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Talaee N, Azadvar S, Khodadadi S, Abbasi N, Asli-Pashaki ZN, Mirabzadeh Y, Kholghi G, Akhondzadeh S, Vaseghi S. Comparing the effect of fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on the level of BDNF and depression in preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:983-1016. [PMID: 38558317 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms underlying depression. It seems that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depression via affecting BDNF level. In this systematic review, for the first time, we aimed to review the effect of three SSRIs including fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on both depression and BDNF level in preclinical and clinical studies. PubMed electronic database was searched, and 193 articles were included in this study. After reviewing all manuscripts, only one important difference was found: subjects. We found that SSRIs induce different effects in animals vs. humans. Preclinical studies showed many controversial effects, while human studies showed only two effects: improvement of depression, with or without the improvement of BDNF. However, most studies used chronic SSRIs treatment, while acute SSRIs were not effectively used and evaluated. In conclusion, it seems that SSRIs are reliable antidepressants, and the improvement effect of SSRIs on depression is not dependent to BDNF level (at least in human studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Talaee
- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shataw Azadvar
- Department of Power Electronic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khodadadi
- Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Abbasi
- Department of Health Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Mirabzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, 1419815477, Iran.
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Shkundin A, Halaris A. IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions. J Pers Med 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38793070 PMCID: PMC11122344 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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Dell’Oste V, Palego L, Betti L, Fantasia S, Gravina D, Bordacchini A, Pedrinelli V, Giannaccini G, Carmassi C. Plasma and Platelet Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Bipolar Disorder Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or in a Major Depressive Episode Compared to Healthy Controls. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3529. [PMID: 38542503 PMCID: PMC10970837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly disabling mental disorder arising after traumatism exposure, often revealing critical and complex courses when comorbidity with bipolar disorder (BD) occurs. To search for PTSD or depression biomarkers that would help clinicians define BD presentations, this study aimed at preliminarily evaluating circulating brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in BD subjects with PTSD or experiencing a major depressive episode versus controls. Two bloodstream BDNF components were specifically investigated, the storage (intraplatelet) and the released (plasma) ones, both as adaptogenic/repair signals during neuroendocrine stress response dynamics. Bipolar patients with PTSD (n = 20) or in a major depressive episode (n = 20) were rigorously recruited together with unrelated healthy controls (n = 24) and subsequently examined by psychiatric questionnaires and blood samplings. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and intraplatelet (PLT) BDNF were measured by ELISA assays. The results showed markedly higher intraplatelet vs. plasma BDNF, confirming platelets' role in neurotrophin transport/storage. No between-group PPP-BDNF difference was reported, whereas PLT-BDNF was significantly reduced in depressed BD patients. PLT-BDNF negatively correlated with mood scores but not with PTSD items like PPP-BDNF, which instead displayed opposite correlation trends with depression and manic severity. Present findings highlight PLT-BDNF as more reliable at detecting depression than PTSD in BD, encouraging further study into BDNF variability contextually with immune-inflammatory parameters in wider cohorts of differentially symptomatic bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Dell’Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UFCSMA Zona Valdinievole, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, 51016 Montecatini Terme, Italy
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Sara Fantasia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Davide Gravina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Andrea Bordacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Virginia Pedrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UFSMA Zona Apuana, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 54100 Massa, Italy
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (A.B.); (V.P.); (C.C.)
