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Konidakis I, Dragosli F, Cheruvathoor Poulose A, Kašlík J, Bakandritsos A, Zbořil R, Stratakis E. Postmelting Encapsulation of Glass Microwires for Multipath Light Waveguiding within Phosphate Glasses. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:1636-1643. [PMID: 39206346 PMCID: PMC11348410 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Glass waveguides are the fundamental component of advanced photonic circuits and play a pivotal role in diverse applications, including quantum information processing, light generation, imaging, data storage, and sensing platforms. Up to date, the fabrication of glass waveguides relies mainly on demanding chemical processes or on the employment of expensive ultrafast laser equipment. In this work, we demonstrate an advanced, simple, low-temperature, postmelting encapsulation procedure for the development of glass waveguides. Specifically, silver iodide phosphate glass microwires (MWs) are drawn from splat-quenched glasses. These MWs are then incorporated in a controlled manner within transparent silver phosphate glass matrices. The judicious selection of glass compositions ensures that the refractive index of the host phosphate glass is lower than that of the embedded MWs. This facilitates the propagation of light inside the encapsulated higher refractive index MWs, leading to the facile development of waveguides. Importantly, we substantially enhance the light transmission within the MWs by leveraging the plasmon resonance effects due to the presence of silver nanoparticles spontaneously generated owing to the silver iodide phosphate glass composition. Employing this innovative approach, we have successfully engineered waveguide devices incorporating either one or two MWs. Remarkably, the dual MW devices are capable of transmitting light of different colors and in multipath direction, rendering the developed waveguides outstanding candidates for extending the functionalities of diverse photonic and optoelectronic circuits, as well as in intelligent signaling applications in smart glass technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Konidakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Foteini Dragosli
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aby Cheruvathoor Poulose
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kašlík
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Zhang CC, Zhang JY, Feng JR, Liu ST, Ding SJ, Ma L, Wang QQ. Plasmon-enhanced second harmonic generation of metal nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5960-5975. [PMID: 38446099 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
As the most common nonlinear optical process, second harmonic generation (SHG) has important application value in the field of nanophotonics. With the rapid development of metal nanomaterial processing and chemical preparation technology, various structures based on metal nanoparticles have been used to achieve the enhancement and modulation of SHG. In the field of nonlinear optics, plasmonic metal nanostructures have become potential candidates for nonlinear optoelectronic devices because of their highly adjustable physical characteristics. In this article, first, the basic optical principles of SHG and the source of surface symmetry breaking in metal nanoparticles are briefly introduced. Next, the related reports on SHG in metal nanostructures are reviewed from three aspects: the enhancement of SHG efficiency by double resonance structures, the SHG effect based on magnetic resonance and the harmonic energy transfer. Then, the applications of SHG in the sensing, imaging and in situ monitoring of metal nanostructures are summarized. Future opportunities for SHG in composite systems composed of metal nanostructures and two-dimensional materials are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Yi Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Ru Feng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Si-Ting Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Si-Jing Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Qu-Quan Wang
- School of Science, Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
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3
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Lipatiev AS, Lotarev SV, Lipateva TO, Fedotov SS, Lopatina EV, Sigaev VN. Ultrafast-Laser-Induced Tailoring of Crystal-in-Glass Waveguides by Precision Partial Remelting. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:801. [PMID: 37421034 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Space-selective laser-induced crystallization of glass enables direct femtosecond laser writing of crystal-in-glass channel waveguides having nearly single-crystal structure and consisting of functional phases with favorable nonlinear optical or electrooptical properties. They are regarded as promising components for novel integrated optical circuits. However, femtosecond-laser-written continuous crystalline tracks typically have an asymmetric and strongly elongated cross-section, which causes a multimode character of light guiding and substantial coupling losses. Here, we investigated the conditions of partial remelting of laser-written LaBGeO5 crystalline tracks in lanthanum borogermanate glass by the same femtosecond laser beam which had been used for their writing. Exposure to femtosecond laser pulses at 200 kHz repetition rate provided cumulative heating of the sample in the vicinity of the beam waist sufficient to provide space-selective melting of crystalline LaBGeO5. To form a smoother temperature field, the beam waist was moved along the helical or flat sinusoidal path along the track. The sinusoidal path was shown to be favorable for tailoring the improved cross-section of the crystalline lines by partial remelting. At optimized laser processing parameters, most of the track was vitrified, and the residual part of the crystalline cross-section had an aspect ratio of about 1:1. Thermal-induced stress emerging during the tailoring procedure was efficiently eliminated by fine post-annealing. The proposed technique suggests a new way to control the morphology of laser-written crystal-in-glass waveguides by tailoring their cross-section, which is expected to improve the mode structure of the guided light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Lipatiev
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Sergey V Lotarev
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Lipateva
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Sergey S Fedotov
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Elena V Lopatina
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Sigaev
- Department of Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
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4
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Wang X, Yu X, Berg MJ, Chen P, Lacroix B, Fathpour S, Lei S. Curved waveguides in silicon written by a shaped laser beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14201-14207. [PMID: 33985144 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate, for the first time, the direct writing of curved optical waveguides in monocrystalline silicon with curve radii from 2 mm to 6 cm. The bending loss of the curved waveguides is measured and a good agreement with theoretical values is found. Raman spectroscopy measurements suggest the formation of inhomogeneous amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the laser-modified region. This direct laser-writing method may advance fabrication capabilities for integrated 3D silicon photonic devices.
