ABCG2 regulates self-renewal and stem cell marker expression but not tumorigenicity or radiation resistance of glioma cells

Hyperbaric oxygen promotes both the proliferation and chemosensitization of glioblastoma cells by inhibiting HIF1α/HIF2α-ABCG2

Introduction

Hyperbaric oxygen enhances glioma chemosensitivity, but the mechanism remains unclear. Hypoxia is common in gliomas, and as the main effector molecules of hypoxia, HIF1α and HIF2α promote the malignant progression by inhibiting cell apoptosis and maintaining stemness. ABCG2 is a marker protein of tumor stem cells and drug efflux transporter protein. This study aims to reveal the detailed mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen promote both proliferation and chemosensitization.

Methods

Under hyperbaric oxygen and hypoxic conditions, we investigated the differences in cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, LDH release, and the expression of proteins and mRNA. We also conducted studies on transcriptional regulation and performed in vivo experiments.

Results

It revealed that under hypoxic conditions, HIF1α, HIF2α, and ABCG2 are highly expressed, and both HIF1α and HIF2α promote ABCG2 expression. After hyperbaric oxygen treatment, the expression of HIF1α, HIF2α, and ABCG2 decreased, both cell proliferation and chemosensitivity increased. After knocking out HIF1α and HIF2α, cell proliferation and chemosensitivity increased, but the expression of stem cell marker proteins decreased. ChIP-qPCR revealed that HIF1α and HIF2α target the ABCG2 promoter. Gain-and loss-of-function experiments suggested that ABCG2 can promote the expression of stem cell marker proteins, inhibit cell apoptosis, and promote tumor progression.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that hyperbaric oxygen can inhibit ABCG2 expression through HIF1α and HIF2α, thereby promoting the proliferation and chemosensitization of gliomas.

Biosensor-Enhanced Organ-on-a-Chip Models for Investigating Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics

Glioblastoma, an aggressive primary brain tumor, poses a significant challenge owing to its dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment. This review investigates the innovative integration of biosensor-enhanced organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models as a novel strategy for an in-depth exploration of glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. In recent years, the transformative approach of incorporating biosensors into OOC platforms has enabled real-time monitoring and analysis of cellular behaviors within a controlled microenvironment. Conventional in vitro and in vivo models exhibit inherent limitations in accurately replicating the complex nature of glioblastoma progression. This review addresses the existing research gap by pioneering the integration of biosensor-enhanced OOC models, providing a comprehensive platform for investigating glioblastoma tumor microenvironment dynamics. The applications of this combined approach in studying glioblastoma dynamics are critically scrutinized, emphasizing its potential to bridge the gap between simplistic models and the intricate in vivo conditions. Furthermore, the article discusses the implications of biosensor-enhanced OOC models in elucidating the dynamic features of the tumor microenvironment, encompassing cell migration, proliferation, and interactions. By furnishing real-time insights, these models significantly contribute to unraveling the complex biology of glioblastoma, thereby influencing the development of more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Molecular signature of stem-like glioma cells (SLGCs) from human glioblastoma and gliosarcoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and the GBM variant gliosarcoma (GS) are among the tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality, providing only palliation. Stem-like glioma cells (SLGCs) are involved in tumor initiation, progression, therapy resistance, and relapse. The identification of general features of SLGCs could contribute to the development of more efficient therapies. Commercially available protein arrays were used to determine the cell surface signature of eight SLGC lines from GBMs, one SLGC line obtained from a xenotransplanted GBM-derived SLGC line, and three SLGC lines from GSs. By means of non-negative matrix factorization expression metaprofiles were calculated. Using the cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC) five metaprofiles (MPs) were identified, which are characterized by specific combinations of 7-12 factors. Furthermore, the expression of several factors, that are associated with GBM prognosis, GBM subtypes, SLGC differentiation stages, or neural identity was evaluated. The investigation encompassed 24 distinct SLGC lines, four of which were derived from xenotransplanted SLGCs, and included the SLGC lines characterized by the metaprofiles. It turned out that all SLGC lines expressed the epidermal growth factor EGFR and EGFR ligands, often in the presence of additional receptor tyrosine kinases. Moreover, all SLGC lines displayed a neural signature and the IDH1 wildtype, but differed in their p53 and PTEN status. Pearson Correlation analysis identified a positive association between the pluripotency factor Sox2 and the expression of FABP7, Musashi, CD133, GFAP, but not with MGMT or Hif1α. Spherical growth, however, was positively correlated with high levels of Hif1α, CDK4, PTEN, and PDGFRβ, whereas correlations with stemness factors or MGMT (MGMT expression and promoter methylation) were low or missing. Factors highly expressed by all SLGC lines, irrespective of their degree of stemness and growth behavior, are Cathepsin-D, CD99, EMMPRIN/CD147, Intβ1, the Galectins 3 and 3b, and N-Cadherin.

Linking ABC transporters to the hallmarks of cancer

Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitously expressed and transport a broad range of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes. Mutations in ABC genes cause 21 monogenic diseases, and polymorphisms in these genes are associated with susceptibility to complex diseases. ABC transporters also play a major role in drug bioavailability, and they mediate multidrug resistance in cancer. At least 13 ABC transporters were shown to be involved in drug resistance in vitro. In the past decade, efforts have been made to elucidate their roles in tumor biology. Herein, we explore their involvement in tumorigenesis, focusing on the hallmarks of cells as they make their way from normalcy to neoplastic growth states.

High expression of ABCF1 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in bladder cancer

ABCF1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, is involved in the malignant progression of tumors. However, the role of ABCF1 in bladder cancer is poorly understood. In our study, we explored the differential expression of ABCF1 in bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues based on bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemical results. GSEA was performed to ascertain the potential related signaling pathways of ABCF1. The relationship between ABCF1 expression and bladder cancer progression was analyzed using the GSE13507 dataset. In addition, the differential expression of ABCF1 in the cell lines was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) and Western blotting. ABCF1 was upregulated in bladder cancer, and the high expression of ABCF1 was closely related to sex (P = 0.00056), grade (P = 0.00049), T stage (P = 0.00007), and N stage (P = 0.0076). High expression of ABCF1 was correlated with poor overall survival in bladder cancer patients (P < 0.001). In addition, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that high ABCF1 expression was an independent factor for poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Therefore, ABCF1 expression is closely related to the progression of bladder cancer and can be used as a potential indicator of poor prognosis and a therapeutic target for bladder cancer.