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Liou YJ, Wang TY, Lee SY, Chang YH, Tsai TY, Chen PS, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Lee IH, Chen KC, Yang YK, Hong JS, Lu RB. Effects of comorbid alcohol use disorder on bipolar disorder: Focusing on neurocognitive function and inflammatory markers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 152:106083. [PMID: 36934699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent comorbid disorder in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Both BD and AUD were found to be associated with inflammation and cognitive deficits, but few study has been done on BD comorbid with AUD (BD+AUD). We aimed to investigate the impacts of comorbid AUD and BD on cognitive function, inflammatory and neurotrophic markers. METHOD We recruited 641 BD patients, 150 patients with BD+AUD, and 185 healthy controls (HC). Neuropsychological tests [Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), continuous performance test (CPT), and Wechsler memory scale - third edition (WMS-III)] and cytokine plasma levels [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] were assessed. RESULTS BD+AUD patients had worse cognitive performance than those without AUD. There was a significant difference in the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-8, and BDNF (P < 0.001, <0.001, and 0.01, respectively) between the patients and the HC groups. Post hoc analysis showed that BD+AUD patients had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-8 than BD-only patients (P < 0.001). Additionally, plasma IL-8 levels were negatively associated with number of completed categories in WCST (P = 0.02), and TNF-α levels were negatively associated with visual immediate index in WMS-III (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that comorbid AUD and BD might worsen cognitive impairments and inflammatory processes. Further longitudinal studies on BD+AUD may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Liou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Yanjiao Furen Hospital, Hebei, China
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Peripheral inflammatory markers associated with brain volume reduction in patients with bipolar I disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022; 34:191-200. [PMID: 34924065 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and brain structural abnormalities are found in bipolar disorder (BD). Elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines have been detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with BD. This study investigated the association between peripheral inflammatory markers and brain subregion volumes in BD patients. METHODS Euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I) aged 20-45 years underwent whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (also known as YKL-40), fractalkine (FKN), soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1), interleukin-1β, and transforming growth factor-β1 were measured on the day of neuroimaging. Clinical data were obtained from medical records and interviewing patients and reliable others. RESULTS We recruited 31 patients with a mean age of 29.5 years. In multivariate regression analysis, plasma level YKL-40, a chemokine, was the most common inflammatory marker among these measurements displaying significantly negative association with the volume of various brain subareas across the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Higher YKL-40 and sTNF-R1 levels were both significantly associated with lower volumes of the left anterior cingulum, left frontal lobe, right superior temporal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. A greater number of total lifetime mood episodes were also associated with smaller volumes of the right caudate nucleus and bilateral frontal lobes. CONCLUSIONS The volume of brain regions known to be relevant to BD-I may be diminished in relation to higher plasma level of YKL-40, sTNF-R1, and more lifetime mood episodes. Macrophage and macrophage-like cells may be involved in brain volume reduction among BD-I patients.
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Stillman J, Martin A, Miguez MJ, McDaniel HR, Konefal J, Woolger JM, Lewis JE. Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immune function during dietary supplement treatment of elderly with Alzheimer's dementia. J Clin Transl Res 2020; 5:68-75. [PMID: 32377581 PMCID: PMC7197050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships among pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mature BDNF and immune functioning during aloe polymannose multinutrient complex (APMC) treatment in persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS An open-label trial of 12 months was used to execute the study. Thirty-four adults with AD were enrolled and consumed four teaspoons/day of APMC for 12 months. Subjects were assessed at baseline and 12 months follow-up for proBDNF and BDNF and cytokines, growth factors, T-cell and B-cell subsets, and complete blood count to measure immune functioning. All biomarkers were intercorrelated. RESULTS Several relationships were identified between proBDNF, BDNF, and BDNF/proBDNF ratio and immune function at 12 months, particularly BDNF with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (r=0.55, P=0.03), epidermal growth factor (EGF) (r=0.74, P=0.001), and CD95+CD3+ (%) (r=-0.64, P=0.03) and proBDNF with VEGF (r=0.64, P=0.02), EGF (r=0.86, P<0.001), and CD16+56+ (%) (r=-0.78, P<0.01). Other correlations were noted for various immune function variables with BDNF, proBDNF, and/or BDNF/proBDNF ratio at baseline and 12 months. Dichotomizing subjects on BDNF above and below 5000 pg/mL revealed additional relationships with platelets and neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The associations between BDNF and proBDNF and various immune markers, such as VEGF, EGF, and CD95+CD3+ ratio, provide insight into the link between neurological function and the immune system. These relationships were even stronger in response to APMC treatment, which lends support to previous findings showing improved immune function after dietary supplementation. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS AD patients have conventional treatment options with limited efficacy for counteracting the deleterious effects of the disease on neurological function. The link between neurological and immune function has been understudied in this population. Overall, our results showed a significant beneficial relationship between immune and neurological function, particularly in response to 12 months of treatment with an all-natural polysaccharide-based dietary supplement that is a known immunomodulator. Thus, the use of this dietary supplement may benefit these patients by simultaneously improving immune and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Stillman
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida
| | - Alicia Martin
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria-Jose Miguez
- 2Department of School of Integrated Science and Humanity, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - H. Reginald McDaniel
- 3Department of Fisher Institute for Medical Research, Grand Prairie, Texas, United States
| | - Janet Konefal
- 4Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Miami, Florida
| | - Judi M. Woolger
- 5Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - John E. Lewis
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida,Corresponding author: John E. Lewis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite #1482A (D28), Miami, Florida 33136, United States. Phone: +1 305-243-6227.
