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Martins MS, Almeida IF, Cruz MT, Sousa E. Chronic pruritus: from pathophysiology to drug design. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115568. [PMID: 37116666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus, the most common symptom in dermatology, is an innate response capable of protecting skin against irritants. Nonetheless, when it lasts more than six weeks it is assumed to be a chronic pathology having a negative impact on people's lives. Chronic pruritus (CP) can occur in common and rare skin diseases, having a high prevalence in global population. The existing therapies are unable to counteract CP or are associated with adverse effects, so the development of effective treatments is a pressing issue. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CP are not yet completely dissected but, based on current knowledge, involve a wide range of receptors, namely neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), Janus kinase (JAK), and transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, especially transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). This review will address the relevance of these molecular targets for the treatment of CP and molecules capable of modulating these receptors that have already been studied clinically or have the potential to possibly alleviate this pathology. According to scientific and clinical literature, there is an increase in the expression of these molecular targets in the lesioned skin of patients experiencing CP when compared with non-lesioned skin, highlighting their importance for the development of potential efficacious drugs through the design of antagonists/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaobel F Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria T Cruz
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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OTHMAN MZ, HASSAN Z, CHE HAS AT. Morris water maze: a versatile and pertinent tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Exp Anim 2022; 71:264-280. [PMID: 35314563 PMCID: PMC9388345 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have ensured its
pertinence to date. These include its effectiveness in evaluating hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, exemption from motivational differences across diverse experimental
manipulations, reliability in various cross-species studies, and adaptability to many experimental conditions with various test protocols. Nonetheless, throughout its establishment, several
experimental and analysis loopholes have galvanized researchers to assess ways in which it could be improved and adapted to fill this gap. Therefore, in this review, we briefly summarize
these developments since the early years of its establishment through to the most recent advancements in computerized analysis, offering more comprehensive analysis paradigms. In addition,
we discuss the adaptability of the Morris water maze across different test versions and analysis paradigms, providing suggestions with regard to the best paradigms for particular
experimental conditions. Hence, the proper selection of the experimental protocols, analysis paradigms, and consideration of the assay’s limitations should be carefully considered. Given
that appropriate measures are taken, with various adaptations made, the Morris water maze will likely remain a relevant tool to assess the mechanisms of spatial learning and memory.
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Wesołowska A, Rychtyk J, Gdula-Argasińska J, Górecka K, Wilczyńska-Zawal N, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Partyka A. Effect of 5-HT 6 Receptor Ligands Combined with Haloperidol or Risperidone on Antidepressant-/Anxiolytic-Like Behavior and BDNF Regulation in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2105-2127. [PMID: 34211274 PMCID: PMC8240864 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s309818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia may have an important impact on treatment and compliance. Hence, interventions addressing such comorbidity in schizophrenia should be explored. One target may be a serotonergic 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) since its ligands displayed antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities in preclinical experiments. METHODS Acute and chronic (21 days) administration of haloperidol or risperidone in combination with a selective 5-HT6R agonist (WAY-181187) or antagonist (SB-742457) to rats was performed for detecting antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behaviors. In addition, the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and its gene expression in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were determined. RESULTS Both single and chronic administration of WAY-181187 with haloperidol produced antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities. SB-742457 did not provide full benefits in terms of improvement of haloperidol-induced adverse mood effects. However, the administration of SB-742457 with risperidone triggered its anxiolytic-like activity. Both 5-HT6R ligands evoked no changes in haloperidol-induced effects on BDNF level. WAY-181187 induced repression of the BDNF gene while SB-742457 increased its expression in both structures. 5-HT6R ligands, when combined with risperidone, did not change BDNF protein level and increased gene expression in the hippocampus, while they elevated BDNF level and potentiated gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION The combined administration of WAY-181187 and haloperidol provided the greatest benefits, which were manifested by antidepressant-like effects and suppression of the anxiogenic-like properties. The combined administration of risperidone with both agonist and antagonist resulted only in an anxiolytic-like effect. It seems that the anxiolytic-like effects induced by haloperidol or risperidone with the addition of 5-HT6R ligands are task-specific. The data on BDNF protein and gene expression did not fully correspond with the behavioral outcomes, and thus it appears that other factors/mechanisms are involved in the observed antidepressant- and/or anxiolytic-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Rychtyk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasińska
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górecka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilczyńska-Zawal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Validation of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:113-121. [PMID: 30951763 PMCID: PMC6525303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent knowledge on hippocampal structural plasticity is reviewed. This knowledge is harnessed to develop biomarkers of cumulative experience. Hippocampal plasticity is shown to have construct, content and criterion validity in mammals. The biomarkers require further validation to be used in birds and fish. We discuss some practical considerations to implement the biomarkers.