Inhibition of ABCG2 transporter by lapatinib enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and photodynamic therapy response in human glioma cell lines

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an intraoperative molecular probe approved for fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) of high-grade gliomas to achieve maximal safe tumor resection. Although ALA has no fluorescence on its own, it is metabolized in the heme biosynthesis pathway to produce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) with red fluorescence for tumor detection and photosensitizing activity for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The preferential tumor accumulation of PpIX following ALA administration enables the use of ALA as a prodrug for PpIX FGR and PDT of gliomas. Since intracellular PpIX in tumor cells after ALA treatment is influenced by biological processes including PpIX bioconversion catalyzed by ferrochelatase (FECH) and PpIX efflux by ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), we determined the activity of FECH and ABCG2 in a panel of human glioma cell lines and correlated with intracellular and extracellular PpIX levels and PDT response. We found that glioma cell lines with ABCG2 activity exhibited the trend of low intracellular PpIX, high extracellular PpIX and low PDT response, whereas no particular correlation was seen with FECH activity. Inhibition of PpIX efflux with ABCG2 inhibitors was more effective in enhancing ALA-PpIX fluorescence and PDT response than blocking PpIX bioconversion with iron chelator deferoxamine. We also showed that a clinically used kinase inhibitor lapatinib could be repurposed for therapeutic enhancement of ALA due to its potent ABCG2 inhibitory activity. Our study reveals ABCG2 as an important biological determinant of PpIX fluorescence in glioma cells and suggests ABCG2 inhibition with lapatinib as a promising therapeutic enhancement approach.

Glioblastoma Stem Cells-Useful Tools in the Battle against Cancer

Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are cells with a self-renewal ability and capacity to initiate tumors upon serial transplantation that have been linked to tumor cell heterogeneity. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, causing the recurrence of the disease. GSCs could represent one reason for the low efficacy of cancer therapy and for the short relapse time. Nonetheless, experimental data suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant GSCs could explain tumor recurrence. Therefore, to effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their biology and the survival and developing mechanisms during treatment is mandatory. This review provides an overview of the molecular features, microenvironment, detection, and targeting strategies of GSCs, an essential information required for an efficient therapy. Despite the outstanding results in oncology, researchers are still developing novel strategies, of which one could be targeting the GSCs present in the hypoxic regions and invasive edge of the glioblastoma.

GZ17-6.02 Inhibits the Growth of EGFRvIII+ Glioblastoma

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is amplified in over 50% of glioblastomas and promotes tumor formation and progression. However, attempts to treat glioblastoma with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been unsuccessful thus far. The current standard of care is especially poor in patients with a constitutively active form of EGFR, EGFRvIII, which is associated with shorter survival time. This study examined the effect of GZ17-6.02, a novel anti-cancer agent undergoing phase 1 studies, on two EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma stem cells: D10-0171 and D317. In vitro analyses showed that GZ17-6.02 inhibited the growth of both D10-0171 and D317 cells with IC₅₀ values of 24.84 and 28.28 µg/mL respectively. RNA sequencing and reverse phase protein array analyses revealed that GZ17-6.02 downregulates pathways primarily related to steroid synthesis and cell cycle progression. Interestingly, G17-6.02’s mechanism of action involves the downregulation of the recently identified glioblastoma super-enhancer genes WSCD1, EVOL2, and KLHDC8A. Finally, a subcutaneous xenograft model showed that GZ17-6.02 inhibits glioblastoma growth in vivo. We conclude that GZ17-6.02 is a promising combination drug effective at inhibiting the growth of a subset of glioblastomas and our data warrants further preclinical studies utilizing xenograft models to identify patients that may respond to this drug.

Methionine restriction enhances the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer stem cells by miR-320d/c-Myc axis

Chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer stem cells (CRC-SCs) has become a major challenge in clinical treatment of cancer. Methionine restriction (MR) enhances the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular pathways that MR affects the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs. CD133⁺ and CD133^- SW480 or SW620 cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Mouse xenograft tumor model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of CD133⁺ SW480. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Phase distribution of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect drug-resistant related protein expression. miR-320d and transcription factor c-Myc expressions were detected by qRT-PCR. The interaction between miR-320d and c-Myc was verified by luciferase assay. CD133⁺ SW480 and SW620 cells were more resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) than CD133^- cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that 5-FU and MR combined therapy further inhibited CD133⁺ cell activity and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) expression, and reduced tumor volume compared with drug administration alone. Interference with miR-320d or overexpression of c-Myc reversed the increased chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs induced by synergistic therapy with 5-FU and MR. miR-320d can target and regulate c-Myc. Interference with c-Myc could reverse the increase in cell viability and ABCG2 expression caused by down-regulation of miR-320d. In conclusion, the combined chemotherapy with MR can enhance the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs by up-regulation of miR-320d to inhibit c-Myc expression, which lays a molecular basis for MR regulation of chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CRC-SCs.

Critical View of Novel Treatment Strategies for Glioblastoma: Failure and Success of Resistance Mechanisms by Glioblastoma Cells

According to the invasive nature of glioblastoma, which is the most common form of malignant brain tumor, the standard care by surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy is particularly challenging. The presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and the surrounding tumor microenvironment protects glioblastoma from recognition by the immune system. Conventional therapy concepts have failed to completely remove glioblastoma cells, which is one major drawback in clinical management of the disease. The use of small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunotherapy, including peptide and mRNA vaccines, and virotherapy came into focus for the treatment of glioblastoma. Although novel strategies underline the benefit for anti-tumor effectiveness, serious challenges need to be overcome to successfully manage tumorigenesis, indicating the significance of developing new strategies. Therefore, we provide insights into the application of different medications in combination to boost the host immune system to interfere with immune evasion of glioblastoma cells which are promising prerequisites for therapeutic approaches to treat glioblastoma patients.

Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells: A Review on Biomarkers, Signal Pathways and Targeted Therapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal and common primary brain tumor, even after treatment with multiple therapies, such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. Although great advances in medical development and improvements in therapeutic methods of GBM have led to a certain extension of the median survival time of patients, prognosis remains poor. The primary cause of its dismal outcomes is the high rate of tumor recurrence, which is closely related to its resistance to standard therapies. During the last decade, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have been successfully isolated from GBM, and it has been demonstrated that these cells are likely to play an indispensable role in the formation, maintenance, and recurrence of GBM tumors, indicating that GSCs are a crucial target for treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding GSCs, their related signaling pathways, resistance mechanisms, crosstalk linking mechanisms, and microenvironment or niche. Subsequently, we present a framework of targeted therapy for GSCs based on direct strategies, including blockade of the pathways necessary to overcome resistance or prevent their function, promotion of GSC differentiation, virotherapy, and indirect strategies, including targeting the perivascular, hypoxic, and immune niches of the GSCs. In summary, targeting GSCs provides a tremendous opportunity for revolutionary approaches to improve the prognosis and therapy of GBM, despite a variety of challenges.

Overview and recent advances in the targeting of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells

Introduction: Medulloblastoma, an embryonal small round blue cell tumor primarily arising in the posterior fossa, is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system in children and requires intensive multi-modality therapy for cure. Overall 5-year survival is approximately 75% in children with primary disease, but outcomes for relapsed disease are very poor. Recent advances have identified molecular subgroups with excellent prognosis, with 5-year overall survival rates >90%, and subgroups with very poor prognosis with overall survival rates <50%. Molecular subtyping has allowed for more sophisticated risk stratification of patients, but new treatments for the highest risk patients have not yet improved outcomes. Targeting cancer stem cells may improve outcomes, and several candidate targets and novel drugs are under investigation.Areas covered: We discuss medulloblastoma epidemiology, biology, treatment modalities, risk stratification, and molecular subgroup analysis, links between subgroup and developmental biology, cancer stem cell biology in medulloblastoma including previously described cancer stem cell markers and proposed targeted treatments in the current literature.Expert opinion: The understanding of cancer stem cells in medulloblastoma will advance therapies targeting the most treatment-resistant cells within the tumor and therefore reduce the incidence of treatment refractory and relapsed disease.

A narrative review of research progress on drug therapies for glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive, common, and lethal subtype of malignant gliomas originating from the central nervous system. Currently, the standard therapy for GBM is surgical resection combined with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ). However, the treatment only improves the 2-year survival rate from 10% to 26%, accompanied by more than 90% recurrence of GBM tumors at the original site. Low survival rate, serious side effects, and poor prognosis force people to find new therapies. Recent years, the combination of clinical drugs improves the survival rate of GBM patients, but new therapeutic drugs with high-efficiency and low-toxicity are still needed to be discovered. The successful use of immunotherapy in tumor brings hope for people to explore new methods in treating GBM. While the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), loss of lymphatic tissue drainage, and antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system are major reasons for the failure of immunotherapy in the treatment of GBM. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) is a subtype of tumorigenic stem cells which has more specific tumorigenic potential indicating targeting GSCs may be expected to improve therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss clinical drugs that have benefited patients with GBM, cancer immunotherapy for GBM, summarize new drug targets of GBM, and review strategies for increasing the passage of drugs through the BBB.

The evolution of the cancer stem cell state in glioblastoma: emerging insights into the next generation of functional interactions

Cellular heterogeneity is a hallmark of advanced cancers and has been ascribed in part to a population of self-renewing, therapeutically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, has served as a platform for the study of CSCs. In addition to illustrating the complexities of CSC biology, these investigations have led to a deeper understanding of GBM pathogenesis, revealed novel therapeutic targets, and driven innovation towards the development of next-generation therapies. While there continues to be an expansion in our knowledge of how CSCs contribute to GBM progression, opportunities have emerged to revisit this conceptual framework. In this review, we will summarize the current state of CSCs in GBM using key concepts of evolution as a paradigm (variation, inheritance, selection, and time) to describe how the CSC state is subject to alterations of cell intrinsic and extrinsic interactions that shape their evolutionarily trajectory. We identify emerging areas for future consideration, including appreciating CSCs as a cell state that is subject to plasticity, as opposed to a discrete population. These future considerations will not only have an impact on our understanding of this ever-expanding field but will also provide an opportunity to inform future therapies to effectively treat this complex and devastating disease.

Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Proteins in CNS Tumors: Resistance- Based Perspectives and Clinical Updates

Despite gigantic advances in medical research and development, chemotherapeutic resistance remains a major challenge in complete remission of CNS tumors. The failure of complete eradication of CNS tumors has been correlated with the existence of several factors including overexpression of transporter proteins. To date, 49 ABC-transporter proteins (ABC-TPs) have been reported in humans, and the evidence of their strong association with chemotherapeutics' influx, dissemination, and efflux in CNS tumors, is growing. Research studies on CNS tumors are implicating ABC-TPs as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers that may be utilised in preclinical and clinical studies. With the current advancements in cell biology, molecular analysis of genomic and transcriptomic interplay, and protein homology-based drug-transporters interaction, our research approaches are streamlining the roles of ABC-TPs in cancer and multidrug resistance. Potential inhibitors of ABC-TP for better clinical outcomes in CNS tumors have emerged. Elacridar has shown to enhance the chemo-sensitivity of Dasatanib and Imatinib in various glioma models. Tariquidar has improved the effectiveness of Temozolomide's in CNS tumors. Although these inhibitors have been effective in preclinical settings, their clinical outcomes have not been as significant in clinical trials. Thus, to have a better understanding of the molecular evaluations of ABC-TPs, as well as drug-interactions, further research is being pursued in research labs. Our lab aims to better comprehend the biological mechanisms involved in drug resistance and to explore novel strategies to increase the clinical effectiveness of anticancer chemotherapeutics, which will ultimately improve clinical outcomes.