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Abstract
Laser-induced space-selective crystallization of glass enabling the growth of continuous crystal-in-glass architectures consisting of non-centrosymmetric phases with functional properties is promising, including single-crystal waveguides for the development of integrated optical circuits. In this study, femtosecond laser direct writing of crystalline lines inside lead germanate glass with the composition close to Pb5Ge3O11 has been demonstrated. The growth of crystalline lines by the .moving focused laser beam required the preliminary growth of a seed crystal by the fixed beam. Confocal Raman spectroscopy revealed the precipitation of ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11, which, under certain exposure conditions, could be accompanied by precipitation of the metastable lead germanate phase. Depending on the laser beam parameters, either bilateral growth providing split, horseshoe-shaped morphology of the crystal cross-section, or centered growth resulting in elongated, elliptical cross-section shape occurred. The obtained results are of interest for the fabrication of ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11-based crystal-in-glass waveguides.
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Abstract
Direct three-dimensional laser writing of crystallization inside glass has been intensely studied as an attractive technique for fabricating photonic devices. In particular, polarization-dependent periodic nanostructures composed of the partial crystallization in glass can be self-assembled through focused irradiation of femtosecond pulses. Here, we report on the Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystal precipitation in nanoscale by femtosecond laser irradiation inside Al2O3-Y2O3 glass. Furthermore, we focus on the white emission by Ce: YAG in which a part of Y3+ site was replaced by Ce3+, the effect on photoluminescence (PL) characteristics by changing of ligand field induced by nanostructure formation was observed.
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Space-Selective Control of Functional Crystals by Femtosecond Laser: A Comparison between SrO-TiO2-SiO2 and Li2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 Glasses. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on space-selective crystallization of congruent and polar Sr2TiSi2O8 crystals in a stoichiometric SrO-TiO2-SiO2 glass induced by (1030 nm, 300 fs) femtosecond laser irradiation. This allows us to compare with non-congruent laser-induced crystallization of polar LiNbO3 in non-stoichiometric Li2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 glass and gain information on the mechanism of nanocrystals orientation with the laser polarization that we pointed out previously. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), second harmonic generation (SHG), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), we studied the laser-induced crystallization according to the laser processing parameters (pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, scanning speed). We found (1) a domain where the laser track is filled with crystals not perfectly textured (low energy), (2) a domain where an amorphous volume remains surrounded by a crystallized shell (high energy). This arises from Sr out-diffusion and may give rise to the crystallization of both SrTiO3 and Sr2TiSi2O8 phases at low speed. In the one-phase domain (at higher speed), the possibility to elaborate a tube with a perfect Fresnoite texture is found. A significant difference in size and morphology whereas the crystallization threshold remains similar is discussed based on glass thermal properties. Contrarily to Li2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 (LNS) glass, no domain of oriented nanocrystallization controlled by the laser polarization has been found in SrO-TiO2-SiO2 (STS) glass, which is attributed to the larger crystallization speed in STS glass. No nanogratings have also been found that is likely due to the congruency of the glass.