Progress in improving the welfare of captive animals has been hindered by a lack of objective indicators to assess the quality of lifetime experience, often called cumulative affective experience. Recent developments in stress biology and psychiatry have shed new light on the role of the mammalian hippocampus in affective processes. Here we review these findings and argue that structural hippocampal biomarkers demonstrate criterion, construct and content validity as indicators of cumulative affective experience in mammals. We also briefly review emerging findings in birds and fish, which have promising implications for applying the hippocampal approach to these taxa, but require further validation. We hope that this review will motivate welfare researchers and neuroscientists to explore the potential of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience.
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Nyman M, Eskola O, Kajander J, Jokinen R, Penttinen J, Karjalainen T, Nummenmaa L, Hirvonen J, Burns D, Hargreaves R, Solin O, Hietala J. Brain neurokinin-1 receptor availability in never-medicated patients with major depression - A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2019; 242:188-194. [PMID: 30193189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotransmitter substance P (SP) and its preferred neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) have been implicated in the treatment of affective and addiction disorders. Despite promising preclinical data on antidepressant action, the clinical trials of NK1R antagonists in major depression have been disappointing. There are no direct in vivo imaging studies on NK1R characteristics in patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS In this cross-sectional case-control study, we recruited nine never-medicated patients with moderate to severe MDD and nine matched healthy controls. NK1R availability (NK1R binding potential, BPND) was measured with in vivo 3-D positron emission tomography and a specific NK1 receptor tracer [18F]SPA-RQ. Clinical symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17). RESULTS NK1R-BPND did not differ statistically significantly between patients with MDD and healthy controls. HAM-D17 total scores (range 21-32) correlated positively with NK1R-BPND in cortical and limbic areas. HAM-D17 subscale score for anxiety symptoms correlated positively with NK1R-BPND in specific brain areas implicated in fear and anxiety. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. Low variability in the clinical HAM-D subscale ratings may affect the observed correlations. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results do not support a different baseline expression of NK1Rs in a representative sample of never-medicated patients with MDD during a current moderate/severe depressive episode. The modulatory effect of NK1Rs on affective symptoms is in line with early positive results on antidepressant action of NK1 antagonists. However, the effect is likely to be too weak for treatment of MDD with NK1R antagonists alone in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Nyman
- Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku, Finland; Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Kajander
- Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Jokinen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Penttinen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku, Finland; Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Donald Burns
- Imaging Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, Neuropsychiatric Imaging, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Kara NZ, Stukalin Y, Einat H. Revisiting the validity of the mouse forced swim test: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:1-11. [PMID: 29128579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One problem area regarding animal models for affective disorders is unclear reproducibility, including external validity or generalizability. One way to evaluate external validity is with systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The current study presents a meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants in the mouse forced swim test (FST). We identified studies that examined effects of antidepressants in the FST in mice and used standard protocol, male mice and acute drug administration. We calculated Effect sizes using Cohen's d, homogeneity using Q statistic and correlations using Pearson's correlation. Results indicate that all drugs reduce immobility in the FST. However, effect sizes for most drugs are heterogeneous and do not show a consistent dose/response relationship across variability factors. Reducing variability by examining only one strain or data from individual laboratories partially increases dose response relationship. These findings suggest that whereas the FST is a valid tool to qualitatively screen antidepressant effects its validity in the context of hierarchical comparison between doses or compounds might be relevant only to single experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Kara
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Y Stukalin
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel
| | - H Einat
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, United States.
