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Montalti M, Mirabella G. Investigating the impact of surgical masks on behavioral reactions to facial emotions in the COVID-19 era. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1359075. [PMID: 38638526 PMCID: PMC11025472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The widespread use of surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges in interpreting facial emotions. As the mouth is known to play a crucial role in decoding emotional expressions, its covering is likely to affect this process. Recent evidence suggests that facial expressions impact behavioral responses only when their emotional content is relevant to subjects' goals. Thus, this study investigates whether and how masked emotional faces alter such a phenomenon. Methods Forty participants completed two reaching versions of the Go/No-go task in a counterbalanced fashion. In the Emotional Discrimination Task (EDT), participants were required to respond to angry, fearful, or happy expressions by performing a reaching movement and withholding it when a neutral face was presented. In the Gender Discrimination Task (GDT), the same images were shown, but participants had to respond according to the poser's gender. The face stimuli were presented in two conditions: covered by a surgical mask (masked) or without any covering (unmasked). Results Consistent with previous studies, valence influenced behavioral control in the EDT but not in the GDT. Nevertheless, responses to facial emotions in the EDT exhibited significant differences between unmasked and masked conditions. In the former, angry expressions led to a slowdown in participants' responses. Conversely, in the masked condition, behavioral reactions were impacted by fearful and, to a greater extent, by happy expressions. Responses to fearful faces were slower, and those to happy faces exhibited increased variability in the masked condition compared to the unmasked condition. Furthermore, response accuracy to masked happy faces dramatically declined compared to the unmasked condition and other masked emotions. Discussion In sum, our findings indicate that surgical masks disrupt reactions to emotional expressions, leading people to react less accurately and with heightened variability to happy expressions, provided that the emotional dimension is relevant to people's goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montalti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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2
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Felippin MR, Azevedo IL, Saunier G, Keniston L, Nogueira-Campos AA. Grasping affordance judgments depend on the object emotional value. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1331253. [PMID: 38566999 PMCID: PMC10986176 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1331253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concept of affordance refers to the opportunities for action provided by the environment, often conveyed through visual information. It has been applied to explain visuomotor processing and movement planning. As emotion modulates both visual perception and the motor system, it is reasonable to ask whether emotion can influence affordance judgments. If present, this relationship can have important ontological implications for affordances. Thus, we investigated whether the emotional value of manipulable objects affected the judgment of the appropriate grasping that could be used to interact with them (i.e., their affordance). Methods Volunteers were instructed to use a numerical scale to report their judgment on how an observed object should be grasped. We compared these judgments across emotional categories of objects (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral), while also considering the expected effect of object size. Results We found that unpleasant objects were rated as more appropriately graspable by a precision grip than pleasant and neutral objects. Simultaneously, smaller object size also favored this judgment. This effect was seen in all emotional categories examined in equal magnitude. Discussion Our findings suggest that the emotional value of objects modulates affordance judgments in a way that favors careful manipulation and minimal physical contact with aversive stimuli. Finally, we discuss how this affective aspect of our experience of objects overlaps with what affordances are conceptualized to be, calling for further reexamination of the relationship between affordances and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Ribeiro Felippin
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lopes Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ghislain Saunier
- Laboratory of Motor Cognition, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Les Keniston
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY, United States
| | - Anaelli Aparecida Nogueira-Campos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Baumard J, Laniepce A, Lesourd M, Guezouli L, Beaucousin V, Gehin M, Osiurak F, Bartolo A. The Neurocognitive Bases of Meaningful Intransitive Gestures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Neuropsychological Studies. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09634-6. [PMID: 38448754 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Researchers and clinicians have long used meaningful intransitive (i.e., not tool-related; MFI) gestures to assess apraxia-a complex and frequent motor-cognitive disorder. Nevertheless, the neurocognitive bases of these gestures remain incompletely understood. Models of apraxia have assumed that meaningful intransitive gestures depend on either long-term memory (i.e., semantic memory and action lexicons) stored in the left hemisphere, or social cognition and the right hemisphere. This meta-analysis of 42 studies reports the performance of 2659 patients with either left or right hemisphere damage in tests of meaningful intransitive gestures, as compared to other gestures (i.e., MFT or meaningful transitive and MLI or meaningless intransitive) and cognitive tests. The key findings are as follows: (1) deficits of meaningful intransitive gestures are more frequent and severe after left than right hemisphere lesions, but they have been reported in both groups; (2) we found a