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Trojan E, Chamera K, Bryniarska N, Kotarska K, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Chronic Administration of Antidepressant Drugs in the Prenatal Stress-Evoked Inflammatory Response in the Brain of Adult Offspring Rats: Involvement of the NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5365-5380. [PMID: 30610610 PMCID: PMC6614144 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that adverse experiences in early life may be a factor for immune disturbances leading to the depression in adulthood. Recently, a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression has been assigned to the activation of the brain Nod-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. We investigated the impact of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the behavioral disturbances and the levels of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of adult male rats after prenatal stress exposure. Next, we explored the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathways in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Our study confirmed that chronic antidepressant treatment attenuated depression-like disturbances and exerted an anxiolytic action. All antidepressants diminished the prenatal stress-induced increase in IL-1β in both brain areas, while IL-18 only in the hippocampus. Moreover, tianeptine administration diminished the increase in CCR2 levels in both brain areas, while in the hippocampus, tianeptine, along with venlafaxine CCL2 and iNOS levels. Next, we observed that in the hippocampus, tianeptine and fluoxetine suppressed upregulation of TLR4. Furthermore, venlafaxine suppressed NFкB p65-subunit phosphorylation, while fluoxetine enhanced the IкB level. Importantly, in the hippocampus, all antidepressants normalized evoked by stress changes in caspase-1 level, while tianeptine and venlafaxine also affect the levels of ASC and NLRP3 subunits. Our results provide new evidence that chronic administration of antidepressants exerts anti-inflammatory effects more pronounced in the hippocampus, through suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These effects are accompanied by an improvement in the behavioral dysfunctions evoked by prenatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Bryniarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotarska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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The Relationship Between Neuroimmunity and Bipolar Disorder: Mechanism and Translational Application. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:595-607. [PMID: 31214924 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune system may be involved in the pathological process of bipolar disorder (BD), but the essential association is not fully understood. Accumulating evidence has shown that BD involves the activation of immune cells and the release of inflammatory substances in the central nerve system (CNS). Meanwhile, neuroimmune responses also interact with other hypothesis of the etiology of BD that are widely recognized, such as neurotransmitter systems, neuroendocrine systems, neurotrophic factors, and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, related genes and immune changes in peripheral blood vary with it. Overall, neuroimmunity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BD, and the inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have potential value for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of BD, as well as predicting the therapeutic effects of drugs. Large-scale studies are needed to extend the evidence on neuroimmunity in BD, and to examine its clinical value for applications such as early prediction and treatment.