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Stuart SA, Wood CM, Robinson ESJ. Using the affective bias test to predict drug-induced negative affect: implications for drug safety. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3200-3210. [PMID: 28782244 PMCID: PMC5595760 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Predicting the risk of drug‐induced adverse psychiatric effects is important but currently not possible in non‐human species. We investigated whether the affective bias test (ABT) could provide a preclinical method with translational and predictive validity. Experimental Approach The ABT is a bowl‐digging task, which quantifies biases associated with learning and memory. Rats encounter independent learning experiences, on separate days, under either acute manipulations (e.g. pro‐depressant vs. control) or different absolute reward values (e.g. high vs. low). A bias is observed during a preference test when an animal's choices reflect their prior experience. We investigated the effects of putative pro‐depressant drug treatments following acute or chronic administration on the formation of an affective bias or reward‐induced positive bias respectively. Key Results The immunomodulators LPS (10 μg·kg−1), corticosterone (10 and 30 mg·kg−1) and IFN‐α (100 U·kg−1) induced a negative affective bias following acute treatment. Tetrabenazine (1 mg·kg−1) also induced a negative bias, but no effects were observed with varenicline, carbamazepine or montelukast. Chronic treatment with IFN‐α (100 U·kg−1) and retinoic acid (10 mg·kg−1) impaired the formation of a reward‐induced positive bias but did not alter sucrose preference test (SPT). Conclusions and Implications The ABT has the potential to provide a novel approach to predict pro‐depressant risk in a non‐human species. Negative biases induced by acute treatment in the standard version of the task may also predict longer‐term effects on reward processing as shown by the deficit in reward‐induced positive bias following chronic treatment, an effect distinct from anhedonia in the SPT. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Stuart
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C M Wood
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E S J Robinson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Degnan AP, Tora GO, Huang H, Conlon DA, Davis CD, Hanumegowda UM, Hou X, Hsiao Y, Hu J, Krause R, Li YW, Newton AE, Pieschl RL, Raybon J, Rosner T, Sun JH, Taber MT, Taylor SJ, Wong MK, Zhang H, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Gillman KW. Discovery of Indazoles as Potent, Orally Active Dual Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonists and Serotonin Transporter Inhibitors for the Treatment of Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1635-1640. [PMID: 27744678 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination studies of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown promise in preclinical models of depression. Such a combination may offer important advantages over the current standard of care. Herein we describe the discovery and optimization of an indazole-based chemotype to provide a series of potent dual NK1 receptor antagonists/serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitors to overcome issues of ion channel blockade. This effort culminated in the identification of compound 9, an analogue that demonstrated favorable oral bioavailability, excellent brain uptake, and robust in vivo efficacy in a validated depression model. Over the course of this work, a novel heterocycle-directed asymmetric hydrogenation was developed to facilitate installation of the key stereogenic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Degnan
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - George O. Tora
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Hong Huang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Carl D. Davis
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Umesh M. Hanumegowda
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yi Hsiao
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Joanna Hu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rudolph Krause
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Amy E. Newton
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rick L. Pieschl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Thorsten Rosner
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jung-Hui Sun
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Matthew T. Taber
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Sarah J. Taylor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael K. Wong
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Lodge
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joanne J. Bronson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kevin W. Gillman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Dogra S, Sona C, Kumar A, Yadav PN. Epigenetic regulation of G protein coupled receptor signaling and its implications in psychiatric disorders. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:226-39. [PMID: 27046448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as a relay center through which extracellular signals, in the form of neurotransmitters or therapeutics, are converted into an intracellular response, which ultimately shapes the overall response at the tissue and behavioral level. Remarkably in similar ways, epigenetic mechanisms also modulate the expression pattern of a large number of genes in response to the dynamic environment inside and outside of the body, and consequently overall response. Emerging evidences from the pharmacogenomics and preclinical studies clearly suggest that these two distinct mechanisms criss-cross each other in several neurological disorders. At one hand such cross-talks between two distinct mechanisms make disease etiology more challenging to understand, while on the other hand if dealt appropriately, such situations might provide an opportunity to find novel druggable target and strategy for the treatment of complex diseases. In this review article, we have summarized and highlighted the main findings that tie epigenetic mechanisms to GPCR mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including depression, addiction and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dogra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Chandan Sona
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India.