transitivity effect in patients with lesions of the left hemisphere (i.e., meaningful transitive gestures more difficult than meaningful intransitive gestures) but a "reverse" transitivity effect in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere (i.e., meaningful transitive gestures easier than meaningful intransitive gestures); (3) there is a strong association between meaningful intransitive and transitive (but not meaningless) gestures; (4) isolated deficits of meaningful intransitive gestures are more frequent in cases with right than left hemisphere lesions; (5) these deficits may occur in the absence of language and semantic memory impairments; (6) meaningful intransitive gesture performance seems to vary according to the emotional content of gestures (i.e., body-centered gestures and emotional valence-intensity). These findings are partially consistent with the social cognition hypothesis. Methodological recommendations are given for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Lesourd
- UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Léna Guezouli
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CRFDP, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Maureen Gehin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CRFDP, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - François Osiurak
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (UR 3082), Université Lyon 2, Bron, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Angela Bartolo
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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4
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De Comite A, Lefèvre P, Crevecoeur F. Continuous evaluation of cost-to-go for flexible reaching control and online decisions. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011493. [PMID: 37756355 PMCID: PMC10561875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans consider the parameters linked to movement goal during reaching to adjust their control strategy online. Indeed, rapid changes in target structure or disturbances interfering with their initial plan elicit rapid changes in behavior. Here, we hypothesize that these changes could result from the continuous use of a decision variable combining motor and cognitive components. We combine an optimal feedback controller with a real-time evaluation of the expected cost-to-go, which considers target- and movement-related costs, in a common theoretical framework. This model reproduces human behaviors in presence of changes in the target structure occurring during movement and of online decisions to flexibly change target following external perturbations. It also predicts that the time taken to decide to select a novel goal after a perturbation depends on the amplitude of the disturbance and on the rewards of the different options, which is a direct result of the continuous monitoring of the cost-to-go. We show that this result was present in our previously collected dataset. Together our developments point towards a continuous evaluation of the cost-to-go during reaching to update control online and make efficient decisions about movement goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine De Comite
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Crevecoeur
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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The pleasantness and unpleasantness of an object distinctively drives its grasping prediction: behavioral evidence. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1491-1500. [PMID: 36346479 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Action and perception share a common sensorimotor network permitting a functional action-perception coupling. This coupling would permit to predict the outcome of others' actions. Moreover, recent findings suggest that action-perception linkage could be sensitive to emotional content of the visual scene. The present study sought to address how emotion inherent to an object (pleasantness and unpleasantness) affects action prediction processing. To this end, we compared the participants' temporal estimative of the hand contact with emotional objects in occlusion and full vision conditions. We found that the emotion strongly interfered in the prediction of its grasping. Indeed, the participants highly anticipated the touch instant for unpleasant valence compared to pleasant and neutral ones. Moreover, the visual conditions (i.e., occlusion and full vision) affect the magnitude of the predictive error except to unpleasant object. Accordingly, the present results unveil that pleasantness and unpleasantness of an object distinctively drive the prediction of its touch instant.
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Starita F, Garofalo S, Dalbagno D, Degni LAE, di Pellegrino G. Pavlovian threat learning shapes the kinematics of action. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1005656. [PMID: 36304859 PMCID: PMC9592852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt response to environmental threats is critical to survival. Previous research has revealed mechanisms underlying threat-conditioned physiological responses, but little is known about how threats shape action. Here we tested if threat learning shapes the kinematics of reaching in human adults. In two different experiments conducted on independent samples of participants, after Pavlovian threat learning, in which a stimulus anticipated the delivery of an aversive shock, whereas another did not, the peak velocity and acceleration of reaching increased for the shocked-paired stimulus, relative to the unpaired one. These kinematic changes appeared as a direct consequence of learning, emerging even in absence of an actual threat to body integrity, as no shock occurred during reaching. Additionally, they correlated with the strength of sympathetic response during threat learning, establishing a direct relationship between previous learning and subsequent changes in action. The increase in velocity and acceleration of action following threat learning may be adaptive to facilitate the implementation of defensive responses. Enhanced action invigoration may be maladaptive, however, when defensive responses are inappropriately enacted in safe contexts, as exemplified in a number of anxiety-related disorders.