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8
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Cao Y, Yi Y, Yang Y, Lin B, Lv J, Zhao H, Wang F, Zhang D. Low Power Consumption 3D-Inverted Ridge Thermal Optical Switch of Graphene-Coated Polymer/Silica Hybrid Waveguide. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080783. [PMID: 32824652 PMCID: PMC7464878 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An inverted ridge 3D thermal optical (TO) switch of a graphene-coated polymer/silica hybrid waveguide is proposed. The side electrode structure is designed to reduce the mode loss induced by the graphene film and by heating the electrode. The graphene layer is designed to be located on the waveguide to assist in the conduction of heat produced by the electrode. The inverted ridge core is fabricated by etching and spin-coating processes, which can realize the flat surface waveguide. This core improves the transfer of the graphene layer and the compatibility of the fabrication processes. Because of the opposite thermal optical coefficient of polymer and silica and the high thermal conductivity of the graphene layer, the 3D hybrid TO switch with low power consumption and fast response time is obtained. Compared with the traditional TO switch without graphene film, the power consumption of the proposed TO switch is reduced by 41.43% at the wavelength of 1550 nm, width of the core layer (a) of 3 μm, and electrode distance (d) of 4 μm. The rise and fall times of the proposed TO switch are simulated to be 64.5 μs and 175 μs with a d of 4 μm, and a of 2 μm, respectively.
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Lipatiev AS, Lotarev SV, Smayev MP, Lipateva TO, Karateev IA, Presnyakov MY, Fedotov SS, Sigaev VN. Space-selective crystallization of glass by an optical vortex beam. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the improvement of ultrafast laser-written track quality by using an optical vortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail P. Smayev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Russia
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10
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Salter PS, Booth MJ. Adaptive optics in laser processing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:110. [PMID: 31814967 PMCID: PMC6884496 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics are becoming a valuable tool for laser processing, providing enhanced functionality and flexibility for a range of systems. Using a single adaptive element, it is possible to correct for aberrations introduced when focusing inside the workpiece, tailor the focal intensity distribution for the particular fabrication task and/or provide parallelisation to reduce processing times. This is particularly promising for applications using ultrafast lasers for three-dimensional fabrication. We review recent developments in adaptive laser processing, including methods and applications, before discussing prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Salter
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
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11
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Laser patterning and growth mechanism of orientation designed crystals in oxide glasses: A review. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Development of highly inhomogeneous temperature profile within electrically heated alkali silicate glasses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2805. [PMID: 30808914 PMCID: PMC6391379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Joule's well-known first law, application of electric field across a homogeneous solid should produce heat uniformly in proportion to the square of electrical current. Here we report strong departure from this expectation for common, homogeneous ionic solids such as alkali silicate glasses when subjected even to moderate fields (~100 V/cm). Unlike electronically conducting metals and semiconductors, with time the heating of ionically conducting glass becomes extremely inhomogeneous with the formation of a nanoscale alkali-depletion region, such that the glass melts near the anode, even evaporates, while remaining solid elsewhere. In situ infrared imaging shows and finite element analysis confirms localized temperatures more than thousand degrees above the remaining sample depending on whether the field is DC or AC. These observations unravel the origin of recently discovered electric field induced softening of glass. The observed highly inhomogeneous temperature profile point to the challenges for the application of Joule's law to the electrical performance of glassy thin films, nanoscale devices, and similarly-scaled phenomena.
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Vetchinnikov MP, Lipatiev AS, Shakhgildyan GY, Golubev NV, Ignat'eva ES, Fedotov SS, Lipateva TO, Lotarev SV, Vilkovisky GA, Sigaev VN. Direct femtosecond laser-induced formation of CdS quantum dots inside silicate glass. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2519-2522. [PMID: 29856419 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the one-step precipitation of CdS quantum dots in the volume of CdS-doped silicate glass under the focused femtosecond laser beam without additional heat treatment of glass. Femtosecond direct laser writing leads to the annular distribution of the precipitated CdS quantum dots in laser-written domain optical properties of which could be tuned by laser beam parameters. Increasing the laser pulse number to 103 significantly enhances luminescence intensity in the domains, while further increasing up to 106 pulses leads to luminescence quenching. A possible scenario for the formation and distribution of quantum dots is proposed.
