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Yariesbouei M, Sanders RGP, Wiegerink RJ, Lötters JC. Compact Micro-Coriolis Mass-Flow Meter with Optical Readout. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:114. [PMID: 38258233 PMCID: PMC10821207 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the first nickel-plated micro-Coriolis mass-flow sensor with integrated optical readout. The sensor consists of a freely suspended tube made of electroplated nickel with a total length of 60 mm, an inner diameter of 580 µm, and a wall thickness of approximately 8 µm. The U-shaped tube is actuated by Lorentz forces. An optical readout consisting of two LEDs and two phototransistors is used to detect the tube motion. Mass-flow measurements were performed at room temperature with water and isopropyl alcohol for flows up to 200 g/h and 100 g/h, respectively. The measured resonance frequencies were 1.67 kHz and 738 Hz for water and 1.70 kHz and 752 Hz for isopropyl alcohol for the twist and swing modes, respectively. The measured phase shift between the two readout signals shows a linear response to mass flow with very similar sensitivities for water and isopropyl alcohol of 0.41mdegg/h and 0.43 mdegg/h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Yariesbouei
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.G.P.S.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Remco G. P. Sanders
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.G.P.S.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Remco J. Wiegerink
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.G.P.S.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Joost C. Lötters
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.Y.); (R.G.P.S.); (J.C.L.)
- Bronkhorst High-Tech BV, 7261 AK Ruurlo, The Netherlands
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2
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D. Nanomechanical hydrodynamic force sensing using suspended microfluidic channels. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:53. [PMID: 37168769 PMCID: PMC10164740 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has demonstrated high versatility in the analysis of in-flow particles and can even achieve mechanical properties measurements of biological cells by applying hydrodynamic forces. However, there is currently no available technique that enables the direct measurement and tracking of these hydrodynamic forces acting on a flowing particle. In this work, we introduce a novel method for the direct measurement of the hydrodynamic force actuating on an in-flow particle based on the analysis of the induced resonance changes of suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs). This hydrodynamic force sensitivity depends on the device used; therefore, we considered the geometry and materials to advance this dependency on the SMR resonance frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 3 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Madrid), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 3 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Madrid), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Yariesbouei M, Sanders RGP, Wiegerink RJ, Lötters JC. Modeling, Fabrication, and Testing of a 3D-Printed Coriolis Mass Flow Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4062. [PMID: 37112403 PMCID: PMC10141069 DOI: 10.3390/s23084062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the modeling, fabrication, and testing of a 3D-printed Coriolis mass flow sensor. The sensor contains a free-standing tube with a circular cross-section printed using the LCD 3D-printing technique. The tube has a total length of 42 mm, an inner diameter of about 900 µm, and a wall thickness of approximately 230 µm. The outer surface of the tube is metalized using a Cu plating process, resulting in a low electrical resistance of 0.5 Ω. The tube is brought into vibration using an AC current in combination with a magnetic field from a permanent magnet. The displacement of the tube is detected using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) that is part of a Polytec MSA-600 microsystem analyzer. The Coriolis mass flow sensor has been tested over a flow range of 0-150 g/h for water, 0-38 g/h for isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and 0-50 g/h for nitrogen. The maximum flow rates of water and IPA resulted in less than a 30 mbar pressure drop. The pressure drop at the maximum flow rate of nitrogen is 250 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Yariesbouei
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Remco G. P. Sanders
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J. Wiegerink
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C. Lötters
- Integrated Devices and Systems, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Bronkhorst High-Tech BV, 7261 AK Ruurlo, The Netherlands
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Drobek C, Meyer J, Mau R, Wolff A, Peters K, Seitz H. Volumetric mass density measurements of mesenchymal stem cells in suspension using a density meter. iScience 2022; 26:105796. [PMID: 36594013 PMCID: PMC9803822 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To use regeneratively active cells for cell therapeutic applications, the cells must be isolated from their resident tissues. Different isolation procedures subject these cells to varying degrees of mechanical strain, which can affect the yield of cell number and viability. Knowledge of cell volumetric mass density is important for experimental and numerical optimization of these procedures. Although methods for measuring cell volumetric mass density already exist, they either consume much time and cell material or require a special setup. Therefore, we developed a user-friendly method that is based on the use of readily available instrumentation. The newly developed method is predicated on the linear relationship between the volumetric mass density of the cell suspension and the volumetric mass density, number, and diameter of the cells in the suspension. We used this method to determine the volumetric mass density of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and compared it to results from the established density centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Drobek
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Juliane Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Mau
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Wolff
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Chair of Microfluidics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Nanomechanical Molecular Mass Sensing Using Suspended Microchannel Resonators. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103337. [PMID: 34064951 PMCID: PMC8151021 DOI: 10.3390/s21103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work we study the different phenomena taking place when a hydrostatic pressure is applied in the inner fluid of a suspended microchannel resonator. Additionally to pressure-induced stiffness terms, we have theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated that the pressure also induces mass effects which depend on both the applied pressure and the fluid properties. We have used these phenomena to characterize the frequency response of the device as a function of the fluid compressibility and molecular masses of different fluids ranging from liquids to gases. The proposed device in this work can measure the mass density of an unknown liquid sample with a resolution of 0.7 µg/mL and perform gas mixtures characterization by measuring its average molecular mass with a resolution of 0.01 atomic mass units.
