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Chissico Júnior F, Santos da Silva T, Vieira Meirelles F, Monzani PS, Fornari Laurindo L, Maria Barbalho S, Miglino MA. A Review on Bioengineering the Bovine Mammary Gland: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Reconstruction Prospects. Bioengineering (Basel) 2025; 12:501. [PMID: 40428120 PMCID: PMC12108683 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland responsible for milk production. It is affected by diseases that reduce animals' quality of life, consequently leading to economic losses in livestock. With advancements in tissue bioengineering and regenerative medicine, studying the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the bovine mammary gland can improve our understanding of its physiology and the processes that affect it. This knowledge could also enable the development of sustainable therapeutic alternatives for both the dairy production chain and human oncology research. A common approach in regenerative medicine is decellularization, a process that removes all cells from tissue while preserving its architecture and ECM components for subsequent recellularization. The success of recellularization depends on obtaining immunologically compatible scaffolds and using appropriate cell culture sources and methods to ensure tissue functionality. However, tissue culture technology still faces challenges due to specific requirements and high costs. Here, we review the literature on biomaterials and tissue engineering, providing an overview of the ECM of the bovine mammary gland and advances in its bioengineering, with a focus on regenerative medicine for bovine species. The methodology employed consists of a structured search of scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO, using specific keywords related to tissue engineering and the bovine mammary gland. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2025 that demonstrated scientific relevance and contributed to the understanding of bovine mammary gland bioengineering. Although research on this topic has advanced, vascularization, tissue maturation, and scalability remain key barriers to widespread application and economic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Chissico Júnior
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (F.C.J.); (T.S.d.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Save (UniSave), Chongoene 1200, Mozambique
| | - Thamires Santos da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (F.C.J.); (T.S.d.S.)
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Sérgio Monzani
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil or (L.F.L.); (S.M.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil or (L.F.L.); (S.M.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Animal Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
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Hussein KH, Ahmadzada B, Correa JC, Sultan A, Wilken S, Amiot B, Nyberg SL. Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:280-305. [PMID: 38973992 PMCID: PMC11226731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation represents the only definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, the shortage of liver donors provokes a dramatic gap between available grafts and patients on the waiting list. Whole liver bioengineering, an emerging field of tissue engineering, holds great potential to overcome this gap. This approach involves two main steps; the first is liver decellularization and the second is recellularization. Liver decellularization aims to remove cellular and nuclear materials from the organ, leaving behind extracellular matrices containing different structural proteins and growth factors while retaining both the vascular and biliary networks. Recellularization involves repopulating the decellularized liver with appropriate cells, theoretically from the recipient patient, to reconstruct the parenchyma, vascular tree, and biliary network. The aim of this review is to identify the major advances in decellularization and recellularization strategies and investigate obstacles for the clinical application of bioengineered liver, including immunogenicity of the designed liver extracellular matrices, the need for standardization of scaffold fabrication techniques, selection of suitable cell sources for parenchymal repopulation, vascular, and biliary tree reconstruction. In vivo transplantation models are also summarized for evaluating the functionality of bioengineered livers. Finally, the regulatory measures and future directions for confirming the safety and efficacy of bioengineered liver are also discussed. Addressing these challenges in whole liver bioengineering may offer new solutions to meet the demand for liver transplantation and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal H. Hussein
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Boyukkhanim Ahmadzada
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julio Cisneros Correa
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ahmer Sultan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Silvana Wilken
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Horie H, Oshima Y, Fukumitsu K, Iwaki K, Munekage F, Makino K, Wakama S, Ito T, Tomofuji K, Ogiso S, Uebayashi EY, Ishii T, Ishihara K, Hatano E. Antithrombotic Revascularization Strategy of Bioengineered Liver Using a Biomimetic Polymer. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 39276095 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2024.