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Sholl LM, Longtine J, Kuo FC. Molecular Analysis of Gene Rearrangements and Mutations in Acute Leukemias and Myeloid Neoplasms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 92:10.4.1-10.4.49. [PMID: 28075487 DOI: 10.1002/cphg.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A subset of acute leukemias and other myeloid neoplasms contains specific genetic alterations, many of which are associated with unique clinical and pathologic features. These alterations include chromosomal rearrangements leading to oncogenic fusion proteins or alteration of gene expression by juxtaposing oncogenes to enhancer elements, as well as mutations leading to aberrant activation of a variety of proteins critical to hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Molecular analysis is central to diagnosis and clinical management of leukemias, permitting genetic confirmation of a clinical and histologic impression, providing prognostic and predictive information, and facilitating detection of minimal residual disease. This unit will outline approaches to the molecular diagnosis of the most frequent and clinically relevant genetic alterations in acute leukemias and myeloid neoplasms. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank C Kuo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wada T, Akagi T, Muraoka M, Toma T, Kaji K, Agematsu K, Koeffler HP, Yokota T, Yachie A. A Novel In-Frame Deletion in the Leucine Zipper Domain of C/EBPε Leads to Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:80-6. [PMID: 26019275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by neutrophil dysfunction, bilobed neutrophil nuclei and lack of neutrophil-specific granules. Defects in a myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-ε (C/EBPε), have been identified in two cases in which homozygous frameshift mutations led to loss of the leucine zipper domain. In this study, we report a 55-y-old woman affected with SGD caused by a novel homozygous 2-aa deletion (ΔRS) in the leucine zipper domain of the C/EBPε gene. The patient showed characteristic neutrophil abnormalities and recurrent skin infections; however, there was no history of deep organ infections. Biochemical analysis revealed that, in contrast to the two frameshift mutations, the ΔRS mutant maintained normal cellular localization, DNA-binding activity, and dimerization, and all three mutants exhibited marked reduction in transcriptional activity. The ΔRS mutant was defective in its association with Gata1 and PU.1, as well as aberrant cooperative transcriptional activation of eosinophil major basic protein. Thus, the ΔRS likely impairs protein-protein interaction with other transcription factors, resulting in a loss of transcriptional activation. These results further support the importance of the leucine zipper domain of C/EBPε for its essential function, and indicate that multiple molecular mechanisms lead to SGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan;
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kenzo Kaji
- Department of Dermatology, Komatsu Municipal Hospital, Komatsu 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Agematsu
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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A Phospho-SIM in the Antiviral Protein PML is Required for Its Recruitment to HSV-1 Genomes. Cells 2014; 3:1131-58. [PMID: 25513827 PMCID: PMC4276917 DOI: 10.3390/cells3041131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a significant human pathogen that infects a large portion of the human population. Cells deploy a variety of defenses to limit the extent to which the virus can replicate. One such factor is the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, the nucleating and organizing factor of nuclear domain 10 (ND10). PML responds to a number of stimuli and is implicated in intrinsic and innate cellular antiviral defenses against HSV-1. While the role of PML in a number of cellular pathways is controlled by post-translational modifications, the effects of phosphorylation on its antiviral activity toward HSV-1 have been largely unexplored. Consequently, we mapped phosphorylation sites on PML, mutated these and other known phosphorylation sites on PML isoform I (PML-I), and examined their effects on a number of PML's activities. Our results show that phosphorylation at most sites on PML-I is dispensable for the formation of ND10s and colocalization between PML-I and the HSV-1 regulatory protein, ICP0, which antagonizes PML-I function. However, inhibiting phosphorylation at sites near the SUMO-interaction motif (SIM) of PML-I impairs its ability to respond to HSV-1 infection. Overall, our data suggest that PML phosphorylation regulates its antiviral activity against HSV-1.