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Maillard D, De Pastina A, Abazari AM, Villanueva LG. Avoiding transduction-induced heating in suspended microchannel resonators using piezoelectricity. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:34. [PMID: 34567748 PMCID: PMC8433141 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calorimetry of single biological entities remains elusive. Suspended microchannel resonators (SMRs) offer excellent performance for real-time detection of various analytes and could hold the key to unlocking pico-calorimetry experiments. However, the typical readout techniques for SMRs are optical-based, and significant heat is dissipated in the sensor, altering the measurement and worsening the frequency noise. In this manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time full on-chip piezoelectric transduction of SMRs on which we focus a laser Doppler vibrometer to analyze its effect. We demonstrate that suddenly applying the laser to a water-filled SMR causes a resonance frequency shift, which we attribute to a local increase in temperature. When the procedure is repeated at increasing flow rates, the resonance frequency shift diminishes, indicating that convection plays an important role in cooling down the device and dissipating the heat induced by the laser. We also show that the frequency stability of the device is degraded by the laser source. In comparison to an optical readout scheme, a low-dissipative transduction method such as piezoelectricity shows greater potential to capture the thermal properties of single entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Maillard
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amir Musa Abazari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Laboratory, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Yubero ML, García-López S, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Hydrodynamic assisted multiparametric particle spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3535. [PMID: 33574415 PMCID: PMC7878870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-time analysis of single analytes in flow is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology. In this work, we theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate hydrodynamic focusing with hollow nanomechanical resonators by using an interferometric system which allows the optical probing of flowing particles and tracking of the fundamental mechanical mode of the resonator. We have characterized the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles, which will determine their velocity depending on their diameter. By using the parameters simultaneously acquired: frequency shift, velocity and reflectivity, we can unambiguously classify flowing particles in real-time, allowing the measurement of the mass density: 1.35 ± 0.07 g·mL-1 for PMMA and 1.7 ± 0.2 g·mL-1 for silica particles, which perfectly agrees with the nominal values. Once we have tested our technique, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells are characterized (1.11 ± 0.08 g·mL-1) with high throughput (300 cells/minute) observing a dependency with their size, opening the door for individual cell cycle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina L Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Aluminum doped zinc oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition and its applications to micro/nano devices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1204. [PMID: 33441961 PMCID: PMC7806672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports investigation on the deposition and evaluation of an aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin film and its novel applications to micro- and nano-devices. The AZO thin film is deposited successfully by atomic layer deposition (ALD). 50 nm-thick AZO film with high uniformity is checked by scanning electron microscopy. The element composition of the deposited film with various aluminum dopant concentration is analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, a polycrystalline feature of the deposited film is confirmed by selected area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The lowest sheet resistance of the deposited AZO film is found at 0.7 kΩ/□ with the aluminum dopant concentration at 5 at.%. A novel method employed the ALD in combination with the sacrificial silicon structures is proposed which opens the way to create the ultra-high aspect ratio AZO structures. Moreover, based on this finding, three kinds of micro- and nano-devices employing the deposited AZO thin film have been proposed and demonstrated. Firstly, nanowalled micro-hollows with an aspect ratio of 300 and a height of 15 µm are successfully produced
. Secondly, micro- and nano-fluidics, including a hollow fluidic channel with a nanowall structure as a resonator and a fluidic capillary window as an optical modulator is proposed and demonstrated. Lastly, nanomechanical resonators consisting of a bridged nanobeam structure and a vertical nanomechanical capacitive resonator are fabricated and evaluated.
