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Miles SA, Rosen DS, Barry S, Grunberg D, Grzywacz N. What to Expect When the Unexpected Becomes Expected: Harmonic Surprise and Preference Over Time in Popular Music. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:578644. [PMID: 33994972 PMCID: PMC8121146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.578644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrates that music with more surprising chords tends to be perceived as more enjoyable than music with more conventional harmonic structures. In that work, harmonic surprise was computed based upon a static distribution of chords. This would assume that harmonic surprise is constant over time, and the effect of harmonic surprise on music preference is similarly static. In this study we assess that assumption and establish that the relationship between harmonic surprise (as measured according to a specific time period) and music preference is not constant as time goes on. Analyses of harmonic surprise and preference from 1958 to 1991 showed increased harmonic surprise over time, and that this increase was significantly more pronounced in preferred songs. Separate analyses showed similar increases over the years from 2000 to 2019. As such, these findings provide evidence that the human perception of tonality is influenced by exposure. Baseline harmonic expectations that were developed through listening to the music of “yesterday” are violated in the music of “today,” leading to preference. Then, once the music of “today” provides the baseline expectations for the music of “tomorrow,” more pronounced violations—and with them, higher harmonic surprise values—become associated with preference formation. We call this phenomenon the “Inflationary-Surprise Hypothesis.” Support for this hypothesis could impact the understanding of how the perception of tonality, and other statistical regularities, are developed in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Miles
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Secret Chord Laboratories, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - David S Rosen
- Secret Chord Laboratories, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Music and Entertainment Technology Laboratory, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaun Barry
- Secret Chord Laboratories, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | - Norberto Grzywacz
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Morgan Stewart H, Shevlin SA, Catlow CRA, Guo ZX. Compressive straining of bilayer phosphorene leads to extraordinary electron mobility at a new conduction band edge. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2006-2010. [PMID: 25692995 DOI: 10.1021/nl504861w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
By means of hybrid DFT calculations and the deformation potential approximation, we show that bilayer phosphorene under slight compression perpendicular to its surface exhibits extraordinary room temperature electron mobility of order 7 × 10(4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). This is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than is widely reported for ground state phosphorenes and is the result of the emergence of a new conduction band minimum that is decoupled from the in-plane acoustic phonons that dominate carrier scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Morgan Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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