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A bioengineered liver has the potential to save patients with end-stage liver disease, and a three-dimensional decellularized scaffold is a promising approach for practical use. The main challenge in bioengineered liver transplantation is thrombogenicity during blood perfusion. We aimed to apply a novel antithrombotic polymer to revascularize liver scaffolds and evaluate the thrombogenicity and biosafety of the polymer-treated scaffolds. A biomimetic polymer, 2-metacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was prepared for modification of the extracellular matrix in liver scaffolds. The polymer was injected into the rat liver scaffolds' portal vein and could extensively react to the vessel walls. In an ex vivo blood perfusion experiment, we demonstrated significantly less platelet deposition in the polymer-treated scaffolds than nontreated or re-endothelialized scaffolds with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In the heterotopic transplantation model, liver volume was better maintained in the polymer-treated groups, and platelet deposition was suppressed in these groups. Additionally, the polymer-treated liver scaffolds maintained the metabolic function of the recellularized rat primary hepatocytes during perfusion culture. The MPC polymer treatment efficiently suppressed thrombus formation during blood perfusion in liver scaffolds and maintained the function of recellularized hepatocytes. Revascularizing liver scaffolds using this polymer is a promising approach for bioengineered liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Horie
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Nagahama City Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Iwaki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Munekage
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Makino
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kasturi M, Mathur V, Gadre M, Srinivasan V, Vasanthan KS. Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Hepatic Tissue Engineering: From In Vitro Models to Clinical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:21-52. [PMID: 37882981 PMCID: PMC10764711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of functional organs is the holy grail of tissue engineering and the possibilities of repairing a partial or complete liver to treat chronic liver disorders are discussed in this review. Liver is the largest gland in the human body and plays a responsible role in majority of metabolic function and processes. Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death globally and the current treatment strategy of organ transplantation holds its own demerits. Hence there is a need to develop an in vitro liver model that mimics the native microenvironment. The developed model should be a reliable to understand the pathogenesis, screen drugs and assist to repair and replace the damaged liver. The three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology that recreates in vivo alike in vitro model for transplantation, which is the goal of tissue engineers. The technology has great potential due to its precise control and its ability to homogeneously distribute cells on all layers in a complex structure. This review gives an overview of liver tissue engineering with a special focus on 3D bioprinting and bioinks for liver disease modelling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Kasturi
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhi Mathur
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Mir TA, Alzhrani A, Nakamura M, Iwanaga S, Wani SI, Altuhami A, Kazmi S, Arai K, Shamma T, Obeid DA, Assiri AM, Broering DC. Whole Liver Derived Acellular Extracellular Matrix for Bioengineering of Liver Constructs: An Updated Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1126. [PMID: 37892856 PMCID: PMC10604736 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial templates play a critical role in establishing and bioinstructing three-dimensional cellular growth, proliferation and spatial morphogenetic processes that culminate in the development of physiologically relevant in vitro liver models. Various natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials are currently available to construct biomimetic cell culture environments to investigate hepatic cell-matrix interactions, drug response assessment, toxicity, and disease mechanisms. One specific class of natural biomaterials consists of the decellularized liver extracellular matrix (dECM) derived from xenogeneic or allogeneic sources, which is rich in bioconstituents essential for the ultrastructural stability, function, repair, and regeneration of tissues/organs. Considering the significance of the key design blueprints of organ-specific acellular substrates for physiologically active graft reconstruction, herein we showcased the latest updates in the field of liver decellularization-recellularization technologies. Overall, this review highlights the potential of acellular matrix as a promising biomaterial in light of recent advances in the preparation of liver-specific whole organ scaffolds. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and future prospects of liver-specific decellularized materials in the direction of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmed Mir
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Alaa Alzhrani
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Shintaroh Iwanaga
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Shadil Ibrahim Wani
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Abdullah Altuhami
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kenchi Arai
- Department of Clinical Biomaterial Applied Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Talal Shamma
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Dalia A. Obeid
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter C. Broering