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, García-López S, Yubero ML, Kosaka PM, San Paulo Á, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Mechano-Optical Analysis of Single Cells with Transparent Microcapillary Resonators. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3325-3332. [PMID: 31782299 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of biophysical properties of single cells is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology and pathology. The measurement and tracking of magnitudes such as cell stiffness, morphology, and mass or refractive index have brought otherwise inaccessible knowledge about cell physiology, as well as innovative methods for high-throughput label-free cell classification. In this work, we present hollow resonator devices based on suspended glass microcapillaries for the simultaneous measurement of single-cell buoyant mass and reflectivity with a throughput of 300 cells/minute. In the experimental methodology presented here, both magnitudes are extracted from the devices' response to a single probe, a focused laser beam that enables simultaneous readout of changes in resonance frequency and reflected optical power of the devices as cells flow within them. Through its application to MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-10A nontumorigenic cells, we demonstrate that this mechano-optical technique can successfully discriminate pathological from healthy cells of the same tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Pérez
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina L. Yubero
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Ko J, Lee D, Lee BJ, Kauh SK, Lee J. Micropipette Resonator Enabling Targeted Aspiration and Mass Measurement of Single Particles and Cells. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3275-3282. [PMID: 31762257 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports micropipette resonators, mechanical resonator-integrated micropipettes, which enable selective aspiration and mass measurement of particles or cells suspended in liquids with two orthogonal vibration modes. A custom pipette pulling system is built to provide power-modulated linear heating on a rotating glass capillary to make an asymmetric cross section with extended uniformity.A glass capillary is stretched with the custom puller, cut within the pulled region, polished, mounted on a machined metallic jig, and then coated with a metal. As a result, a doubly clamped tube resonator-integrated micropipette is made. For simultaneous frequency readouts of two orthogonal modes, an optical pickup, originally developed for optical data storage, is configured closely above and properly aligned to the micropipette resonator and two digital phase-locked loops are employed. For mass responsivity calibration, frequency shifts of the micropipette resonator are measured with various liquids and glass microparticles. Buoyant masses of unicellular organisms, Paramecium aurelia, freely swimming in a culture dish are successfully measured with two orthogonal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | | | - Sang Ken Kauh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Martín-Pérez A, Ramos D, Tamayo J, Calleja M. Coherent Optical Transduction of Suspended Microcapillary Resonators for Multi-Parameter Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235069. [PMID: 31757060 PMCID: PMC6929062 DOI: 10.3390/s19235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of micro and nanoparticle mass has become increasingly relevant in a wide range of fields, from materials science to drug development. The real-time analysis of complex mixtures in liquids demands very high mass sensitivity and high throughput. One of the most promising approaches for real-time measurements in liquid, with an excellent mass sensitivity, is the use of suspended microchannel resonators, where a carrier liquid containing the analytes flows through a nanomechanical resonator while tracking its resonance frequency shift. To this end, an extremely sensitive mechanical displacement technique is necessary. Here, we have developed an optomechanical transduction technique to enhance the mechanical displacement sensitivity of optically transparent hollow nanomechanical resonators. The capillaries have been fabricated by using a thermal stretching technique, which allows to accurately control the final dimensions of the device. We have experimentally demonstrated the light coupling into the fused silica capillary walls and how the evanescent light coming out from the silica interferes with the surrounding electromagnetic field distribution, a standing wave sustained by the incident laser and the reflected power from the substrate, modulating the reflectivity. The enhancement of the displacement sensitivity due to this interferometric modulation (two orders of magnitude better than compared with previous accomplishments) has been theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated.
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Mesbah Oskui S, Bhakta HC, Diamante G, Liu H, Schlenk D, Grover WH. Measuring the mass, volume, and density of microgram-sized objects in fluid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174068. [PMID: 28379982 PMCID: PMC5381818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of an object’s fundamental physical properties like mass, volume, and density can offer valuable insights into the composition and state of the object. However, many important biological samples reside in a liquid environment where it is difficult to accurately measure their physical properties. We show that by using a simple piece of glass tubing and some inexpensive off-the-shelf electronics, we can create a sensor that can measure the mass, volume, and density of microgram-sized biological samples in their native liquid environment. As a proof-of-concept, we use this sensor to measure mass changes in zebrafish embryos reacting to toxicant exposure, density changes in seeds undergoing rehydration and germination, and degradation rates of biomaterials used in medical implants. Since all objects have these physical properties, this sensor has immediate applications in a wide variety of different fields including developmental biology, toxicology, materials science, plant science, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mesbah Oskui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
| | - Heran C. Bhakta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
| | - William H. Grover
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America, 92521
- * E-mail:
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