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Pintér E, Pozsgai G, Hajna Z, Helyes Z, Szolcsányi J. Neuropeptide receptors as potential drug targets in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 77:5-20. [PMID: 23432438 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems exists via regulator molecules, such as neuropeptides, hormones and cytokines. A number of neuropeptides have been implicated in the genesis of inflammation, such as tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Development of their receptor antagonists could be a promising approach to anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Anti-inflammatory neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, urocortin, adrenomedullin, somatostatin, cortistatin, ghrelin, galanin and opioid peptides, are also released and act on their own receptors on the neurons as well as on different inflammatory and immune cells. The aim of the present review is to summarize the most prominent data of preclinical animal studies concerning the main pharmacological effects of ligands acting on the neuropeptide receptors. Promising therapeutic impacts of these compounds as potential candidates for the development of novel types of anti-inflammatory drugs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
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Involvement of substance P and the NK-1 receptor in human pathology. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1727-50. [PMID: 24705689 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The peptide substance P (SP) shows a widespread distribution in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, but it is also present in cells not belonging to the nervous system (immune cells, liver, lung, placenta, etc.). SP is located in all body fluids, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, etc. i.e. it is ubiquitous in human body. After binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, SP regulates many pathophysiological functions in the central nervous system, such as emotional behavior, stress, depression, anxiety, emesis, vomiting, migraine, alcohol addiction, seizures and neurodegeneration. SP has been also implicated in pain, inflammation, hepatitis, hepatotoxicity, cholestasis, pruritus, myocarditis, bronchiolitis, abortus, bacteria and viral infection (e.g., HIV infection) and it plays an important role in cancer (e.g., tumor cell proliferation, antiapoptotic effects in tumor cells, angiogenesis, migration of tumor cells for invasion, infiltration and metastasis). This means that the SP/NK-1 receptor system is involved in the molecular bases of many human pathologies. Thus, knowledge of this system is the key for a better understanding and hence a better management of many human diseases. In this review, we update the involvement of the SP/NK-1 receptor system in the physiopathology of the above-mentioned pathologies and we suggest valuable future therapeutic interventions involving the use of NK-1 receptor antagonists, particularly in the treatment of emesis, depression, cancer, neural degeneration, inflammatory bowel disease, viral infection and pruritus, in which that system is upregulated.
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12
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Belzung C. Innovative drugs to treat depression: did animal models fail to be predictive or did clinical trials fail to detect effects? Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1041-51. [PMID: 24345817 PMCID: PMC3957126 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, encouraging preclinical evidence using rodent models pointed to innovative pharmacological targets to treat major depressive disorder. However, subsequent clinical trials have failed to show convincing results. Two explanations for these rather disappointing results can be put forward, either animal models of psychiatric disorders have failed to predict the clinical effectiveness of treatments or clinical trials have failed to detect the effects of these new drugs. A careful analysis of the literature reveals that both statements are true. Indeed, in some cases, clinical efficacy has been predicted on the basis of inappropriate animal models, although the contrary is also true, as some clinical trials have not targeted the appropriate dose or clinical population. On the one hand, refinement of animal models requires using species that have better homological validity, designing models that rely on experimental manipulations inducing pathological features, and trying to model subtypes of depression. On the other hand, clinical research should consider carefully the results from preclinical studies, in order to study these compounds at the correct dose, in the appropriate psychiatric nosological entity or symptomatology, in relevant subpopulations of patients characterized by specific biomarkers. To achieve these goals, translational research has to strengthen the dialogue between basic and clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Belzung
- INSERM 930 and Université François Rabelais Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France,INSERM 930 and Université François Rabelais Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours 37200, France. Tel:+33 2 47 36 69 94; Fax:+33 2 47 36 72 85; E-mail:
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13
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Wu YJ, He H, Gao Q, Wu D, Bertekap R, Westphal RS, Lelas S, Newton A, Wallace T, Taber M, Davis C, Macor JE, Bronson J. Discovery of a cyclopentylamine as an orally active dual NK1 receptor antagonist-serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1611-4. [PMID: 24507922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopentylamine 4 was identified as a potent dual NK1R antagonist-SERT inhibitor. This compound demonstrated significant oral activity in the gerbil forced swimming test, suggesting that dual NK1R antagonists-SERT inhibitors may be useful in treating depression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Huan He
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dedong Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Robert Bertekap
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ryan S Westphal
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Snjezana Lelas
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Amy Newton
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tanya Wallace
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Matthew Taber
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Carl Davis
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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14
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Ashkenazy-Frolinger T, Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N. Diurnal rodents as an advantageous model for affective disorders: novel data from diurnal degu (Octodon degus). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 122 Suppl 1:S35-45. [PMID: 24352409 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are strongly associated with affective disorders and recent studies have suggested utilization of diurnal rodents as model animal for circadian rhythms-related domains of these disorders. Previous work with the diurnal fat sand rat and Nile grass rat demonstrated that short photoperiod conditions result in behavioral changes including anxiety- and depression-like behavior. The present study examined the effect of manipulating day length on activity rhythms and behavior of the diurnal degu. Animals were housed for 3 weeks under either a short photoperiod (5-h:19-h LD) or a neutral photoperiod (12-h:12-h LD) and then evaluated by sweet solution test and the forced swim test for depression-like behavior, and in the light/dark box and open field for anxiety-like behavior. Results indicate that short photoperiod induced depression-like behavior in the forced swim test and the sweet solution preference test and anxiety-like behavior in the open field compared with animals maintained in a neutral photoperiod. No effects were shown in the light/dark box. Short photoperiod-acclimated degu showed reduced total activity duration and activity was not restricted to the light phase. The present study further supports the utilization of diurnal rodents to model circadian rhythms-related affective change. Beyond the possible diversity in the mechanisms underlying diurnality in different animals, there are now evidences that in three different diurnal species, the fat sand rat, the grass Nile rat and the degu, shortening of photoperiod results in the appearance of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors.