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Oral E, Halici Z, Cinar I, Ozcan E, Kutlu Z. Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction in Bipolar Affective Disorders: Serum Endocan and Urotensin-II Levels. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:211-221. [PMID: 30905121 PMCID: PMC6478082 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated changes in urotensin-II (U-II) and endocan levels which can be used as an early biological marker of endothelial injury in the episode and remission phases of bipolar affective disorder (BAD). Methods We compared endocan and U-II levels, which has been shown to be closely associated with neurotransmitter systems in addition to continuity of endothelial structure and inflammatory response, in patients with BAD in remission for at least one year (n=42) and in patients still in manic or depressive episodes (n=16) with healthy controls (n=30). Results Both endocan and U-II levels were significantly higher in the bipolar patients than in the controls. Endocan and U-II levels were also significantly correlated with one another (p=0.000, r=0.833). Both endocan (p=0.000) and U-II levels (p=0.000) were significantly higher in the bipolar attack group compared to the subjects in remission, and in the remission group compared to the controls. Conclusion In this study we determined significantly higher endocan and U-II levels in BAD compared to the controls, while serum endocan and U-II levels of patients undergoing attacks were also significantly higher than those of the controls and also those of patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Oral
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University
| | - Irfan Cinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University
| | - Elif Ozcan
- Department of Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital
| | - Zerrin Kutlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University
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Chakrabarty T, Yatham LN. Objective and biological markers in bipolar spectrum presentations. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:195-209. [PMID: 30761925 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1580145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subthreshold presentations of bipolarity (BSPs) pose a diagnostic conundrum, in terms of whether they should be conceptualized and treated similarly as traditionally defined bipolar disorders (BD). While it has been argued that BSPs are on a pathophysiologic continuum with traditionally defined BDs, there has been limited examination of biological and objective markers in these presentations to validate this assertion. Areas covered: The authors review studies examining genetic, neurobiological, cognitive and peripheral markers in BSPs, encompassing clinical and non-clinical populations with subthreshold hypo/manic symptoms. Results are placed in the context of previously identified markers in traditionally defined BDs. Expert commentary: There have been few studies of objective and biological markers in subthreshold presentations of BD, and results are mixed. While abnormalities in brain structure/functioning, peripheral inflammatory, and cognitive markers have been reported, it is unclear whether these findings are specific to BD or indicative of broad affective pathology. However, some studies suggest that increased sensitivity to reward and positive stimuli are shared between subthreshold and traditionally defined BDs, and may represent a point of departure from unipolar major depression. Further examination of such markers may improve understanding of subthreshold bipolar presentations, and provide guidance in terms of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Chakrabarty
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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Lima Giacobbo B, Doorduin J, Klein HC, Dierckx RAJO, Bromberg E, de Vries EFJ. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3295-3312. [PMID: 30117106 PMCID: PMC6476855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophins in the healthy and diseased brain. As a result, there is a large body of evidence that associates BDNF with neuronal maintenance, neuronal survival, plasticity, and neurotransmitter regulation. Patients with psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders often have reduced BDNF concentrations in their blood and brain. A current hypothesis suggests that these abnormal BDNF levels might be due to the chronic inflammatory state of the brain in certain disorders, as neuroinflammation is known to affect several BDNF-related signaling pathways. Activation of glia cells can induce an increase in the levels of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which can lead to the modulation of neuronal function and neurotoxicity observed in several brain pathologies. Understanding how neuroinflammation is involved in disorders of the brain, especially in the disease onset and progression, can be crucial for the development of new strategies of treatment. Despite the increasing evidence for the involvement of BDNF and neuroinflammation in brain disorders, there is scarce evidence that addresses the interaction between the neurotrophin and neuroinflammation in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the effect of acute and chronic inflammation on BDNF levels in the most common psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and aims to shed some light on the possible biological mechanisms that may influence this effect. In addition, this review will address the effect of behavior and pharmacological interventions on BDNF levels in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lima Giacobbo
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Bromberg
