40/IL-4 elicited exosomes, though other isotypes (IgA, IgG1, IgG2a/2b, and IgG3) were also detected. Together, these results suggest that exosome release is not constitutive activity of B cells, but may be induced following cell: cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Hoogendoorn M, Jedema I, Barge RMY, van Luxemburg-Heijs SAP, Beaumont F, Marijt EWA, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Characterization of graft-versus-leukemia responses in patients treated for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia with donor lymphocyte infusions after in vitro T-cell depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning. Leukemia 2007; 21:2569-74. [PMID: 17611558 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antilymphocyte Serum/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Busulfan/administration & dosage
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/epidemiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Leukemia Effect
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/surgery
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Survival Rate
- Transplantation Conditioning/methods
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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16
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Jedema I, Meij P, Steeneveld E, Hoogendoorn M, Nijmeijer BA, van de Meent M, van Luxemburg-Heijs SAP, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Early detection and rapid isolation of leukemia-reactive donor T cells for adoptive transfer using the IFN-gamma secretion assay. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:636-43. [PMID: 17255287 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The poor immunogenicity of most leukemias and the lack of specificity of the donor T cells limit the in vivo effectiveness of conventional donor lymphocyte infusions in many patients suffering from persistent or recurrent leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These limitations may be overcome by the adoptive transfer of in vitro generated leukemia-reactive T cells. Although the potential clinical efficacy of this approach has been shown previously, lack of reproducibility of the procedure and the inability to show persistence and survival of the transferred T cells hampered further clinical application. The purpose of this study was to develop a new, broadly applicable strategy for the efficient generation and isolation of leukemia-reactive T cells with a better probability to survive and expand in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Myeloid and B-cell leukemias were modified into professional immunogenic antigen-presenting cells, and used to stimulate HLA-matched donor T cells. After two stimulations, responding donor T cells were isolated based on their secretion of IFN-gamma and tested for their capacity to recognize and kill the primary leukemia. RESULTS Using one universal stimulation and isolation protocol for various forms of leukemia, T-cell populations containing high frequencies of leukemia-reactive T cells could reproducibly be generated and early isolated under mild stimulatory conditions. Isolated T cells still had high proliferative potential and their reactivity seemed to be restricted to cells of the patient's hematopoiesis. CONCLUSION We here show a new robust procedure for the generation and isolation of leukemia-reactive T cells for adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jedema
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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17
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Luczyński W, Iłendo E, Kovalchuk O, Krawczuk-Rybak M, Malinowska I, Kołtan A, Szczepański T, Wysocka J, Jaworowski R, Olejnik I, Chyczewski L, Matysiak M, Wysocki M, Sońta-Jakimczyk D, Wieczorek M. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells express CCR7 but not higher amounts of IL-10 after CD40 ligation. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2007; 66:695-703. [PMID: 17101562 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600931098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Production of cytokines that support T-cell activation and proliferation and migration to lymph nodes is one of the most important terms of cancer vaccine development. In previous studies we and others used CD40 ligation to obtain higher expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules on leukaemic cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). This time we assess the cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile in CD40-stimulated ALL cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Malignant cells from 25 children with BCP-ALL were stimulated (or not) with huCD40LT and rIL-4 for 96 h. Eleven different molecule, cytokine and chemokine mRNAs levels (CCR7, IL-23, TGF-beta-IP, IFN-gamma, IL-10, CD1a, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD83, CD86) were determined using the real-time PCR technique with TaqMan chemistry using ready-to-use low-density arrays for gene expression by Applied Biosystems. RESULTS 1) Increases in mRNA levels for CD40, CD54 and CD80 after CD40L and IL-4 stimulation were observed, 2) CCR7 mRNA expression was higher after CD40 ligation than before the culture (p = 0.002), 3) IL-10 mRNA expression was higher after the culture with medium than before the culture (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results show that leukaemia-derived dendritic cells obtained with CD40 ligation express CCR7 - chemokine is involved in migration to lymph nodes and does not produce higher amounts of IL-10, a potent immunosuppressive cytokine. Our preclinical findings could be used in the design of immunotherapy trials for the treatment of children with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luczyński
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Medical University in Białystok, Poland.