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Lustosa L, Silva AEL, Carvalho RDP, Vargas CD. Upper limb joint coordination preserves hand kinematics after a traumatic brachial plexus injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:944638. [PMID: 36277047 PMCID: PMC9583840 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.944638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTraumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) causes a sensorimotor deficit in upper limb (UL) movements.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate the arm–forearm coordination of both the injured and uninjured UL of TBPI subjects.MethodsTBPI participants (n = 13) and controls (n = 10) matched in age, gender, and anthropometric characteristics were recruited. Kinematics from the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and index finger markers were collected, while upstanding participants transported a cup to their mouth and returned the UL to a starting position. The UL coordination was measured through the relative phase (RP) between arm and forearm phase angles and analyzed as a function of the hand kinematics.ResultsFor all participants, the hand transport had a shorter time to peak velocity (p < 0.01) compared to the return. Also, for the control and the uninjured TBPI UL, the RP showed a coordination pattern that favored forearm movements in the peak velocity of the transport phase (p < 0.001). TBPI participants' injured UL showed a longer movement duration in comparison to controls (p < 0.05), but no differences in peak velocity, time to peak velocity, and trajectory length, indicating preserved hand kinematics. The RP of the injured UL revealed altered coordination in favor of arm movements compared to controls and the uninjured UL (p < 0.001). Finally, TBPI participants' uninjured UL showed altered control of arm and forearm phase angles during the deceleration of hand movements compared to controls (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese results suggest that UL coordination is reorganized after a TBPI so as to preserve hand kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiggi Lustosa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Movimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Lemos Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Paula Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Instituto Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia D. Vargas
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Movimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudia D. Vargas
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8
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Martins LA, Schiavo A, Xavier LL, Mestriner RG. The Foot Fault Scoring System to Assess Skilled Walking in Rodents: A Reliability Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:892010. [PMID: 35571280 PMCID: PMC9100421 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.892010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot fault scoring system of the ladder rung walking test (LRWT) is used to assess skilled walking in rodents. However, the reliability of the LRWT foot fault score has not been properly addressed. This study was designed to address this issue. Two independent and blinded raters analyzed 20 rats and 20 mice videos. Each video was analyzed twice by the same rater (80 analyses per rater). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Kappa coefficient were employed to check the accuracy of agreement and reliability in the intra- and inter-rater analyses of the LRWT outcomes. Excellent intra- and inter-rater agreements were found for the forelimb, hindlimb, and both limbs combined in rats and mice. The agreement level was also excellent for total crossing time, total time stopped, and the number of stops during the walking path. Rating individual scores in the foot fault score system (0–6) ranged from satisfactory to excellent, in terms of the intraclass correlation indexes. Moreover, we showed that experienced and inexperienced raters can obtain reliable results if supervised training is provided. We concluded that the LRWT is a reliable and useful tool to study skilled walking in rodents and can help researchers address walking-related neurobiological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Athaydes Martins
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aniuska Schiavo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group (NEUROPLAR), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Régis Gemerasca Mestriner, , orcid.org/0000-0001-9837-1691
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Reward-Dependent Selection of Feedback Gains Impacts Rapid Motor Decisions. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0439-21.2022. [PMID: 35277452 PMCID: PMC8970337 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0439-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Target reward influences motor planning strategies through modulation of movement vigor. Considering current theories of sensorimotor control suggesting that movement planning consists in selecting a goal-directed control strategy, we sought to investigate the influence of reward on feedback control. Here, we explored this question in three human reaching experiments. First, we altered the explicit reward associated with the goal target and found an overall increase in feedback gains for higher target rewards, highlighted by larger velocities, feedback responses to external loads, and background muscle activity. Then, we investigated whether the differences in target rewards across multiple goals impacted rapid motor decisions during movement. We observed idiosyncratic switching strategies dependent on both target rewards and, surprisingly, the feedback gains at perturbation onset: the more vigorous movements were less likely to switch to a new goal following perturbations. To gain further insight into a causal influence of the feedback gains on rapid motor decisions, we demonstrated that biasing the baseline activity and reflex gains by means of a background load evoked a larger proportion of target switches in the direction opposite to the background load associated with lower muscle activity. Together, our results demonstrate an impact of target reward on feedback control and highlight the competition between movement vigor and flexibility.