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15
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NK1 receptor antagonism lowers occupancy requirement for antidepressant-like effects of SSRIs in the Gerbil forced swim test. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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A translational rodent assay of affective biases in depression and antidepressant therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1625-35. [PMID: 23503126 PMCID: PMC3717539 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The subjective measures used to study mood disorders in humans cannot be replicated in animals; however, the increasing application of objective neuropsychological methods provides opportunities to develop translational animal tasks. Here we describe a novel behavioral approach, which has enabled us to investigate similar affective biases in rodents. In our affective bias test (ABT), rats encounter two independent positive experiences--the association between food reward and specific digging substrate--during discrimination learning sessions. These are performed on separate days under either neutral conditions or during a pharmacological or affective state manipulation. Affective bias is then quantified using a preference test where both previously rewarded substrates are presented together and the rat's choices recorded. The absolute value of the experience is kept consistent and all other factors are counterbalanced so that any bias at recall can be attributed to treatment. Replicating previous findings from studies in healthy volunteers, we observe significant positive affective biases following acute treatment with typical (fluoxetine, citalopram, reboxetine, venlafaxine, clomipramine) and atypical antidepressants (agomelatine, mirtazapine), and significant negative affective biases following treatment with drugs associated with inducing negative affective states in humans (FG7142, rimonabant, 13-cis retinoic acid). We also observed that acute psychosocial stress and environmental enrichment induce significant negative and positive affective biases, respectively, and provide evidence that these affective biases involve memory consolidation. The positive and negative affective biases induced in our test also mirror the antidepressant and pro-depressant effects of these drugs in patients suggesting our test has both translational and predictive validity. Our results suggest that cognitive affective biases could contribute to drug- or stress-induced mood changes in people and support the hypothesis that a cognitive neuropsychological mechanism contributes to antidepressant drug efficacy.
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Abstract
Pruritus and psyche are intricately and reciprocally related, with psychophysiological evidence and psychopathological explanations helping us to understand their complex association. Their interaction may be conceptualized and classified into 3 groups: pruritic diseases with psychiatric sequelae, pruritic diseases aggravated by psychosocial factors, and psychiatric disorders causing pruritus. Management of chronic pruritus is directed at treating the underlying causes and adopting a multidisciplinary approach to address the dermatologic, somatosensory, cognitive, and emotional aspects. Pharmcotherapeutic agents that are useful for chronic pruritus with comorbid depression and/or anxiety comprise selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mirtazapine, tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline and doxepin), and anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin); the role of neurokinin receptor-1 antagonists awaits verification. Antipsychotics are required for treating itch and formication associated with schizophrenia and delusion of parasitosis (including Morgellons disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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Wu YJ, He H, Bertekap R, Westphal R, Lelas S, Newton A, Wallace T, Taber M, Davis C, Macor JE, Bronson J. Discovery of disubstituted piperidines and homopiperidines as potent dual NK 1 receptor antagonists–serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitors for the treatment of depression. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2217-2228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gillman KW, Parker MF, Silva M, Degnan AP, Tora GO, Lodge NJ, Li YW, Lelas S, Taber M, Krause RG, Bertekap RL, Newton AE, Pieschl RL, Lengyel KD, Johnson KA, Taylor SJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Design, optimization, and in vivo evaluation of a series of pyridine derivatives with dual NK1 antagonism and SERT inhibition for the treatment of depression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:407-11. [PMID: 23253443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted pyridines, ether linked to a phenylpiperidine core were optimized for dual NK(1)/SERT affinity. Optimization based on NK(1)/SERT binding affinities, and minimization of off-target ion channel activity lead to the discovery of compound 44. In vivo evaluation of 44 in the gerbil forced swim test (a depression model), and ex-vivo NK(1)/SERT receptor occupancy data support the potential of a dual acting compound for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Gillman