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14
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Lipatiev AS, Lotarev SV, Okhrimchuk AG, Lipateva TO, Fedotov SS, Sigaev VN. Crystal-in-glass architecture engineering: writing, erasing and rewriting by a femtosecond laser beam. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Space-selectively erasing laser-written crystalline tracks by a femtosecond laser beam is demonstrated. It is possible to rewrite the oriented crystalline structure in re-melted glass and recover the crystal-in-glass architecture continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Lipatiev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V. Lotarev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
| | - Andrey G. Okhrimchuk
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana O. Lipateva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey S. Fedotov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N. Sigaev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow 125480
- Russian Federation
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15
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Javaherian C, Twamley J. Non-reciprocal energy transport in linear and ring dynamic quantum networks and width-patterned optical waveguide arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:25970-25979. [PMID: 29041259 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-reciprocal and uni-directional transport could efficiently transmit signals in integrated quantum and optical networks. It is shown that the time-dependent modulation of the position of quantum nodes would efficiently and non-reciprocally guide an initially injected quantum energy. Moreover, the initial energy could be trapped within a ring configuration of such dynamically controlled quantum nodes. It is also shown that parallel waveguide arrays with specific widths pattern could uni-directly transfer a Gaussian beam across the arrays. By arranging the parallel waveguides on a cylindrical shell with a new widths pattern, the chiral transport of an incident Gaussian beam is also achieved.
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16
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Pavlov I, Tokel O, Pavlova S, Kadan V, Makey G, Turnali A, Yavuz Ö, Ilday FÖ. Femtosecond laser written waveguides deep inside silicon. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3028-3031. [PMID: 28957237 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photonic devices that can guide, transfer, or modulate light are highly desired in electronics and integrated silicon (Si) photonics. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the creation of optical waveguides deep inside Si using femtosecond pulses at a central wavelength of 1.5 μm. To this end, we use 350 fs long, 2 μJ pulses with a repetition rate of 250 kHz from an Er-doped fiber laser, which we focused inside Si to create permanent modifications of the crystal. The position of the beam is accurately controlled with pump-probe imaging during fabrication. Waveguides that were 5.5 mm in length and 20 μm in diameter were created by scanning the focal position along the beam propagation axis. The fabricated waveguides were characterized with a continuous-wave laser operating at 1.5 μm. The refractive index change inside the waveguide was measured with optical shadowgraphy, yielding a value of 6×10-4, and by direct light coupling and far-field imaging, yielding a value of 3.5×10-4. The formation mechanism of the modification is discussed.
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17
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Fabrication of graded index single crystal in glass. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44327. [PMID: 28287174 PMCID: PMC5347130 DOI: 10.1038/srep44327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium niobate crystals were grown in 3D through localized heating by femtosecond laser irradiation deep inside 35Li2O-35Nb2O5-30SiO2 glass. Laser scanning speed and power density were systematically varied to control the crystal growth process and determine the optimal conditions for the formation of single crystal lines. EBSD measurements showed that, in principle, single crystals can be grown to unlimited lengths using optimal parameters. We successfully tuned the parameters to a growth mode where nucleation and growth occur upon heating and ahead of the scanning laser focus. This growth mode eliminates the problem reported in previous works of non-uniform polycrystallinity because of a separate growth mode where crystallization occurs during cooling behind the scanning laser focus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a growth mode using a fs laser. The crystal cross-sections possessed a symmetric, smooth lattice misorientation with respect to the c-axis orientation in the center of the crystal. Calculations indicate the observed misorientation leads to a decrease in the refractive index of the crystal line from the center moving outwards, opening the possibility to produce within glass a graded refractive index single crystal (GRISC) optically active waveguide.
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18
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Ultrafast Laser Pulses for Structuring Materials at Micro/Nano Scale: From Waveguides to Superhydrophobic Surfaces. PHOTONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Savytskii D, Jain H, Tamura N, Dierolf V. Rotating lattice single crystal architecture on the surface of glass. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36449. [PMID: 27808168 PMCID: PMC5093585 DOI: 10.1038/srep36449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defying the requirements of translational periodicity in 3D, rotation of the lattice orientation within an otherwise single crystal provides a new form of solid. Such rotating lattice single (RLS) crystals are found, but only as spherulitic grains too small for systematic characterization or practical application. Here we report a novel approach to fabricate RLS crystal lines and 2D layers of unlimited dimensions via a recently discovered solid-to-solid conversion process using a laser to heat a glass to its crystallization temperature but keeping it below the melting temperature. The proof-of-concept including key characteristics of RLS crystals is demonstrated using the example of Sb2S3 crystals within the Sb-S-I model glass system for which the rotation rate depends on the direction of laser scanning relative to the orientation of initially formed seed. Lattice rotation in this new mode of crystal growth occurs upon crystallization through a well-organized dislocation/disclination structure introduced at the glass/crystal interface. Implications of RLS growth on biomineralization and spherulitic crystal growth are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Savytskii
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - H Jain
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - N Tamura
