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Chu R, Umukoro N, Greer T, Roberts J, Adekoya P, Odonkor CA, Hagedorn JM, Olatoye D, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Umukoro P, Viswanath O, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Orhurhu V. Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for the Management of Early Postoperative Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Controlled Trials. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 50:216-259. [PMID: 33633427 PMCID: PMC7901134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously used as anti-arrhythmic, intravenous lidocaine infusion is becoming popular for use in management of acute pain. There is still much to be understood about its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, especially with regard to optimal dosing to avoid side effects. In this article, we selected and reviewed randomized controlled trials to summarize the pharmacokinetics, antinociceptive effects, anti-hyperalgesic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, side effects, and role of intravenous lidocaine in the management of early postoperative pain. The mechanisms of action of lidocaine are still unclear but there are many theories postulated. Optimal dosing of lidocaine is not known but general consensus indicates that a loading dose of 1-2 mg/kg, followed by 1-2 mg/kg/hr continuous infusion during early postoperative pain control while recovering from anesthesia to achieve therapeutic levels of 0.5-5 mcg/kg clearly improves analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. Although lidocaine was initially studied and proven to have clear analgesic effects following laparoscopic and open abdominal surgeries, it has now been shown to be applicable in different clinical settings perioperatively including following spinal, breast, ENT and other surgeries. It is generally safe, with hypotension, headache and vomiting being the more common side effects. Serious adverse effects include cardiovascular block and arrhythmias, neuro-excitability and hypersensitivity, although the frequency of these are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chu
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Nelly Umukoro
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Tiashi Greer
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Jacob Roberts
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Peju Adekoya
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Charles A Odonkor
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Jonathan M Hagedorn
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Dare Olatoye
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Mariam Salisu Orhurhu
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Peter Umukoro
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Jamal Hasoon
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Chu, Roberts, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Umukoro, Department of Anesthesia, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Greer, MD, Department of Transitional Year Residency Program, HCA Houston Healthcare, Kingwood, TX, USA. Adekoya, MD, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Odonkor, MD, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yale Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. Hagedorn, MD, Olatoye, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hasoon, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Salisu Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Orhurhu, MD, MPH, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Umukoro, MD, Department of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Kaye, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA
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