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Kojima H, Ishii T, Fukumitsu K, Ogiso S, Tomofuji K, Oshima Y, Horie H, Ito T, Wakama S, Makino K, Hatano E. In Vivo Regeneration of Tubular Small Intestine With Motility: A Novel Approach by Orthotopic Transplantation of Decellularized Scaffold. Transplantation 2023; 107:1955-1964. [PMID: 36749289 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-intestine engineering can provide a therapeutic alternative to bowel transplantation. Intestinal components including the mucosa, muscular layer, enteric nervous system, and vasculature must be reestablished as a tubular organ to generate an artificial small intestine. This study proposes a novel approach to produce a transplantable, well-organized tubular small intestine using a decellularized scaffold. METHODS Male Lewis rat intestines were used to generate decellularized scaffolds. Patch or tubular grafts were prepared from the decellularized intestine and transplanted into the rat intestine orthotopically. Histological analysis of the decellularized intestine was performed up to 12 wk after transplantation. RESULTS Histological examination revealed abundant vascularization into the decellularized patch graft 1 wk after transplantation. Muscular and nervous components, as well as cryptogenesis, were observed in the decellularized patch graft 2 wk after transplantation. Sixteen of the 18 rats survived with normal intake of food and water after the decellularized tubular graft transplantation. Compared with silicone tube grafts, the decellularized tubular grafts significantly promoted the infiltration and growth of intestinal components including the mucosa, muscular layer, and nerve plexus from the recipients. Circular and longitudinal muscle with a well-developed myenteric plexus was regenerated, and intestinal motility was confirmed in the decellularized tubular graft 12 wk after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Orthotopic transplantation of decellularized intestine enhanced the reconstruction of the well-organized tubular small intestine with an enteric nervous system in vivo. Our method using a decellularized scaffold represents a promising approach toward whole-intestine engineering and provides a therapeutic alternative for the irreversible intestinal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Nguyen VL, Misawa A, Obara H. An electrical analog permeability model assessing fluid flow in a decellularized organ. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 237:107595. [PMID: 37192592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In recellularization, cell-seeding efficiency refers to the uniform distribution of cells across the decellularized organ, which should be enhanced to ensure effective functioning. During cell seeding, flow dynamics influence the distribution of cells because the driving force of cell movement is the fluid force. However, after decellularization, because of flow permeability through the vessel wall, the fluid pressure and velocity in the vessels of vascular trees are significantly reduced compared with those in the native organ, which might affect cell seeding efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the flow characteristics in the vessels of decellularized organs to select appropriate seeding conditions. Although electrical analog models have been widely used to investigate the flow distribution in organs, current models do not reflect the permeable conditions. This study proposes a model to extend the conventional electrical analog model to simulate the flow characteristics in decellularized organs. METHODS A resistor reflecting permeable flow was added to the original electrical analog model to describe the permeable conditions in the decellularized organs. Decellularization and pressure drop measurements of the kidney were also conducted for model development, calibration, and validation. The developed model was then applied to a decellularized kidney to reveal changes in flow characteristics. RESULTS The resistance calculation of permeable flow was determined for each generation of vascular trees. The coefficient of permeability can be indicated by the measured flow exiting through the outlet or the pressure drop across the decellularized organ. The developed permeability model had a qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data without calibration. The results of the permeability model for the decellularized kidney indicated significant reductions of up to 70% in the flow rate and pressure of the organ compared to the native kidney. CONCLUSIONS The developed model can simulate the flow characteristics in each individual vessel of decellularized organs. The results from the model can be used to assess the optimal flow rate condition for the cell seeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Lap Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Akari Misawa
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Obara
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Dias ML, Wajsenzon IJR, Alves GBN, Paranhos BA, Andrade CBV, Siqueira Monteiro VR, de Sousa RMR, da Silva Pereira ENG, Rodrigues KL, Daliry A, Mello DB, Coeli dos Santos Goldenberg R. Cirrhotic Liver Sustains In Situ Regeneration of Acellular Liver Scaffolds after Transplantation into G-CSF-Treated Animals. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070976. [PMID: 37048049 PMCID: PMC10093225 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acellular liver scaffolds (ALS) produced by decellularization have been successfully explored for distinct regenerative purposes. To date, it is unknown whether transplanted ALSs are affected by cirrhotic livers, either becoming cirrhotic themselves or instead remaining as a robust template for healthy cell growth after transplantation into cirrhotic rats. Moreover, little is known about the clinical course of recipient cirrhotic livers after ALS transplantation. To address these questions, we transplanted ALSs into cirrhotic rats previously treated with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Here, we report successful cellular engraftment within the transplanted ALSs at 7, 15, and 30 days after transplantation. Recellularization was orchestrated by liver tissue cell activation, resident hepatocytes and bile duct proliferation, and an immune response mediated by the granulocyte components. Furthermore, we showed that transplanted ALSs ensured a pro-regenerative and anti-inflammatory microenvironment, attracted vessels from the host cirrhotic tissue, and promoted progenitor cell recruitment. ALS transplantation induced cirrhotic liver regeneration and extracellular matrix remodeling. Moreover, the transplanted ALS sustained blood circulation and attenuated alterations in the ultrasonographic and biochemical parameters in cirrhotic rats. Taken together, our results confirm that transplanted ALSs are not affected by cirrhotic livers and remain a robust template for healthy cell growth and stimulated cirrhotic liver regeneration.