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18
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Munker R, Reibke R, Kolb HJ. Graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactions: a summary of the Seventh International Symposium held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, February 22nd–25th, 2006, Tolerance and Immunity, an update on lymphoid malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38:593-607. [PMID: 16980992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Seventh International Symposium on graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactions was held in Garmisch Partenkirchen (Germany, near Lake Riessersee) between January 22nd and 25th, 2006. A total of more than 100 invited participants (scientists and clinicians working in the area of allogeneic stem cell transplantation) discussed research in the area of lymphoid malignancies. Major topics of the 2006 meeting were lymphocyte biology, experimental systems, lymphoma pathogenesis, cellular therapy in vivo and vitro, idiotype-specific responses and graft-versus-malignancy reactions for lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Further highlights were immune responses to blasts of ALL, haploidentical transplantation, role of natural killer cells, clinical guidelines for allogeneic transplantation and adoptive immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma, new antibody-mediated strategies. As can be seen in the summaries of the individual presentations, progress was made in the understanding of lymphoma biology and in the clinical application of graft-versus-lymphoma or graft-versus-myeloma effects. Each day was followed by round-table discussions, which summarized new data and challenged established concepts. The discussions resulted in new insights and projects for basic research and clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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19
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Suresh K, Fraser G, Scheid E, Leber B, Gauldie J, Foley R. Generation of in vitro B-CLL specific HLA class I restricted CTL responses using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with necrotic tumor lysate. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:297-306. [PMID: 16321861 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500301231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
New approaches in the treatment of chronic B lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) have led to improved clinical response rates. In this setting there is a need to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches that aim to eradicate minimal residual B-CLL cells following an initial favorable response. The use of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) represents a potentially important development in the field of cancer vaccination. B-CLL is ideally suited for DC-based vaccination since tumor cells are readily available (peripheral blood) and both known (tumor idiotype) and unknown antigens can be exploited to stimulate immune responses. In the current study we have evaluated the ability to stimulate in vitro autologous immune reactivity against target B-CLL cells using autologous DCs pulsed with B-CLL tumor lysate. Enhanced specific T cell IFN-gamma expression was detected in 9 of 14 patients evaluated. These responses were specific with increased levels of IFN-gamma mRNA measurable in T-cells stimulated with NC-DCs and not unpulsed DCs or DCs pulsed with normal B cell lysate. CTLs demonstrating increased levels of IFN-gamma mRNA also lysed autologous B-CLL targets cells in an MHC class 1-restricted manner by (51)chromium release assay. Priming target leukemic cells with CD40 ligand and IL-4 enhanced CTL killing. The effector CTL displayed negligible toxicity against NK susceptible target cells K-562 and spared CD19(+)CD5(-) normal B cells in cytotoxicity assays. The specificity of the CTL response was confirmed by blocking HLA class I molecules and cold target inhibition assays.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Necrosis/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalathil Suresh
- Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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20
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Mous R, Savage P, Remmerswaal EBM, van Lier RAW, Eldering E, van Oers MHJ. Redirection of CMV-specific CTL towards B-CLL via CD20-targeted HLA/CMV complexes. Leukemia 2006; 20:1096-102. [PMID: 16557240 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is a slowly progressing malignancy of CD5(+) B cells, for which at present no curative treatment is available. In our current study, we apply a novel bridging reagent to redirect cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to target B-CLL. A streptavidin-fused anti-CD20 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is used in combination with biotinylated MHC class I molecules containing CMV pp65 peptide (HLA/CMV). We demonstrate that B-CLL cells coated with this CD20-HLA/CMV complex can be lysed by autologous CMV-specific CTL with similar efficiency as B-CLL cells directly loaded with CMV peptide. Killing is HLA restricted and occurs at scFv CD20 concentrations of >/=100 ng ml(-1) and HLA/CMV concentrations of >/=20 ng ml(-1). Furthermore, complex-coated B-CLL cells induce both proliferation and cytokine production (interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta) in CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Hereby, a necessary step towards possible application of CD20-HLA/CMV complexes for immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies is constituted.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD20/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Multiprotein Complexes/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mous
