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Chitu V, Biundo F, Stanley ER. Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101511. [PMID: 34743926 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This review summarizes the cellular sources, patterns of expression and physiological roles of the macrophage (CSF-1, IL-34), granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF) and granulocyte (G-CSF) colony stimulating factors within the nervous system, with a particular focus on their actions on microglia. CSF-1 and IL-34, via the CSF-1R, are required for the development, proliferation and maintenance of essentially all CNS microglia in a temporal and regional specific manner. In contrast, in steady state, GM-CSF and G-CSF are mainly involved in regulation of microglial function. The alterations in expression of these growth factors and their receptors, that have been reported in several neurological diseases, are described and the outcomes of their therapeutic targeting in mouse models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Yeh CC, Yang CP, Ma KH, Shih JH, Tseng CS, Huang YS. Endogenous Expression of G-CSF in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons after Nerve Injury. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070956. [PMID: 34356190 PMCID: PMC8303554 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been reported to modulate pain function following nerve injury. However, the expression of endogenous G-CSF in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the response to nerve injury remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that G-CSF and G-CSFR are mainly expressed in both small- and medium-diameter DRG neurons in rats and are responsible for transmitting pain responses. G-CSF and G-CSFR were co-expressed in certain nociceptive DRG neurons. In addition, G-CSF was expressed in satellite glial cells around large-diameter DRG neurons. After sciatic nerve injury, the number of G-CSF-positive DRG neurons was increased in both the ipsilateral and contralateral lesion sites in rats. However, G-CSF expression in satellite glial cells was not affected by nerve injury. To clarify the role of G-CSF in pain, exogenous G-CSF was administered to a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve transaction (PST). Our results indicate that treatment with G-CSF did not attenuate but exacerbated neuropathic pain. In summary, G-CSF may directly activate sensory neurons and contribute to nociceptive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chang Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (C.-C.Y.); (C.-P.Y.)
| | - Chih-Ping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (C.-C.Y.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (K.-H.M.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ching-San Tseng
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (K.-H.M.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (K.-H.M.); (C.-S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-87923100 (ext. 18735)
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Liao MF, Yeh SR, Lu KT, Hsu JL, Chao PK, Hsu HC, Peng CH, Lee YL, Hung YH, Ro LS. Interactions between Autophagy, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Apoptosis in Neuropathic Pain: Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor as a Multipotent Therapy in Rats with Chronic Constriction Injury. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050542. [PMID: 34066206 PMCID: PMC8151381 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that early systemic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment can attenuate neuropathic pain in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) by modulating expression of different proinflammatory cytokines, microRNAs, and proteins. Besides the modulation of inflammatory mediators' expression, previous studies have also reported that G-CSF can modulate autophagic and apoptotic activity. Furthermore, both autophagy and apoptosis play important roles in chronic pain modulation. In this study, we evaluated the temporal interactions of autophagy, and apoptosis in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and injured sciatic nerve after G-CSF treatment in CCI rats. We studied the behaviors of CCI rats with or without G-CSF treatment and the various levels of autophagic, proinflammatory, and apoptotic proteins in injured sciatic nerves and DRG neurons at different time points using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that G-CSF treatment upregulated autophagic protein expression in the early phase and suppressed apoptotic protein expression in the late phase after nerve injury. Thus, medication such as G-CSF can modulate autophagy, apoptosis, and different proinflammatory proteins in the injured sciatic nerve and DRG neurons, which have the potential to treat neuropathic pain. However, autophagy-mediated regulation of neuropathic pain is a time-dependent process. An increase in autophagic activity in the early phase before proinflammatory cytokines reach the threshold level to induce neuropathic pain can effectively alleviate further neuropathic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Liao
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Shin-Rung Yeh
- College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Kwok-Tung Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 23652, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine and Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuan Chao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Ching Hsu
- Division of Chinese Acupuncture and Traumatology, Chang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Chi-Hao Peng
- Division of Chinese Acupuncture and Traumatology, Chang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Yun-Lin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yu-Hui Hung
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Long-Sun Ro
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Taipei 33305, Taiwan; (M.-F.L.); (J.-L.H.); (Y.-L.L.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8351)
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Zhang L, Chen X, Wu L, Li Y, Wang L, Zhao X, Zhao T, Zhang L, Yan Z, Wei G. Ameliorative effects of escin on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113503. [PMID: 33091488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Escin is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins extracted from the seeds of Aesculus wilsonii Rehd. And has been reported to possess the therapeutic effects against neuropathic pain (NP). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and explore the underlying mechanisms of escin on rats of NP induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were treated with escin (7, 14, and 28 mg/kg, i. g.) daily from the third day after the surgery (day 0) for consecutive 14 days. Regular behavior and thermal threshold were measured on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14. Investigations into mechanisms involved measurement of inflammatory factors and biochemical factors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Inflammatory pain responses and nerve injuries were induced by the CCI model. Tonic pain model and acute inflammatory model induced by formalin or carrageenan were established to evaluated the pharmacological effects of escin on acute inflammatory pain. Corresponding behaviors were monitored and relevant gene expression such as c-fos, mu opioid receptor (MOR) and KCNK1 were detected by qRT-PCR. Investigate the neuroprotective effects of escin on PC12 cell injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell morphology was observed under inverted microscope and neuroprotective effect of escin on cell activity was assessed by MTT assay. RESULTS Escin could widen thermal threshold, downregulate the concentration of inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, suppress the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), decrease the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) remarkably. In addition, escin significantly lowered the duration of licking, numbers of flinches and increase in paw edema, showing great therapeutic effects on inflammatory pain responses. Moreover, the activity of injured PC12 cells was significantly improved after escin administrated. CONCLUSION Escin exerted the ameliorative effects on NP induced by CCI which may be related to downregulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB signal pathway, thereafter decreasing the level of GFAP and NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiu Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lanlan Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yongbiao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guihua Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF) Can Attenuate Neuropathic Pain by Suppressing Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) Expression, through Upregulating the Early MicroRNA-122 Expression in the Dorsal Root Ganglia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071669. [PMID: 32664488 PMCID: PMC7408430 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous animal studies and several human clinical trials have shown that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) can attenuate neuropathic pain through various mechanisms. GCSF itself is also a multipotent cytokine that can modulate microribonucleic acid (microRNA) expression profiles in vitro. In this study, we used the NanoString nCounter analysis system to screen the expression of different rodent microRNAs at early stage after nerve injury and studied the expression of related cytokines/chemokines in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of rats that underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) to explore the underlying mechanisms of the analgesic effects of GCSF. We found that microRNA-122 expression was downregulated by CCI; in contrast, GCSF treatment significantly upregulated microRNA-122 expression in the DRGs of CCI rats on the 1st day after nerve injury. We further studied the expression of different cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) that were modulated by microRNA-122. MCP-1 has been reported to participate in neuropathic pain development, and its expression on the DRGs of vehicle-treated CCI rats was significantly higher than that on the DRGs of sham-operated rats; in contrast, GCSF-treated rats exhibited significantly lower MCP-1 expression in the DRG than vehicle-treated rats on the 7th day after nerve injury. An early GCSF treatment can suppress MCP-1 expressions, through upregulating microRNA-122 expressions in the DRGs of CCI rats at an earlier stage, thus indirectly attenuating neuropathic pain development.
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Jiao Y, Li XY, Liu J. A New Approach to Cerebral Palsy Treatment: Discussion of the Effective Components of Umbilical Cord Blood and its Mechanisms of Action. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:497-509. [PMID: 30384766 PMCID: PMC7103597 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718809658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) includes a group of persistent non-progressive disorders
affecting movement, muscle tone, and/or posture. The total economic loss during
the life-span of an individual with CP places a heavy financial burden on such
patients and their families worldwide; however, a complete cure is still
lacking. Umbilical cord blood (UCB)-based interventions are emerging as a
scientifically plausible treatment and possible cure for CP. Stem cells have
been used in many experimental CP animal models and achieved good results.
Compared with other types of stem cells, those from UCB have advantages in terms
of treatment safety and efficacy, ethics, non-neoplastic proliferation,
accessibility, ease of preservation, and regulation of immune responses, based
on findings in animal models and clinical trials. Currently, the use of
UCB-based interventions for CP is limited as the components of UCB are complex
and possess different therapeutic mechanisms. These can be categorized by three
aspects: homing and neuroregeneration, trophic factor secretion, and
neuroprotective effects. Our review summarizes the features of active components
of UCB and their therapeutic mechanism of action. This review highlights current
research findings and clinical evidence regarding UCB that contribute to
treatment suggestions, inform decision-making for therapeutic interventions, and
help to direct future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- 1 Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- 1 Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- 1 Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Cook AD, Christensen AD, Tewari D, McMahon SB, Hamilton JA. Immune Cytokines and Their Receptors in Inflammatory Pain. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:240-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Turajane T, Chaveewanakorn U, Fongsarun W, Aojanepong J, Papadopoulos KI. Avoidance of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee with Intra-Articular Implantation of Autologous Activated Peripheral Blood Stem Cells versus Hyaluronic Acid: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Differential Effects of Growth Factor Addition. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:8925132. [PMID: 29056974 PMCID: PMC5625803 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8925132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this randomized controlled trial, in early osteoarthritis (OA) that failed conservative intervention, the need for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and WOMAC scores were evaluated, following a combination of arthroscopic microdrilling mesenchymal cell stimulation (MCS) and repeated intra-articular (IA) autologous activated peripheral blood stem cells (AAPBSCs) with growth factor addition (GFA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) versus IA-HA alone. Leukapheresis-harvested AAPBSCs were administered as three weekly IA injections combined with HA and GFA (platelet-rich plasma [PRP] and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [hG-CSF]) and MCS in group 1 and in group 2 but without hG-CSF while group 3 received IA-HA alone. Each group of 20 patients was evaluated at baseline and at 1, 6, and, 12 months. At 12 months, all patients in the AAPBSC groups were surgical intervention free compared to three patients needing TKA in group 3 (p < 0.033). Total WOMAC scores showed statistically significant improvements at 6 and 12 months for the AAPBSC groups versus controls. There were no notable adverse events. We have shown avoidance of TKA in the AAPBSC groups at 12 months and potent, early, and sustained symptom alleviation through GFA versus HA alone. Differential effects of hG-CSF were noted with an earlier onset of symptom alleviation throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Turajane
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Jongjate Aojanepong
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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