Hypoxia-Induced Reactivity of Tumor-Associated Astrocytes Affects Glioma Cell Properties

Glioblastoma is characterized by extensive necrotic areas with surrounding hypoxia. The cancer cell response to hypoxia in these areas is well-described; it involves a metabolic shift and an increase in stem cell-like characteristics. Less is known about the hypoxic response of tumor-associated astrocytes, a major component of the glioma tumor microenvironment. Here, we used primary human astrocytes and a genetically engineered glioma mouse model to investigate the response of this stromal cell type to hypoxia. We found that astrocytes became reactive in response to intermediate and severe hypoxia, similarly to irradiated and temozolomide-treated astrocytes. Hypoxic astrocytes displayed a potent hypoxia response that appeared to be driven primarily by hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (HIF-2α). This response involved the activation of classical HIF target genes and the increased production of hypoxia-associated cytokines such as TGF-β1, IL-3, angiogenin, VEGF-A, and IL-1 alpha. In vivo, astrocytes were present in proximity to perinecrotic areas surrounding HIF-2α expressing cells, suggesting that hypoxic astrocytes contribute to the glioma microenvironment. Extracellular matrix derived from hypoxic astrocytes increased the proliferation and drug efflux capability of glioma cells. Together, our findings suggest that hypoxic astrocytes are implicated in tumor growth and potentially stemness maintenance by remodeling the tumor microenvironment.

Knockdown of E-cadherin induces cancer stem-cell-like phenotype and drug resistance in cervical cancer cells

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality amongst women in developing countries, and resistance to therapy is the main reason for treatment failure. Recent advances suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are critically involved in regulating the chemo-resistant behavior of cervical cancer cells. In our study, cells with the CSC phenotype were isolated, and we examined the expression levels of stem cell markers and genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using different assays. However, the cells with the CSC phenotype could not be cultured for further cytotoxicity studies, so we established a model of CSC in cervical cancer cells. We performed siRNA-mediated knockdown of E-cadherin in these cells, and studied them for EMT-associated stem-cell-like properties. We also performed dose-dependent cell viability assays using clinically relevant drugs such as cisplatin, cyclopamine, and GANT58 to analyze the drug resistant behavior of these cancer cells. We found that knockdown of E-cadherin induces EMT in cervical cancer cells, imparting stem-cell like characteristics along with enhanced tumorsphere formation, cell migration, invasiveness, and drug resistance. This is the first study to establish a CSC model in cervical cancer cells by knockdown of E-cadherin, which can be used to develop anti-cancer therapies.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of DNA Repair- and Drug-Efflux-Associated Molecules in Tumor and Peritumor Areas of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most commonly occurring primary tumor arising within the central nervous system, is characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. In spite of the improvement in surgical techniques, along with the administration of chemo- and radiation therapy and the incessant investigation in search of prospective therapeutic targets, the local recurrence that frequently occurs within the peritumoral brain tissue makes GBM the most malignant and terminal type of astrocytoma. In the current study, we investigated both GBM and peritumoral tissues obtained from 55 hospitalized patients and the expression of three molecules involved in the onset of resistance/unresponsiveness to chemotherapy: O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP1), and A2B5. We propose that the expression of these molecules in the peritumoral tissue might be crucial to promoting the development of early tumorigenic events in the tissue surrounding GBM as well as responsible for the recurrence originating in this apparently normal area and, accordingly, for the resistance to treatment with the standard chemotherapeutic regimen. Notably, the inverse correlation found between MGMT expression in peritumoral tissue and patients’ survival suggests a prognostic role for this protein.

Temozolomide Treatment Increases Fatty Acid Uptake in Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Simple Summary

Patients diagnosed with glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors typically survive less than two years, despite aggressive therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A major factor underlying this lethality is the ability of GBM tumors to adapt to stress, including the stress of treatment. The role of metabolism in this process remains incompletely understood. We, therefore, explored the connection between cellular phenotype, chemotherapeutic stress, and metabolism in GBM. We found that inducing changes in GBM phenotypes led to alterations in metabolic behavior. Further, during treatment with chemotherapy, GBM cells that became resistant to therapy increased their fatty acid uptake. These therapy-induced alterations in nutrient uptake may underlie therapy resistance and deadly recurrence.

Abstract

Among all cancers, glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the least treatable. One key factor in this resistance is a subpopulation of tumor cells termed glioma stem cells (GSCs). These cells are highly resistant to current treatment modalities, possess marked self-renewal capacity, and are considered key drivers of tumor recurrence. Further complicating an understanding of GBM, evidence shows that the GSC population is not a pre-ordained and static group of cells but also includes previously differentiated GBM cells that have attained a GSC state secondary to environmental cues. The metabolic behavior of GBM cells undergoing plasticity remains incompletely understood. To that end, we probed the connection between GSCs, environmental cues, and metabolism. Using patient-derived xenograft cells, mouse models, transcriptomics, and metabolic analyses, we found that cell state changes are accompanied by sharp changes in metabolic phenotype. Further, treatment with temozolomide, the current standard of care drug for GBM, altered the metabolism of GBM cells and increased fatty acid uptake both in vitro and in vivo in the plasticity driven GSC population. These results indicate that temozolomide-induced changes in cell state are accompanied by metabolic shifts—a potentially novel target for enhancing the effectiveness of current treatment modalities.

SOX2Mediates Carbon Nanotube-Induced Fibrogenesis and Fibroblast Stem Cell Acquisition

Certain nanosized particles like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to induce pulmonary fibrosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, and efforts to prevent this disease are lacking. Fibroblast-associated stem cells (FSCs) have been suggested as a critical driver of fibrosis induced by CNTs by serving as a renewable source of extracellular matrix-producing cells; however, a detailed understanding of this process remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated that single-walled CNTs induced FSC acquisition and fibrogenic responses in primary human lung fibroblasts. This was indicated by increased expression of stem cell markers (e.g., CD44 and ABCG2) and fibrogenic markers (e.g., collagen and α-SMA) in CNT-exposed cells. These cells also showed increased sphere formation, anoikis resistance, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities, which are characteristics of stem cells. Mechanistic studies revealed sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), a self-renewal associated transcription factor, as a key driver of FSC acquisition and fibrogenesis. Upregulation and colocalization of SOX2 and COL1 were found in the fibrotic lung tissues of CNT-exposed mice via oropharyngeal aspiration after 56 days. The knockdown of SOX2 by gene silencing abrogated the fibrogenic and FSC-inducing effects of CNTs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified SOX2-binding sites on COL1A1 and COL1A2, indicating SOX2 as a transcription factor in collagen synthesis. SOX2 was also found to play a critical role in TGF-β-induced fibrogenesis through its collagen- and FSC-inducing effects. Since many nanomaterials are known to induce TGF-β, our findings that SOX2 regulate FSCs and fibrogenesis may have broad implications on the fibrogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies of various nanomaterial-induced fibrotic disorders.