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Shima Y, Honma Y, Kitabayashi I. PML-RARα and its phosphorylation regulate pml oligomerization and HIPK2 stability. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4278-88. [PMID: 23722549 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PML gene is frequently fused to the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), generating a characteristic PML-RARα oncogenic chimera. PML-RARα disrupts the discrete nuclear speckles termed nuclear bodies, which are formed in PML, suggesting that nuclear body disruption is involved in leukemogenesis. Nuclear body formation that relies upon PML oligomerization and its stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible protein kinase (HIPK)-2 is disrupted by expression of the PML-RARα chimera. Here, we report that disruption of nuclear bodies is also mediated by PML-RARα inhibition of PML oligomerization. PKA-mediated phosphorylation of PML-RARα blocked its ability to inhibit PML oligomerization and destabilize HIPK2. Our results establish that both PML oligomerization and HIPK2 stabilization at nuclear bodies are important for APL cell differentiation, offering insights into the basis for the most common prodifferentiation therapies of APL used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shima
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheng X, Kao HY. Post-translational modifications of PML: consequences and implications. Front Oncol 2013; 2:210. [PMID: 23316480 PMCID: PMC3539660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) predominantly resides in a structurally distinct sub-nuclear domain called PML nuclear bodies. Emerging evidences indicated that PML actively participates in many aspects of cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying PML regulation in response to stress and environmental cues are not complete. Post-translational modifications, such as SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination of PML add a complex layer of regulation to the physiological function of PML. In this review, we discuss the fast-moving horizon of post-translational modifications targeting PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
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Yu S, Gao B, Duan Z, Xu W, Xiong S. Identification of tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22) as a novel NF-κB activator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:247-51. [PMID: 21651891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that TRIM family proteins may play important roles in the regulation of innate immune signaling pathways. Here we report TRIM22 is involved in the activation of NF-κB. It was found that overexpression of TRIM22 could dose-dependently activate NF-κB as demonstrated by reporter gene assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, but had no effect on the activity of other transcription factors, including NF-AT, AP-1, C/EBP and IRFs. Further study showed that both the N-terminal RING domain and C-terminal SPRY domain were crucial for TRIM22-mediated NF-κB activation. Moreover, our results revealed that TRIM22 overexpression could significantly induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human macrophage cell line U937 in an NF-κB-dependent manner. These data suggested that TRIM22 was a positive regulator of NF-κB-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Institute for Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Sholl LM, Longtine J. Molecular analysis of gene rearrangements and mutations in acute leukemias and myeloproliferative neoplasms. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2010; Chapter 10:Unit 10.4. [PMID: 20891029 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1004s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A large subset of acute leukemias and other myeloproliferative neoplasms contain specific genetic alterations, many of which are associated with unique clinical and pathologic features. These alterations include chromosomal translocations leading to oncogenic fusion genes, as well as mutations leading to aberrant activation of a variety of proteins critical to hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Molecular analysis is central to diagnosis and clinical management of leukemias, permitting genetic confirmation of a clinical and histologic impression, providing prognostic and predictive information, and facilitating detection of minimal residual disease. This unit will outline approaches to the molecular diagnosis of the most frequent and clinically relevant genetic alterations in acute leukemias and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Gresko E, Ritterhoff S, Sevilla-Perez J, Roscic A, Fröbius K, Kotevic I, Vichalkovski A, Hess D, Hemmings BA, Schmitz ML. PML tumor suppressor is regulated by HIPK2-mediated phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. Oncogene 2008; 28:698-708. [PMID: 19015637 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) tumor suppressor protein, a central regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, is frequently fused to the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha) in acute PML. Here we show the interaction of PML with another tumor suppressor protein, the serine/threonine kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (HIPK2). In response to DNA damage, HIPK2 phosphorylates PML at serines 8 and 38. Although HIPK2-mediated phosphorylation of PML occurs early during the DNA damage response, the oncogenic PML-RARalpha fusion protein is phosphorylated with significantly delayed kinetics. DNA damage or HIPK2 expression leads to the stabilization of PML and PML-RARalpha proteins. The N-terminal phosphorylation sites contribute to the DNA damage-induced PML SUMOylation and are required for the ability of PML to cooperate with HIPK2 for the induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gresko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumor suppressor identified in acute PML and implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors. PML is essential for the proper assembly of a nuclear macromolecular structure called the PML nuclear body (PML-NB). PML and PML-NBs are functionally promiscuous and have been associated with the regulation of several cellular functions. Above all these is the control of apoptosis, a function of PML whose physiological relevance is emphasized by in vivo studies that demonstrate that mice and cells lacking Pml are resistant to a vast variety of apoptotic stimuli. The function of PML in regulating apoptosis is not confined to a linear pathway; rather, PML works within a regulatory network that finely tunes various apoptotic pathways, depending on the cellular context and the apoptotic stimulus. Here, we will summarize earlier and recent advances on the molecular mechanisms by which PML regulates apoptosis and the implication of these findings for cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernardi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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