1
|
Yokoi H, Takeuchi Y, Ichinose G, Kitade O, Tainaka KI. Microbial mutualism promoting the coexistence of competing species: Double-layer model for two competing hosts and one microbial species. Biosystems 2021; 211:104589. [PMID: 34896189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gause's law of competitive exclusion holds that the coexistence of competing species is extremely unlikely when niches are not differentiated. This law is supported by many mathematical studies, yet the coexistence of competing species is nearly ubiquitous in real ecosystems. We pay attention to the fact that plants and animals usually contact with microbial species as mutualistic partners. The activity spaces of host species are different from those of micro-organisms. In the present study, we apply double-layer model to the association of two competing hosts and a microorganism. Two lattices are prepared: one is for hosts, and the other is for microorganism. The basic equation obtained by mean-field theory is an extension of Lotka-Volterra competition model. Both mathematical analysis and numerical simulations reveal that a shared microbial mutualist can permit the coexistence of competing hosts. From the derived condition of coexistence, we believe the microbial mutualism promotes biodiversity in many ecological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoi
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, ChuoKu, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Genki Ichinose
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Osamu Kitade
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Tainaka
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flessa F, Harjes J, Cáceres MES, Rambold G. Comparative analyses of sooty mould communities from Brazil and Central Europe. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo gain an insight into fungal sooty mould communities on leaves of trees and shrubs in the tropics and in temperate regions, 47 biofilms of the Mata Atlântica rainforest relic and the Caatinga vegetation in the state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, and from Central European colline and alpine zones were compared. The four sampling sites clearly differed in composition of their epiphyllous fungal communities. The fungal OTUs from all sites belonged mainly to the Ascomycota, with Dothideomycetes being the dominant class. The core community group consisted of a few site-specific representatives in co-occurrence with the ubiquitous Mycosphaerella tassiana and Aureobasidium pullulans. Most species of the core community were dark pigmented and were accompanied by facultative unpigmented or lightly pigmented species. Among the cultivable fungal species, the proportion of melanised species was significantly more abundant in samples from the two European sites, which supports the theory of thermal melanism. The identity of the host plant had a stronger impact on fungal community composition than the presence of sap-feeding insects.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pulungan MA, Suzuki S, Gavina MKA, Tubay JM, Ito H, Nii M, Ichinose G, Okabe T, Ishida A, Shiyomi M, Togashi T, Yoshimura J, Morita S. Grazing enhances species diversity in grassland communities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11201. [PMID: 31371753 PMCID: PMC6671982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In grassland studies, an intermediate level of grazing often results in the highest species diversity. Although a few hypotheses have been proposed to explain this unimodal response of species diversity to grazing intensity, no convincing explanation has been provided. Here, we build a lattice model of a grassland community comprising multiple species with various levels of grazing. We analyze the relationship between grazing and plant diversity in grasslands under variable intensities of grazing pressure. The highest species diversity is observed at an intermediate grazing intensity. Grazers suppress domination by the most superior species in birth rate, resulting in the coexistence of inferior species. This unimodal grazing effect disappears with the introduction of a small amount of nongrazing natural mortality. Unimodal patterns of species diversity may be limited to the case where grazers are the principal source of natural mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Almaududi Pulungan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Maica Krizna Areja Gavina
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Jerrold M Tubay
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland
| | - Momoka Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Genki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Okabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Masae Shiyomi
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan.
| | - Satoru Morita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vďačný P, Érseková E, Šoltys K, Budiš J, Pecina L, Rurik I. Co-existence of multiple bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliate species in hindgut of wood-feeding cockroaches in light of their prokaryotic consortium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17749. [PMID: 30532066 PMCID: PMC6288088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hindgut of wood-feeding Panesthia cockroaches harbours a diverse microbial community, whose most morphologically prominent members are bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliates. Co-occurrence and correlation patterns of prokaryotes associated with these endosymbiotic ciliates were investigated. Multidimensional scaling based on taxa interaction-adjusted index showed a very clear separation of the hindgut ciliate samples from the ciliate-free hindgut samples. This division was corroborated also by SparCC analysis which revealed strong negative associations between prokaryotic taxa that were relatively more abundant in the ciliate-free hindgut samples and prokaryotic taxa that were more abundant in the ciliate samples. This very likely reflects the grazing behaviour of hindgut ciliates which prefer Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, causing their abundances to be increased in the ciliate samples at the expense of abundances of Euryarchaeota and Bacteroidetes which prevail in the hindgut content. Ciliate species do not distinctly differ in the associated prokaryotes, indicating that minute variations in the proportion of associated bacteria might be sufficient to avoid competition between bacterivorous ciliate species and hence enable their co-occurrence in the same host. The nearest free-living relatives of hindgut ciliates have a different pattern of associations with prokaryotes, i.e., alphaproteobacteria are predominantly associated with free-living ciliates while gammaproteobacteria with hindgut ciliates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vďačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Emese Érseková
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budiš
- Department of Computer Science, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F-1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Pecina
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Rurik
- Private computer laboratory, 821 07, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tubay JM, Yoshimura J. Resistance of a terrestrial plant community to local microhabitat changes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5101-5110. [PMID: 29876085 PMCID: PMC5980338 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of plant and animal species that exist today is estimated to be around 8.7 million. Approximately 300,000 of these species are flora. This extremely high species diversity has been puzzling scientist since the beginning of ecological research because most of these species compete for limited resources that should lead to the exclusion of all but few superior species. This can be seen in a number of coexistence model today that can only maintain at most four species at a time. We have shown recently that by incorporating minute differences in microhabitat to a lattice competition model, about 13 species can coexist from an initial number of 20. Here, we improve the model further by considering that microhabitat differences are not fixed but can change over time which can affect coexistence. A primary driver to this alteration is climate change, both natural and human induced. To show the resistance of a lattice plant community model, a dynamic microhabitat locality is incorporated by changing the spatial and species-specific heterogeneity of each lattice site. We show that even if the microhabitat locality of each plant species is dynamic, diversity can still be maintained in a lattice plant ecosystem model. This shows that natural communities of terrestrial plants can be resistant to the stress of microhabitat locality changes to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M. Tubay
- Mathematics DivisionInstitute of Mathematical Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of Philippines Los BañosCollegeLagunaPhilippines
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems EngineeringShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Marine Biosystems Research CenterChiba UniversityUchiura, KamogawaChibaJapan
- Department of Environmental and Forest BiologyState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew York
| |
Collapse
|