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Chindo BA, Adzu B, Yahaya TA, Gamaniel KS. Ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test: a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:310-6. [PMID: 22561603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and highly complex psychiatric disorder characterised by cognitive dysfunctions, negative and positive symptoms. The major challenge in schizophrenia research is lack of suitable animal models that mimic the core behavioural aspects and symptoms of this devastating psychiatric disorder. In this study, we used classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to examine the predictive validity of ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test (FST) as a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We also evaluated the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the ketamine-enhanced immobility in FST. Repeated administration of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1), i.p., daily for 5 days) enhanced the duration of immobility in FST 24 h after the final injection. The effect, which persisted for at least 21 days after withdrawal of the drug, was neither observed by single treatment with ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) i.p.) nor repeated treatment with amphetamine (1 and 2 mg kg(-1) i.p., daily for 5 days). The enhancing effects of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) on the duration of immobility in the FST were attenuated by clozapine (1, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), risperidone (0.25 and 0.5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) and paroxetine (1 and 5 mg kg(-1) i.p.). Haloperidol (0.25 and 0.50 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) failed to attenuate the ketamine-enhanced immobility in the FST. The repeated ketamine administration neither affects locomotor activity nor motor coordination in rats under the same treatment conditions with the FST, suggesting that the effects of ketamine on the duration of immobility in this study was neither due to motor dysfunction nor peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Our results suggest that repeated treatment with subanaesthetic doses of ketamine enhance the duration of immobility in FST, which might be a useful animal model for the negative symptoms (particularly the depressive features) of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Gerbils. THE LABORATORY RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, HAMSTER, AND OTHER RODENTS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The gerbil is usually nonaggressive and is one of the easiest rodents to maintain and handle. Its disposition, curious nature, relative freedom from naturally occurring infectious diseases, and adaptability to its environment have contributed to its popularity as a laboratory animal. Gerbils are found in deserts and semiarid geographical regions of the world. The Mongolian gerbils that are available today originated from 20 pairs of captured animals that were maintained in 1935 in a closed, random-bred colony at the Kitasato Institute in Japan. Gerbils have several unique anatomical and physiological features. Mature gerbils are smaller than rats, but larger than mice. Mongolian gerbils are attracted to saliva and use salivary cues to discriminate between siblings and nonsiblings, and females use oral cues in the selection of sociosexual partners. Gerbils have been used as experimental models in a number of areas of biomedical research. Gerbils are excellent subjects for laboratory animal research as they are susceptible to bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens that affect humans and other species. Gerbils may have spontaneous seizures secondary to stress such as handling, cage change, abrupt noises, or changes in the environment. Cystic ovaries are seen commonly in female gerbils over 1 year of age. Gerbils have unique characteristics, which make them appropriate for a number of animal models. Classically, gerbils have been used in research involving stroke, parasitology, infectious diseases, epilepsy, brain development and behavior, and hearing.