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Daprati E, Balestrucci P, Nico D. Do graspable objects always leave a motor signature? A study on memory traces. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3193-3206. [PMID: 36271939 PMCID: PMC9678995 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the existence of reciprocal interactions between the type of motor activity physically performed on objects and the conceptual knowledge that is retained of them. Whether covert motor activity plays a similar effect is less clear. Certainly, objects are strong triggers for actions, and motor components can make the associated concepts more memorable. However, addition of an action-related memory trace may not always be automatic and could rather depend on 'how' objects are encountered. To test this hypothesis, we compared memory for objects that passive observers experienced as verbal labels (the word describing them), visual images (color photographs) and actions (pantomimes of object use). We predicted that the more direct the involvement of action-related representations the more effective would be the addition of a motor code to the experience and the more accurate would be the recall. Results showed that memory for objects presented as words i.e., a format that might only indirectly prime the sensorimotor system, was generally less accurate compared to memory for objects presented as photographs or pantomimes, which are more likely to directly elicit motor simulation processes. In addition, free recall of objects experienced as pantomimes was more accurate when these items afforded actions performed towards one's body than actions directed away from the body. We propose that covert motor activity can contribute to objects' memory, but the beneficial addition of a motor code to the experience is not necessarily automatic. An advantage is more likely to emerge when the observer is induced to take a first-person stance during the encoding phase, as may happen for objects affording actions directed towards the body, which obviously carry more relevance for the actor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Daprati
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Priscilla Balestrucci
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Faculty for Computer Science, Engineering, and Psychology, Applied Cognitive Psychology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniele Nico
- grid.7841.aDipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma la Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Souza L, Lustosa L, Silva AEL, Martins JV, Pozzo T, Vargas CD. Kinematic Changes in the Uninjured Limb After a Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:777776. [PMID: 34955793 PMCID: PMC8696281 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.777776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) typically causes sensory, motor and autonomic deficits of the affected upper limb. Recent studies have suggested that a unilateral TBPI can also affect the cortical representations associated to the uninjured limb. Objective: To investigate the kinematic features of the uninjured upper limb in participants with TBPI. Methods: Eleven participants with unilateral TBPI and twelve healthy controls matched in gender, age and anthropometric characteristics were recruited. Kinematic parameters collected from the index finger marker were measured while participants performed a free-endpoint whole-body reaching task and a cup-to-mouth task with the uninjured upper limb in a standing position. Results: For the whole-body reaching task, lower time to peak velocity (p = 0.01), lower peak of velocity (p = 0.003), greater movement duration (p = 0.04) and shorter trajectory length (p = 0.01) were observed in the TBPI group compared to the control group. For the cup-to-mouth task, only a lower time to peak velocity was found for the TBPI group compared to the control group (p = 0.02). Interestingly, no differences between groups were observed for the finger endpoint height parameter in either of the tasks. Taken together, these results suggest that TBPI leads to a higher cost for motor planning when it comes to movements of the uninjured limb as compared to healthy participants. This cost is even higher in a task with a greater postural balance challenge. Conclusion: This study expands the current knowledge on bilateral sensorimotor alterations after unilateral TBPI and should guide rehabilitation after a peripheral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Souza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Movimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiggi Lustosa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Movimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Lemos Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Vicente Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Claudia D Vargas
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Movimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurociências e Reabilitação, Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto - Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Osumi M, Sumitani M, Nishi Y, Nobusako S, Dilek B, Morioka S. Fear of movement-related pain disturbs cortical preparatory activity after becoming aware of motor intention. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113379. [PMID: 34051229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fear of movement-related pain is known to disturb the process of motor preparation in patients with chronic pain. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying the influence of fear movement-related pain on motor preparatory brain activity using Libet's clock and electroencephalography (EEG). Healthy participants were asked to press a button while watching a rotating Libet's clock-hand, and report the number on the clock ("W time") when they made the "decision" to press the button with their right index finger. Immediately after pressing the button, a painful electrical stimulus was delivered to the dorsum of the left hand, causing participants to feel fear of movement (button press-related pain). We found that fear of movement-related pain caused the W time to be early, and that the amplitudes of readiness potentials (RPs) increased after awareness of motor intention emerged. In addition, fear of movement-related pain caused over-activation of the medial frontal cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, and primary motor cortex after participants became aware of their motor intention. Such over-activation might result from conflict between the unrealized desire to escape from a painful experience and motivation to perform a required motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Osumi