Acquisition of temozolomide resistance by the rat C6 glioma cell line increases cell migration and side population phenotype

Cancer stem cells are reportedly associated with drug resistance in glioma, but there are conflicting findings on the effects of cancer stem cells on drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in rat C6 glioma cells, through the use of Transwell invasion assays, flow cytometric and western blot analyses as well as immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that acquisition of drug resistance by C6 cells enhanced migration ability in vivo and in vitro. Notably, drug resistance did not depend on the cancer stem cells of C6 cells, but on the increase of a side population phenotype. Blockade of the ABC transporter could increase sensitivity to temozolomide and temozolomide‑induced apoptosis in C6 cells. Collectively, these data indicated that drug resistance of C6 cells was mediated by the side population phenotype rather than by cancer stem cells.

Advancing towards Effective Glioma Therapy: MicroRNA Derived from Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Extracellular Vesicles

A glioma, especially a grade IV glioblastoma, is a malignant tumour with a poor prognosis despite growing medical advancements. Researchers have been looking for better and more effective treatments targeting the molecular pathways of gliomas due to glioblastomas’ ability to develop resistance to chemotherapies. Moreover, glioma stem cells (GSC) contribute to maintaining the glioma population, which benefits from its ability to self-renew and differentiate. Recent research has reported that through the introduction of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC) into glioma cells, the growth and development of the glioma cells can be downregulated. It has more currently been found out that UCMSC release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing miRNA that are responsible for this phenomenon. Therefore, this review analyses literature to discuss all possible miRNAs contained within the UCMSC’s EVs and to elaborate on their molecular mechanisms in halting gliomas and GSC growth. This review will also include the challenges and limitations, to account for which more in vivo research is suggested. In conclusion, this review highlights how miRNAs contained within UCMSC’s EVs are able to downregulate multiple prominent pathways in the survival of gliomas.

Characterization of Dermal Stem Cells of Diabetic Patients

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are lesions that involve loss of epithelium and dermis, sometimes involving deep structures, compartments, and bones. The aim of this work is to investigate the innate regenerative properties of dermal tissue around ulcers by the identification and analysis of resident dermal stem cells (DSCs). Dermal samples were taken at the edge of DFUs, and genes related to the wound healing process were analyzed by the real-time PCR array. The DSCs were isolated and analyzed by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR array to define their stemness properties. The gene expression profile of dermal tissue showed a dysregulation in growth factors, metalloproteinases, collagens, and integrins involved in the wound healing process. In the basal condition, diabetic DSCs adhered on the culture plate with spindle-shaped fibroblast-like morphology. They were positive to the mesenchymal stem cells markers CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, but negative for the hematopoietic markers CD14, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. In diabetic DSCs, the transcription of genes related to self-renewal and cell division were equivalent to that in normal DSCs. However, the expression of CCNA2, CCND2, CDK1, ALDH1A1, and ABCG2 was downregulated compared with that of normal DSCs. These genes are also related to cell cycle progression and stem cell maintenance. Further investigation will improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which these genes together govern cell proliferation, revealing new strategies useful for future treatment of DFUs.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCF1 is a hepatic oncofetal protein that promotes chemoresistance, EMT and cancer stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate multidrug resistance and cancer stem cell properties in various model systems. Yet, their biological significance in cancers, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of ABCF1 in HCC and explored its potential as a therapeutic target. ABCF1 was highly expressed in fetal mouse livers but not in normal adult livers. ABCF1 expression was upregulated in HCCs. These results demonstrate that ABCF1 functions as a hepatic oncofetal protein. We further demonstrated elevated ABCF1 expression in HCC cells upon acquiring chemoresistance. Suppression of ABCF1 by siRNA sensitized both parental cells and chemoresistant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Reversely, ABCF1 overexpression promoted chemoresistance and drug efflux. In addition, overexpression of ABCF1 enhanced migration, spheroid and colony formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction. RNA sequencing analysis revealed EMT inducers HIF1α/IL8 and Sox4 as potential mediators for the oncogenic effect of ABCF1 in HCC progression. Together, this study illustrates that ABCF1 is a novel potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

Glioblastoma cancer stem cell biology: Potential theranostic targets

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most incurable cancers. GBMs survival rate has not markedly improved, despite new radical surgery protocols, the introduction of new anticancer drugs, new treatment protocols, and advances in radiation techniques. The low efficacy of therapy, and short interval between remission and recurrence, could be attributed to the resistance of a small fraction of tumorigenic cells to treatment. The existence and importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is perceived by some as controversial. Experimental evidences suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) could explain tumor recurrence and metastasis. Some scientists, including most of the authors of this review, believe that GSCs are the driving force behind GBM relapses, whereas others however, question the existence of GSCs. Evidence has accumulated indicating that non-tumorigenic cancer cells with high heterogeneity, could undergo reprogramming and become GSCs. Hence, targeting GSCs as the "root cells" initiating malignancy has been proposed to eradicate this devastating disease. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, which can then cause the recurrence of the disease. To effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of GSCs as well as the mechanisms by which these cells survive during treatment and develop into new tumor, is urgently needed. Herein, we provide an overview of the molecular features of GSCs, and elaborate how to facilitate their detection and efficient targeting for therapeutic interventions. We also discuss GBM classifications based on the molecular stem cell subtypes with a focus on potential therapeutic approaches.