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - V Dierolf
- Physics Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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20
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He X, Datta A, Nam W, Traverso LM, Xu X. Sub-Diffraction Limited Writing based on Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:35035. [PMID: 27721428 PMCID: PMC5056352 DOI: 10.1038/srep35035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled fabrication of single and multiple nanostructures far below the diffraction limit using a method based on laser induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) is presented. In typical LIPSS, multiple lines with a certain spatial periodicity, but often not well-aligned, were produced. In this work, well-controlled and aligned nanowires and nanogrooves with widths as small as 40 nm and 60 nm with desired orientation and length are fabricated. Moreover, single nanowire and nanogroove were fabricated based on the same mechanism for forming multiple, periodic structures. Combining numerical modeling and AFM/SEM analyses, it was found these nanostructures were formed through the interference between the incident laser radiation and the surface plasmons, the mechanism for forming LIPSS on a dielectric surface using a high power femtosecond laser. We expect that our method, in particular, the fabrication of single nanowires and nanogrooves could be a promising alternative for fabrication of nanoscale devices due to its simplicity, flexibility, and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anurup Datta
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Woongsik Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luis M Traverso
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xianfan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Cao J, Mazerolles L, Lancry M, Solas D, Brisset F, Poumellec B. Form birefringence induced in multicomponent glass by femtosecond laser direct writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2739-2742. [PMID: 27304277 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new kind of form birefringence in lithium niobium silicate glass induced by femtosecond laser direct writing. By combining electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, we reveal a self-assembled nanostructure consisting of periodic phase change: nonlinear optical nanocrystals embedded in a network of "walls" in a vitreous phase. These "walls" are aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. This self-organized nanostructure may successfully explain the origin of the laser-induced birefringence in this multicomponent glass quite differently from pure silica. These findings highlight a spectacular modification of glass, and enable construction of a high contrast three-dimensional refractive index and birefringent structures at the micrometer scale in multicomponent glasses.
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22
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Ha S, Janissen R, Ussembayev YY, van Oene MM, Solano B, Dekker NH. Tunable top-down fabrication and functional surface coating of single-crystal titanium dioxide nanostructures and nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10739-48. [PMID: 27160731 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00898d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a key component of diverse optical and electronic applications that exploit its exceptional material properties. In particular, the use of TiO2 in its single-crystalline phase can offer substantial advantages over its amorphous and polycrystalline phases for existing and yet-to-be-developed applications. However, the implementation of single-crystal TiO2 has been hampered by challenges in its fabrication and subsequent surface functionalization. Here, we introduce a novel top-down approach that allows for batch fabrication of uniform high-aspect-ratio single-crystal TiO2 nanostructures with targeted sidewall profiles. We complement our fabrication approach with a functionalization strategy that achieves dense, uniform, and area-selective coating with a variety of biomolecules. This allows us to fabricate single-crystal rutile TiO2 nanocylinders tethered with individual DNA molecules for use as force- and torque-transducers in an optical torque wrench. These developments provide the means for increased exploitation of the superior material properties of single-crystal TiO2 at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungkyu Ha
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard Janissen
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Yera Ye Ussembayev
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M van Oene
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Belen Solano
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Nynke H Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Savytskii D, Knorr B, Dierolf V, Jain H. Demonstration of single crystal growth via solid-solid transformation of a glass. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23324. [PMID: 26988919 PMCID: PMC4796903 DOI: 10.1038/srep23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many advanced technologies have relied on the availability of single crystals of appropriate material such as silicon for microelectronics or superalloys for turbine blades. Similarly, many promising materials could unleash their full potential if they were available in a single crystal form. However, the current methods are unsuitable for growing single crystals of these oftentimes incongruently melting, unstable or metastable materials. Here we demonstrate a strategy to overcome this hurdle by avoiding the gaseous or liquid phase, and directly converting glass into a single crystal. Specifically, Sb2S3 single crystals are grown in Sb-S-I glasses as an example of this approach. In this first unambiguous demonstration of an all-solid-state glass → crystal transformation, extraneous nucleation is avoided relative to crystal growth via spatially localized laser heating and inclusion of a suitable glass former in the composition. The ability to fabricate patterned single-crystal architecture on a glass surface is demonstrated, providing a new class of micro-structured substrate for low cost epitaxial growth, active planar devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Savytskii
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Brian Knorr
- Physics Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Volkmar Dierolf
- Physics Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Himanshu Jain
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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Almeida JMP, Almeida GFB, Hernandes AC, Mendonça CR. Architecture of lead oxide microcrystals in glass: a laser and etching based method. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01255h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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