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Sumitani
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nobusako
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Burcu Dilek
- Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, Edirne, Turkey; Institute of Health Sciences, PhD Candidate in Neuroscience, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shu Morioka
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan
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13
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Muscle proprioceptive feedback can be adapted to the behavioral and emotional context in humans. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Mancini C, Falciati L, Maioli C, Mirabella G. Threatening Facial Expressions Impact Goal-Directed Actions Only if Task-Relevant. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110794. [PMID: 33138170 PMCID: PMC7694135 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial emotional expressions are a salient source of information for nonverbal social interactions. However, their impact on action planning and execution is highly controversial. In this vein, the effect of the two threatening facial expressions, i.e., angry and fearful faces, is still unclear. Frequently, fear and anger are used interchangeably as negative emotions. However, they convey different social signals. Unlike fear, anger indicates a direct threat toward the observer. To provide new evidence on this issue, we exploited a novel design based on two versions of a Go/No-go task. In the emotional version, healthy participants had to perform the same movement for pictures of fearful, angry, or happy faces and withhold it when neutral expressions were presented. The same pictures were shown in the control version, but participants had to move or suppress the movement, according to the actor’s gender. This experimental design allows us to test task relevance’s impact on emotional stimuli without conflating movement planning with target detection and task switching. We found that the emotional content of faces interferes with actions only when task-relevant, i.e., the effect of emotions is context-dependent. We also showed that angry faces qualitatively had the same effect as fearful faces, i.e., both negative emotions decreased response readiness with respect to happy expressions. However, anger has a much greater impact than fear, as it increases both the rates of mistakes and the time of movement execution. We interpreted these results, suggesting that participants have to exploit more cognitive resources to appraise threatening than positive facial expressions, and angry than fearful faces before acting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Luca Falciati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Maioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Correspondence:
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15
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Baumard J, Osiurak F. Is Bodily Experience an Epiphenomenon of Multisensory Integration and Cognition? Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:316. [PMID: 31572151 PMCID: PMC6749066 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Osiurak
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms (EA 3082), University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,French University Institute, Paris, France
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16
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Samain-Aupic L, Ackerley R, Aimonetti JM, Ribot-Ciscar E. Emotions can alter kinesthetic acuity. Neurosci Lett 2019; 694:99-103. [PMID: 30500394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kinesthesia, the perception of our own body movements, relies on the integration of proprioceptive information arising mostly from muscle spindles, which are sensory receptors in skeletal muscles. We recently showed that emotions alter the proprioceptive messages from such muscle afferents, making them more sensitive to muscle lengthening when participants were listening sad music. Presently, we investigated whether these changes in proprioceptive feedback relating to emotional state may affect the perception of limb movements. Kinesthetic acuity was tested in 20 healthy, young adults by imposing ramp-and-hold movements that consisted of either plantar flexion or dorsiflexion movements of the ankle at 0.04°/s, or no movement. These were imposed during four emotional conditions (listening to neutral, sad, or happy music, or no music). The participants were asked to relax and focus on music (or nothing), and then they shifted their focus to the direction of an incoming movement. Once this had finished, they were asked its direction. Muscle activity, heart rate, and electrodermal activity were recorded during each trial, and after each music condition the participants rated the emotion felt on a visual analog scale. The rating of the emotional content of the music corroborated with changes in physiological measures. Kinesthetic acuity was also affected by the emotional state and found to be larger during the sad condition, as compared to the no music or neutral conditions. We conclude that emotion can shape our perception of movements, which we show here where feeling sadness significantly increase our kinesthetic acuity, this may be functionally relevant for the preparation of appropriate behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Samain-Aupic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives-UMR 7260), Marseille, France
| | - Rochelle Ackerley
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives-UMR 7260), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aimonetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives-UMR 7260), Marseille, France
| | - Edith Ribot-Ciscar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives-UMR 7260), Marseille, France.