Polyethylenimine-Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles against Gli1 Reduce the Chemoresistance and Stemness of Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, with nearly 100% of patients ultimately succumbing to the disease. Median patient survival is 15 months, and no standard of care currently exists for recurrent cases. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a rare and highly aggressive subpopulation of cells within these tumors, have recently emerged as drivers of tumor initiation and recurrence, and a growing body of evidence suggests that they must be completely eradicated to prevent relapse. Toward this goal, we have developed polyethylenimine-wrapped spherical nucleic acid nanoparticles (PEI-SNAs) targeting Gli1, a transcription factor within the Hedgehog signaling pathway that is crucial for the maintenance of GSCs. Here, we demonstrate that Gli1 PEI-SNAs bind scavenger receptors on GBM cells to undergo endocytosis in a caveolae/lipid raft/dynamin-dependent manner. They further achieve ∼30% silencing of tumor-promoting Hedgehog pathway genes and downstream target genes that promote the aggressive, chemoresistant phenotype of GBM. This produces a 30% decrease in proliferation that correlates with a robust onset of GBM cell senescence as well as an ∼60% decrease in metabolic activity with or without cotreatment with temozolomide (TMZ), the frontline chemotherapy for GBM. Most importantly, Gli1 PEI-SNAs impair the self-renewal capacity of GBM cells as indicated by a 30-40% reduction in the expression of stemness genes and further impair the formation of stem-like neurospheres. They also substantially improve neurosphere chemosensitivity as demonstrated by a 2-fold increase in the fraction of cells undergoing apoptosis in response to low doses of TMZ. These results underscore the potential for siRNA therapeutics targeting Gli1 to reduce GBM resistance to therapy and warrant further development of PEI-SNAs and Gli1-targeted therapies to alleviate drug resistance and recurrence for GBM patients.

Challenges in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Multisystem Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance

Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal human cancers, with poor survival despite surgery, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy. Advances in the treatment of this type of brain tumor are limited because of several resistance mechanisms. Such mechanisms involve limited drug entry into the central nervous system compartment by the blood-brain barrier and by actions of the normal brain to counteract tumor-targeting medications. In addition, the vast heterogeneity in glioblastoma contributes to significant therapeutic resistance by preventing adequate control of the entire tumor mass by a single drug and by facilitating escape mechanisms from targeted agents. The stem cell-like characteristics of glioblastoma promote resistance to chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy through upregulation of efflux transporters, promotion of glioblastoma stem cell proliferation in neurogenic zones, and immune suppression, respectively. Metabolic cascades in glioblastoma prevent effective treatments through the optimization of glucose use, the use of alternative nutrient precursors for energy production, and the induction of hypoxia to enhance tumor growth. In the era of precision medicine, an assortment of molecular techniques is being developed to target an individual's unique tumor, with the hope that this personalized strategy will bypass therapeutic resistance. Although each resistance mechanism presents an array of challenges to effective treatment of glioblastoma, as the field recognizes and addresses these difficulties, future treatments may have more efficacy and promise for patients with glioblastoma.

Molecular Mechanisms of Transdifferentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Neural Cells: Current Status and Perspectives

Neurological diseases can severely compromise both physical and psychological health. Recently, adult mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based cell transplantation has become a potential therapeutic strategy. However, most studies related to the transdifferentiation of MSCs into neural cells have had disappointing outcomes. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying MSC transdifferentiation is necessary to make adult stem cells more applicable to treating neurological diseases. Several studies have focused on adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ADSC) transdifferentiation. The purpose of this review is to outline the molecular characterization of ADSCs, to describe the methods for inducing ADSC transdifferentiation, and to examine factors influencing transdifferentiation, including transcription factors, epigenetics, and signaling pathways. Exploring and understanding the mechanisms are a precondition for developing and applying novel cell therapies.

Molecular mechanism of Notch signaling with special emphasis on microRNAs: Implications for glioma

Glioma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and is notorious for resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Although its associated mechanisms are still not completely understood, Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, appears to be the key processes involved. Nevertheless, its mechanisms are sophisticated, due to a variety of targets and signal pathways, especially microRNA. MicroRNAs, which are small noncoding regulatory RNA molecules, have been proposed as one of the key mechanisms in glioma pathogenesis. Among the known glioma associated microRNA, microRNA-129, microRNA-34 family, and microRNA-326 have been shown to influence the progress of glioma through Notch signaling. Evidence also indicates that recurrence is due to development or persistence of the glioma stem-like cells and active angiogenesis, which are tightly regulated by a variety of factors, including Notch signaling. In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the functional roles of Notch signaling in glioma, including Notch ligand, microRNA, intracellular crosstalk, glioma stem-like cells and active angiogenesis and explore their clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets for glioma.

CD44 Interacts with HIF-2α to Modulate the Hypoxic Phenotype of Perinecrotic and Perivascular Glioma Cells

Hypoxia-inducible factors enhance glioma stemness, and glioma stem cells have an amplified hypoxic response despite residing within a perivascular niche. Still, little is known about differential HIF regulation in stem versus bulk glioma cells. We show that the intracellular domain of stem cell marker CD44 (CD44ICD) is released at hypoxia, binds HIF-2α (but not HIF-1α), enhances HIF target gene activation, and is required for hypoxia-induced stemness in glioma. In a glioma mouse model, CD44 was restricted to hypoxic and perivascular tumor regions, and in human glioma, a hypoxia signature correlated with CD44. The CD44ICD was sufficient to induce hypoxic signaling at perivascular oxygen tensions, and blocking CD44 cleavage decreased HIF-2α stabilization in CD44-expressing cells. Our data indicate that the stem cell marker CD44 modulates the hypoxic response of glioma cells and that the pseudo-hypoxic phenotype of stem-like glioma cells is achieved by stabilization of HIF-2α through interaction with CD44, independently of oxygen.

Stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance in ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 highly expressed pancreatic cancer is induced in 3D culture conditions

The expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is related to tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSC) in several cancers. However, the effects of ABCG2 on CSC-related malignant characteristics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not well elucidated. In this study, we compared the characteristics of low (ABCG2-) and high (ABCG2+)-ABCG2-expressing PDAC cells after cell sorting. In adherent culture condition, human PDAC cells, PANC-1, contained approximately 10% ABCG2+ cell populations, and ABCG2+ cells displayed more and longer microvilli compared with ABCG2- cells. Unexpectedly, ABCG2+ cells did not show significant drug resistance against fluorouracil, gemcitabine and vincristine, and ABCG2- cells exhibited higher sphere formation ability and stemness marker expression than those of ABCG2+ cells. Cell growth and motility was greater in ABCG2- cells compared with ABCG2+ cells. In contrast, epithelial-mesenchymal transition ability between ABCG2- and ABCG2+ cells was comparable. In 3D culture conditions, spheres derived from ABCG2- cells generated a large number of ABCG2+ cells, and the expression levels of stemness markers in these spheres were higher than spheres from ABCG2+ cells. Furthermore, spheres containing large populations of ABCG2+ cells exhibited high resistance against anti-cancer drugs presumably depending on ABCG2. ABCG2+ cells in PDAC in adherent culture are not correlated with stemness and malignant behaviors, but ABCG2+ cells derived from ABCG2- cells after sphere formation have stemness characteristics and anti-cancer drug resistance. These findings suggest that ABCG2- cells generate ABCG2+ cells and the malignant potential of ABCG2+ cells in PDAC varies depending on their environments.

Fasudil increases temozolomide sensitivity and suppresses temozolomide-resistant glioma growth via inhibiting ROCK2/ABCG2

Resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) is a major clinical challenge in glioma treatment, but the mechanisms of TMZ resistance are poorly understood. Here, we provided evidence that ROCK2 acted redundantly to maintain resistance of TMZ in TMZ-resistant gliomas, and as a ROCK2 phosphorylation inhibitor, fasudil significantly suppressed proliferation of TMZ-resistant gliomas in vivo and vitro via enhancing the chemosensitivity of TMZ. Additionally, the membrane translocation of ABCG2 was decreased with fasudil by ROCK2/moesin pathway. We also showed that fasudil suppressed the expression of ABCG2 via ROCK2/moesin/β-catenin pathway. Our results reveal an indispensable role for ROCK2 and provide strong evidence for the therapeutic use of fasudil in the clinical setting for TMZ-resistant gliomas.

Association of Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem Cell Characteristics, Differentiation, and Microglia Marker Genes with Patient Survival

Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are at high risk to develop a relapse despite multimodal therapy. Assumedly, glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for treatment resistance of GBM. Identification of specific GSC markers may help to develop targeted therapies. Here, we performed expression analyses of stem cell (ABCG2, CD44, CD95, CD133, ELF4, Nanog, and Nestin) as well as differentiation and microglia markers (GFAP, Iba1, and Sparc) in GBM compared to nonmalignant brain. Furthermore, the role of these proteins for patient survival and their expression in LN18 stem-like neurospheres was analyzed. At mRNA level, ABCG2 and CD95 were reduced, GFAP was unchanged; all other investigated markers were increased in GBM. At protein level, CD44, ELF4, Nanog, Nestin, and Sparc were elevated in GBM, but only CD133 and Nestin were strongly associated with survival time. In addition, ABCG2 and GFAP expression was decreased in LN18 neurospheres whereas CD44, CD95, CD133, ELF4, Nanog, Nestin, and Sparc were upregulated. Altogether only CD133 and Nestin were associated with survival rates. This raises concerns regarding the suitability of the other target structures as prognostic markers, but makes both CD133 and Nestin candidates for GBM therapy. Nevertheless, a search for more specific marker proteins is urgently needed.

Carnosol controls the human glioblastoma stemness features through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition modulation and the induction of cancer stem cell apoptosis

A high cell proliferation rate, invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy are the main features of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM aggressiveness has been widely associated both with a minor population of cells presenting stem-like properties (cancer stem-like cells, CSCs) and with the ability of tumor cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT). Carnosol (CAR), a natural inhibitor of MDM2/p53 complex, has been attracted attention for its anti-cancer effects on several tumor types, including GBM. Herein, the effects of CAR on U87MG-derived CSC viability and stemness features were evaluated. CAR decreased the rate of CSC formation and promoted the CSC apoptotic cell death through p53 functional reactivation. Moreover, CAR was able to control the TNF-α/TGF-β-induced EMT, counteracting the effects of the cytokine on EMT master regulator genes (Slug, Snail, Twist and ZEB1) and modulating the activation of miR-200c, a key player in the EMT process. Finally, CAR was able to increase the temozolomide (TMZ) anti-proliferative effects. These findings demonstrate that CAR affected the different intracellular mechanism of the complex machinery that regulates GBM stemness. For the first time, the diterpene was highlighted as a promising lead for the development of agents able to decrease the stemness features, thus controlling GBM aggressiveness.

Radiotherapy and Glioma Stem Cells: Searching for Chinks in Cellular Armor

Purpose of the review

Radiation became a pillar of oncologic treatment in the last century and provided a powerful and effective locoregional treatment of solid malignancies. After achieving some of the first cures in lymphomas and skin cancers, it assumed a key role in curative treatment of epithelioid malignancies. Despite success across a variety of histologic types, glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor afflicting adults, remains ultimately resistant to current radiation strategies. While GBMs demonstrate an initial response, recurrence is essentially universal and fatal, and typically reoccur in the areas that received the most intense radiation.

Recent Findings

Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells with expression profiles similar to neural stem cells and marked self-renewal capacities, have been shown to drive tumor recurrence and preclude curative radiotherapy. Recent research has shown that these cells have enhanced DNA repair capacity, elevated resistance to cytotoxic ion fluxes and escape multi-modality therapies.

Summary

We will analyze the current understanding of GSCs and radiation by highlighting key discoveries probing their ability to withstand radiotherapy. We then speculate on novel mechanisms by which GSC can be made sensitive to or specifically targeted by radiation therapy.