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Tey HL, Yosipovitch G. Targeted treatment of pruritus: a look into the future. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 21219293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10217.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in pruritus research have elucidated mediators and neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission, and this fast emerging knowledge may possibly be translated into new therapies in the near future. In the skin and peripheral nerves, potential mediator and receptor therapeutic targets include the H4 histamine receptor, protease-activated receptor 2, serine proteases, cathepsin S, peripheral mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, interleukin-31, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and 3, fatty acid amide hydrolase, nerve growth factor and its receptor, acetylcholine, and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors. In the spinal cord, gastrin-related peptide and its receptor, as well as substance P and its receptor neurokinin receptor-1 serve as potential therapeutic targets. In the brain, reduction of itch perception and modulation of emotions may possibly be achieved through drugs acting on the anterior cingulate cortex. Clinically, management of pruritus should be instituted early and should address the skin pathology, peripheral neuropathy, central sensitization, and the cognito-affective aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in pruritus research have elucidated mediators and neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission, and this fast emerging knowledge may possibly be translated into new therapies in the near future. In the skin and peripheral nerves, potential mediator and receptor therapeutic targets include the H4 histamine receptor, protease-activated receptor 2, serine proteases, cathepsin S, peripheral mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, interleukin-31, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and 3, fatty acid amide hydrolase, nerve growth factor and its receptor, acetylcholine, and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors. In the spinal cord, gastrin-related peptide and its receptor, as well as substance P and its receptor neurokinin receptor-1 serve as potential therapeutic targets. In the brain, reduction of itch perception and modulation of emotions may possibly be achieved through drugs acting on the anterior cingulate cortex. Clinically, management of pruritus should be instituted early and should address the skin pathology, peripheral neuropathy, central sensitization, and the cognito-affective aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Tey
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071, USA
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Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Gobert A, Mannoury la Cour C, Brocco M, Rivet JM, Di Cara B, Lejeune F, Cremers TI, Flik G, de Jong TR, Olivier B, de Nanteuil G. S41744, a dual neurokinin (NK)1 receptor antagonist and serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor with potential antidepressant properties: a comparison to aprepitant (MK869) and paroxetine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:599-621. [PMID: 20483567 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though neurokinin(1) (NK(1)) receptors are implicated in depressed states and their treatment, selective antagonists have disappointed in clinical trials. Accordingly, we designed a novel ligand, S41744 (2-piperazin-1-yl-indan-2-carboxylic-acid-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-amide), which both blocks NK(1) receptors and interferes with serotonin (5-HT) reuptake. S41744 mimicked the selective antagonist aprepitant in binding human (h)NK(1) receptors and in antagonising Substance-P-mediated Extracellular-Regulated-Kinase phosphorylation (pK(B), 7.7). Further, it dose-dependently (0.63-40.0 mg/kg, i.p.) displaced ex vivo [(3)H]-[Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]-Substance P binding to gerbil striatum, attenuated formalin-induced hind-paw licking in gerbils, and antagonised locomotion induced by i.c.v. administration of the NK(1) agonist GR73632 to guinea pigs. Like paroxetine, S41744 recognised h5-HT transporters, reduced synaptosomal uptake of 5-HT (pK(B), 7.9), and dose-dependently (0.63-10.0 mg/kg) elevated dialysis levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of freely-moving guinea pigs. Further, S41744 increased extracellular levels of 5-HT in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats to a greater extent than paroxetine, and its inhibitory influence upon serotonergic perikarya was blunted relative to its affinity for 5-HT transporters. S41744 more potently blocked stress-induced vocalizations in guinea pigs than aprepitant and paroxetine, and it was active in forced-swim and marble-burying procedures of putative antidepressant properties in mice. While aprepitant displayed anxiolytic actions in stress-induced foot-tapping and social interaction tests in gerbils, paroxetine was anxiogenic and S41744 "neutral", reflecting balanced NK(1) antagonism and suppression of 5-HT reuptake. Moreover, S41744 shared anxiolytic actions of aprepitant in the rat Vogel Conflict Test. In conclusion, S41744 is an innovative NK(1) antagonist/5-HT reuptake inhibitor justifying further evaluation for treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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Postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are critical for the antidepressant-like effects of desipramine on behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1067-77. [PMID: 18923403 PMCID: PMC2727683 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant desipramine inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), leading to activation of both pre- and postsynaptic adrenergic receptors, including alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 subtypes. However, it is not clear which adrenergic receptors are involved in mediating its antidepressant effects. Treatment of mice with desipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) produced an antidepressant-like effect, as evidenced by decreased immobility in the forced-swim test; this was antagonized by pretreatment with the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Similarly, idazoxan, administered peripherally (0.5-2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or centrally (1-10 microg, i.c.v.), antagonized the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine in rats responding under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 72-s schedule, ie, decreased response rate and increased reinforcement rate. By contrast, pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonists propranolol and CGP-12177 or the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin did not alter the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine on DRL behavior. The lack of involvement of beta-adrenergic receptors in mediating the behavioral effects of desipramine was confirmed using knockout lines. In the forced-swim test, the desipramine-induced decrease in immobility was not altered in mice deficient in beta-1, beta-2, or both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. In addition, desipramine (3-30 mg/kg) produced an antidepressant-like effect on behavior under a DRL 36-s schedule in mice deficient in both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. As antagonism of presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors facilitates NE release, which potentiates the effects of desipramine, the present results suggest that postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors play an important role in its antidepressant effects.
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