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17
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Reuter EM, Marinovic W, Beikoff J, Carroll TJ. It Pays to Prepare: Human Motor Preparation Depends on the Relative Value of Potential Response Options. Neuroscience 2018; 374:223-235. [PMID: 29421430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alternative motor responses can be prepared in parallel. Here, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to test whether the parallel preparation of alternative response options is modulated by their relative value. Participants performed a choice response task with three potential actions: isometric contraction of the left, the right, or both wrists. An imperative stimulus (IS) appeared after a warning cue, such that the initiation time of a required action was predictable, but the specific action was not. To encourage advanced preparation, the target was presented 200 ms prior to the IS, and only correct responses initiated within ±100 ms of the IS were rewarded. At baseline, all targets were equally rewarded and probable. Then, responses with one hand were made more valuable, either by increasing the probability that the left or right target would be required (Exp. 1; n = 31) or by increasing the reward magnitude of one target (Exp. 2, n = 36). We measured reaction times, movement vigor, and an EEG correlate of action preparation (value-based lateralized readiness potential) prior to target presentation. Participants responded earlier to more frequent and more highly rewarded targets, and movements to highly rewarded targets were more vigorous. The EEG was more negative over the hemisphere contralateral to the more repeated/rewarded hand, implying an increased neural preparation of more valuable actions. Thus, changing the value of alternative response options can lead to greater preparation of actions associated with more valuable outcomes. This preparation asymmetry likely contributes to behavioral biases that are typically observed toward repeated or rewarded targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Reuter
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Welber Marinovic
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jesse Beikoff
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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18
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Summerside EM, Shadmehr R, Ahmed AA. Vigor of reaching movements: reward discounts the cost of effort. J Neurophysiol 2018. [PMID: 29537911 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00872.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Making a movement may be thought of as an economic decision in which one spends effort to acquire reward. Time discounts reward, which predicts that the magnitude of reward should affect movement vigor: we should move faster, spending greater effort, when there is greater reward at stake. Indeed, saccade peak velocities are greater and reaction-times shorter when a target is paired with reward. In this study, we focused on human reaching and asked whether movement kinematics were affected by expectation of reward. Participants made out-and-back reaching movements to one of four quadrants of a 14-cm circle. During various periods of the experiment only one of the four quadrants was paired with reward, and the transition from reward to nonreward status of a quadrant occurred randomly. Our experiment design minimized dependence of reward on accuracy, granting the subjects wide latitude in self-selecting their movement speed, amplitude, and variability. When a quadrant was paired with reward, reaching movements had a shorter reaction time, higher peak velocity, and greater amplitude. Despite this greater vigor, movements toward the rewarded quadrant suffered from less variability: both reaction times and reach kinematics were less variable when there was expectation of reward. Importantly, the effect of reward on vigor was specific to the movement component that preceded the time of reward (outward reach), not the movement component that followed it (return reach). Our results suggest that expectation of reward not only increases vigor of human reaching but also decreases its variability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Movements may be thought of as an economic transaction where the vigor of the movement represents the effort that the brain is willing to expend to acquire a rewarding state. We show that in reaching, reward discounts the cost of effort, producing movements with shorter reaction time, higher velocity, greater amplitude, and reduced reaction-time variability. These results complement earlier observations in saccades, suggesting a common principle of economics across modalities of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Summerside
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alaa A Ahmed
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