Glioblastoma stem cells exploit the αvβ8 integrin-TGFβ1 signaling axis to drive tumor initiation and progression

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain cancer that contains populations of stem-like cancer cells (GSCs) that home to specialized perivascular niches. GSC interactions with their niche influence self-renewal, differentiation and drug resistance, although the pathways underlying these events remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the integrin αvβ8 and its latent transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) protein ligand have central roles in promoting niche co-option and GBM initiation. αvβ8 integrin is highly expressed in GSCs and is essential for self-renewal and lineage commitment in vitro. Fractionation of β8^high cells from freshly resected human GBM samples also reveals a requirement for this integrin in tumorigenesis in vivo. Whole-transcriptome sequencing reveals that αvβ8 integrin regulates tumor development, in part, by driving TGFβ1-induced DNA replication and mitotic checkpoint progression. Collectively, these data identify the αvβ8 integrin-TGFβ1 signaling axis as crucial for exploitation of the perivascular niche and identify potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor growth and progression in patients with GBM.

Upregulation of miR-199a/b contributes to cisplatin resistance via Wnt/β-catenin-ABCG2 signaling pathway in ALDHA1+ colorectal cancer stem cells

Cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer largely results from the colorectal cancer stem cells which could be targeted to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. MicroRNAs are possible modulators of cancer stem cell characteristics and maybe involved in the retention of cancer stem cell chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological function of miR-199a/b on cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer stem cells and its related mechanisms. Here, ALDHA1⁺ cells from primary colorectal cancer tissues behaved similar to cancer stem cells and were chemoresistant to cisplatin. The presence of a variable fraction of ALDHA1 was detected in 9 out of 10 colorectal cancer specimens. Significantly, increased miR-199a/b expression was detected in ALDHA1⁺ colorectal cancer stem cells, accompanied by a downregulation of Gsk3β and an overexpression of β-catenin and ABCG2. In patient cohort, enhanced miR-199a/b expression in colorectal cancer tissues was associated with cisplatin response and poor patient survival. In addition, 80% of colorectal cancer samples showed lower level of Gsk3β than their adjacent normal counterparts. Furthermore, Gsk3β was the direct target of miR-199a/b. MiR-199a/b regulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting Gsk3β in ALDHA1⁺ colorectal cancer stem cells. By blocking Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we implied that ABCG2 lies downstream of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ABCG2 was further demonstrated to contribute cisplatin resistance in ALDHA1⁺ colorectal cancer stem cells and can be regulated by miR-199a/b. Thus, our data suggested that upregulation of miR-199a/b in ALDHA1⁺ colorectal cancer stem cells contributed to cisplatin resistance via Wnt/β-catenin-ABCG2 signaling, which sheds new light on understanding the mechanism of cisplatin resistance in colorectal cancer stem cells and facilitates the development of potential therapeutics against colorectal cancer.

MicroRNA-145 exerts tumor-suppressive and chemo-resistance lowering effects by targeting CD44 in gastric cancer

AIM

To determine the potential roles of CD4 and microRNA (miR)-145 in gastric cancer.

METHODS

The levels of CD44 and miR-145 were determined in gastric cancer cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure to the level of CD44 mRNA. A luciferase reporter assay and western blotting were performed to examine the effect of miR-145 on CD44 expression. Tumor sphere and MTT assays were carried out to evaluate the self-renewal and chemo-resistance properties of gastric cancer cells.

RESULTS

The expression of CD44 was greatly increased and miR-145 was decreased in gastric cancer cells that were highly enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The results demonstrated that miR-145 regulated CD44 by targeting directly the CD44 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR). In gastric cancer cells, overexpression of miR-145 repressed the activity of the CD44 3’-UTR, and disruption of miR-145/CD44 3’-UTR interactions abrogated the silencing effects. In addition, miR-145 inhibition stimulated CD44 3’-UTR activity and disruption of miR-145/CD44 3’-UTR interactions abrogated this stimulatory effect. Enforced CD44 expression greatly increased tumor sphere formation and chemo-resistance in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of CSCs and the chemo-sensitivity of gastric cancer cells treated with miR-145 were significantly abrogated by overexpression of CD44.

CONCLUSION

miR-145 targeting of CD44 plays critical roles in the regulation of tumor growth and chemo-resistance in gastric cancer.

The sensitivity of glioma cells to pyropheophorbide-αmethyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy is enhanced by inhibiting ABCG2

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

To study the mechanisms of human glioblastoma cell resistance to methyl ester pyropheophorbide-a-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPa-PDT) and the relationship between the cells and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2).

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS

The sensitivity of four human glioma cell lines (U87, A172, SHG-44, and U251) to MPPa-PDT was detected with a CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis, intracellular MPPa, and singlet oxygen were tested with flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG2, MRP1, and MDR1) were detected by PCR and Western blot, respectively.

RESULTS

Both the sensitivity to MPPa-PDT and intracellular MPPa in A172 were the lowest among the four cell lines, while expression of ABCG2 mRNA and protein in A172 were the highest. The intracellular MPPa and ROS in A172 receiving MPPa-PDT significantly increased after using the ABCG2 inhibitor fumitremorgin C (FTC). Both cell viability and apoptosis in A172 cells undergoing MPPa-PDT were significantly improved with FTC.

CONCLUSIONS

ABCG2 plays a significant role in the resistance of A172 to MPPa-PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:719-726, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Regulation of voltage-gated potassium channels attenuates resistance of side-population cells to gefitinib in the human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460

BACKGROUND

Side-population (SP) cells that exclude anti-cancer drugs have been found in various tumor cell lines. Moreover, SP cells have a higher proliferative potential and drug resistance than main population cells (Non-SP cells). Also, several ion channels are responsible for the drug resistance and proliferation of SP cells in cancer.

METHODS

To confirm the expression and function of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels of SP cells, these cells, as well as highly expressed ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and stemness genes, were isolated from a gefitinib-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (NCI-H460), using Hoechst 33342 efflux.

RESULTS

In the present study, we found that mRNA expression of Kv channels in SP cells was different compared to Non-SP cells, and the resistance of SP cells to gefitinib was weakened with a combination treatment of gefitinib and Kv channel blockers or a Kv7 opener, compared to single-treatment gefitinib, through inhibition of the Ras-Raf signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate that Kv channels in SP cells could be new targets for reducing the resistance to gefitinib.