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Su X, Yuan H, Cui H, Zhu H, Yun X, Tang W, Chen J, Luan Z. Effect of T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2 balance and nuclear factor-κB on white matter injury in premature neonates. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5552-5556. [PMID: 29393452 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of white matter injury (WMI), which is featured as softening of white matter tissues, has recently increased. Previous studies have demonstrated a close correlation between T helper cell 1 and T helper cell 2 (Th1/Th2) imbalance and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) with brain disease. Their role in premature WMI, however, remains to be illustrated. Serum samples were collected from 60 premature WMI neonates, plus another control group of 60 premature babies without WMI. Patients were further divided into mild, moderate and severe WMI groups. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to test mRNA expression levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines, including interleukin 2 (IL)‑2, tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), IL‑4, IL‑10 and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, whilst their serum levels were measured by ELISA. Their correlation with disease occurrence and progression were further analysed, to illustrate the effect of Th1/Th2 balance and NF‑κB on pathology of premature WMI. Serum levels of IL‑4 and IL‑10 were significantly decreased in premature WMI babies, whilst IL‑2, TNF‑α and NF‑κB were upregulated (P<0.05 vs. control group). With aggravated disease, IL‑4 and IL‑10 expression was further decreased while IL‑2, TNF‑α and NF‑κB were increased (P<0.05 vs. mild WMI group). Th1 cytokines IL‑2 and TNF‑α and NF‑κB were negatively correlated with Th2 cytokines IL‑4 and IL‑10. Disease severity was positively correlated with IL‑2, TNF‑α and NF‑κB expression, and was negatively correlated with IL‑4 and IL‑10 (P<0.05). Th1/Th2 imbalance and NF‑κB upregulation were observed in WMI pathogenesis, with elevated secretion of Th1 cytokines and decreased Th2 cytokines, suggesting that Th1/Th2 imbalance and NF‑κB upregulation may be a potential indicator for the early diagnosis and treatment of WMI pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Su
- Department of Paediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Paediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Cui
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010010, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Paediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yun
- Department of Paediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, Affiliated Navy General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Haidian, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Junlong Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Zu Luan
- Department of Paediatrics, An Hui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Vrijen C, Schenk HM, Hartman CA, Oldehinkel AJ. Measuring BDNF in saliva using commercial ELISA: Results from a small pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:340-346. [PMID: 28525789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein often studied in psychiatric populations. Commercial ELISA kits have been validated for measuring BDNF in blood plasma and serum, but blood collection is an invasive method which cannot always be used. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the noninvasive alternative of measuring BDNF in saliva. Three different commercial ELISA kits were used to analyze parallel plasma and saliva samples from six healthy adults. In total 33 plasma and 33 saliva samples were analyzed according to manufacturers' standard protocols. BDNF was successfully measured in plasma in two of the three kits, of which the results correlated highly (rs =.88). BDNF could not be measured reliably in saliva. The results of this pilot study suggest that techniques of commercial BDNF kits may not be ready for noninvasive saliva measurements, which limits the sampling frequency and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vrijen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, CC72, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrika M Schenk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, CC72, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, CC72, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, CC72, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Yuan H, Zhao H, Qi B, Li F, An L. PPARγ activation ameliorates postoperative cognitive decline probably through suppressing hippocampal neuroinflammation in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 43:53-61. [PMID: 27940378 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in many neurodegenerative disorders, including postoperative cognitive decline (POCD). Growing evidence has demonstrated that activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) attenuates the inflammatory response and improves cognitive dysfunction associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. We hypothesize that down-regulation of PPARγ is linked to neuroinflammation and the subsequent cognitive deficits observed in an animal model of POCD. In the present study, the POCD animal model was established by performing an exploratory laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia in 20-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. Behavioral tests, inflammatory biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA1)-positive cells, as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were measured. Herein, we showed that surgery induced profound impairment in cognition that was associated with significant decreases in PPARγ and BDNF expression, and significant increases in IL-1β, IBA1-positive cells, and GFAP-positive cells in the hippocampus. As expected, the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone attenuated the surgery-induced inflammatory changes and rescued the associated cognitive impairment. However, these beneficial effects were abolished by the PPARγ specific antagonist GW9662, suggesting a pivotal role of the PPARγ pathway in the pathogenesis of POCD. Taken together, our results provide evidence that down-regulation of PPARγ may be involved in neuroinflammation and subsequent POCD, and suggest that activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone may represent a new way to prevent or treat POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huatang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liaocheng Second People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, China
| | - Bin Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Fayin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Lijun An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China.
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