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Medeiros FM, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Baptista PPA, Neves LT, Martins LA, Furini CRG, Izquierdo I, Xavier LL, Hollands K, Mestriner RG. Can an aversive, extinction-resistant memory trigger impairments in walking adaptability? An experimental study using adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:224-228. [PMID: 29229398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive demands can influence the adaptation of walking, a crucial skill to maintain body stability and prevent falls. Whilst previous research has shown emotional load tunes goal-directed movements, little attention has been given to this finding. This study sought to assess the effects of suffering an extinction-resistant memory on skilled walking performance in adult rats, as an indicator of walking adaptability. Thus, 36 Wistar rats were divided in a two-part experiment. In the first part (n=16), the aversive, extinction-resistance memory paradigm was established using a fear-conditioning chamber. In the second, rats (n=20) were assessed in a neutral room using the ladder rung walking test before and tree days after inducing an extinction-resistance memory. In addition, the elevated plus-maze test was used to control the influence of the anxiety-like status on gait adaptability. Our results revealed the shock group exhibited worse walking adaptability (lower skilled walking score), when compared to the sham group. Moreover, the immobility time in the ladder rung walking test was similar to the controls, suggesting that gait adaptability performance was not a consequence of the fear generalization. No anxiety-like behavior was observed in the plus maze test. Finally, correlation coefficients also showed the skilled walking performance score was positively correlated with the number of gait cycles and trial time in the ladder rung walking test and the total crossings in the plus maze. Overall, these preliminary findings provide evidence to hypothesize an aversive, extinction-resistant experience might change the emotional load, affecting the ability to adapt walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Mello Medeiros
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Pedro Porto Alegre Baptista
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Lucas Athaydes Martins
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | | | - Iván Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Kristen Hollands
- Health Sciences College, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, Biosciences College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
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20
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Fear of movement modulates the feedforward motor control of the affected limb in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): A single-case study. Med Hypotheses 2018; 110:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Ackerley R, Aimonetti JM, Ribot-Ciscar E. Emotions alter muscle proprioceptive coding of movements in humans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8465. [PMID: 28814736 PMCID: PMC5559453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions can evoke strong reactions that have profound influences, from gross changes in our internal environment to small fluctuations in facial muscles, and reveal our feelings overtly. Muscles contain proprioceptive afferents, informing us about our movements and regulating motor activities. Their firing reflects changes in muscle length, yet their sensitivity can be modified by the fusimotor system, as found in animals. In humans, the sensitivity of muscle afferents is modulated by cognitive processes, such as attention; however, it is unknown if emotional processes can modulate muscle feedback. Presently, we explored whether muscle afferent sensitivity adapts to the emotional situation. We recorded from single muscle afferents in the leg, using microneurography, and moved the ankle joint of participants, while they listened to evocative classical music to induce sad, neutral, or happy emotions, or sat passively (no music). We further monitored their physiological responses using skin conductance, heart rate, and electromyography measures. We found that muscle afferent firing was modified by the emotional context, especially for sad emotions, where the muscle spindle dynamic response increased. We suggest that this allows us to prime movements, where the emotional state prepares the body for consequent behaviour-appropriate reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Ackerley
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNIA, FR3C, Marseille, France.,Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
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22
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Marmolejo-Ramos F, Tirado C, Arshamian E, Vélez JI, Arshamian A. The allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:709-718. [PMID: 28657517 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1344121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The valence-space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach-avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body (i.e. approach) and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and the body (i.e. avoid). Thus, the valence-space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach-avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the "depth" plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants' body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants' body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Tirado
- b Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Jorge Iván Vélez
- d Department of Industrial Engineering , Universidad del Norte , Barranquilla , Colombia.,e Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, Department of Genome Sciences , John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra , Australia
| | - Artin Arshamian
- f Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,g Centre for Language Studies , Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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