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Schetelig J, Kiani A, Schmitz M, Ehninger G, Bornhäuser M. T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia reactions after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1043-58. [PMID: 15887014 PMCID: PMC11032795 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation represents the only curative approach for many hematological malignancies. During the last years the impact of the conditioning regimen has been re-assessed. With the advent of reduced-intensity conditioning the paradigm has changed from cytoreduction executed by high-dose radio-chemotherapy to immunological surveillance of leukemia by donor cells. Distinct subsets of T cells and NK cells contribute to graft-versus-leukemia reactions. So far, cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the mainstay of allogeneic immunotherapy. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia reactions and present results from pre-clinical and clinical studies of T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy. We address the issues of feasibility and specificity of adoptive immunotransfer from a clinical point of view and discuss the prerequisites for successful clinical applications. Finally, the prospects for immunological research that have evolved with the increasing use of reduced-intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schetelig
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Hoogendoorn M, Olde Wolbers J, Smit WM, Schaafsma MR, Jedema I, Barge RMY, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Primary Allogeneic T-Cell Responses against Mantle Cell Lymphoma Antigen-Presenting Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy after Stem Cell Transplantation. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5310-8. [PMID: 16033850 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation for advanced mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), complete sustained remissions have been observed illustrating susceptibility of MCL cells to a graft-versus-lymphoma effect. To potentiate this graft-versus-lymphoma effect, adoptive transfer of in vitro selected MCL-specific CTL can be an attractive approach. The lack of expression of costimulatory molecules on MCL cells hampers the generation of MCL-reactive T-cell responses. The purpose of this study was to modify MCL cells into antigen-presenting cells (APC) and to use these MCL-APCs to induce allogeneic MCL-reactive T-cell responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, CpG, and CD40 activation were tested for their capacity to up-regulate costimulatory molecules on MCL cells. Primary MCL cells or the modified MCL-APCs were then used to evaluate the induction of MCL-reactive T-cell responses in HLA-matched donors. RESULTS Ligation of CD40 on MCL cells was essential to up-regulate costimulatory molecules and to induce production of high amounts of IL-12. In contrast to primary MCL cells, MCL-APC cells as stimulators were capable of inducing CD8+ CTL lines from HLA class I-matched donors. High numbers of CTL clones could be generated capable of efficiently killing the primary MCL cells and MCL-APC but not donor-specific targets. CONCLUSION These results show the feasibility to generate primary allogeneic T-cell responses against MCL-APC, and may provide new immunotherapeutic tools to further exploit the graft-versus-lymphoma effect following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mels Hoogendoorn
- Department of Hematology, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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Kater AP, Evers LM, Remmerswaal EBM, Jaspers A, Oosterwijk MF, van Lier RAW, van Oers MHJ, Eldering E. CD40 stimulation of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells enhances the anti-apoptotic profile, but also Bid expression and cells remain susceptible to autologous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attack. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:404-15. [PMID: 15521917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the poor antigen-presenting capacity of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), CD40 triggering has been considered as an active immunotherapy. However, CD40 stimulation also has an anti-apoptotic effect and may further impair the dysregulated response of B-CLL to apoptotic stimuli. Therefore, we measured the expression of virtually all regulators of apoptosis before and after CD40 stimulation. These findings were correlated with sensitivity for chemotherapy- and death-receptor-induced apoptosis and T-cell-mediated killing. CD40 stimulation enhanced the constitutive anti-apoptotic profile of B-CLL cells by upregulation of Bcl-xL and Bfl-1 and downregulation of the BH3-only protein Harakiri. Unexpectedly, the BH3-only protein Bid was strongly induced. Functionally, CD40-stimulated B-CLL cells became resistant to drug-induced apoptosis and, despite upregulation of CD95 and Bid, were not sensitive to CD95L. In contrast, autologous T cell killing, triggered by loading CLL cells with viral (CMV) peptides, was very efficient both before and after CD40 stimulation. Upon CTL interaction, CLL targets underwent mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3 activation. Thus, despite an increased anti-apoptotic profile, CD40 triggered B-CLL cells remain excellent targets for resident cytotoxic T cells. These data support therapeutic exploitation of CD40 stimulation in B-CLL, provided that a strong CTL component is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P Kater
- Department of Haematology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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