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9
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Numerical assessment of recellularization conditions to vessel occlusion. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1035-1047. [PMID: 36922420 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the functional properties of an organ generated by the process of decellularization and recellularization, the initial density and distribution of seeding cells in the parenchymal space should be maximized. However, achieving a uniform distribution of cells across the entire organ is not straightforward because of vessel occlusion. This study assessed vessel occlusion during recellularization under different conditions. A combination of the electrical analog permeability (EPA) model, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and discrete element method (DEM) was employed to describe the vessel occlusion phenomenon. In particular, realistic flow distributions in vascular trees of the decellularized organ were indicated by the EPA model. The cell suspension flow was modeled by a coupled CFD-DEM model, whereby living cells were presented as a discrete phase (solved by the DEM solver), and the culture medium was modeled as the fluid phase (solved by CFD solver). The cell suspension velocity was reduced up to 47% after decellularization, which directly affected cell movement. Simulation results also indicate that the occurrence of vessel occlusion was promoted by gravity direction in the asymmetric bifurcation and increased as the cell concentration increased. The assessment of vessel occlusion under different conditions was quantitatively investigated. The model provides insights into the dynamics of cells in the vessel compartment, allowing for the selection of optimum seeding parameters for the recellularization process.
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10
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Gao Y, Xiao J, Chen Z, Ma Y, Liu X, Yang D, Leo HL, Yu H, Kong J, Guo Q. Engineering orthotopic tumor spheroids with organ-specific vasculatures for local chemoembolization evaluation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2115-2128. [PMID: 36723179 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tumor model with vasculature systems suitable for testing endovascular interventional therapies remains a challenge. Here we develop an orthotopic liver tumor spheroid model that captures the organ-level complexity of vasculature systems and the extracellular matrix to evaluate transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment. The orthotopic tumor spheroids are derived by seeding HepG2 cell colonies with controlled size and location surrounding the portal triads in a decellularized rat liver matrix and are treated by clinically relevant drug-eluting beads embolized in a portal vein vasculature while maintaining dynamic physiological conditions with nutrient and oxygen supplies through the hepatic vein vasculature. The orthotopic tumor model exhibits strong drug retention inside the spheroids and embolization location-dependent cellular apoptosis responses in an analogous manner to in vivo conditions. Such a tumor spheroid model built in a decellularized scaffold containing organ-specific vasculatures, which closely resembles the unique tumor microenvironment, holds the promise to efficiently assess various diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for endovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Jingyu Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zijian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yutao Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Dishuang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138669, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China.
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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11
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Afzal Z, Huguet EL. Bioengineering liver tissue by repopulation of decellularised scaffolds. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:151-179. [PMID: 36926238 PMCID: PMC10011915 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative therapy for end stage liver disease, but is limited by the organ shortage, and is associated with the adverse consequences of immunosuppression. Repopulation of decellularised whole organ scaffolds with appropriate cells of recipient origin offers a theoretically attractive solution, allowing reliable and timely organ sourcing without the need for immunosuppression. Decellularisation methodologies vary widely but seek to address the conflicting objectives of removing the cellular component of tissues whilst keeping the 3D structure of the extra-cellular matrix intact, as well as retaining the instructive cell fate determining biochemicals contained therein. Liver scaffold recellularisation has progressed from small rodent in vitro studies to large animal in vivo perfusion models, using a wide range of cell types including primary cells, cell lines, foetal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Within these models, a limited but measurable degree of physiologically significant hepatocyte function has been reported with demonstrable ammonia metabolism in vivo. Biliary repopulation and function have been restricted by challenges relating to the culture and propagations of cholangiocytes, though advances in organoid culture may help address this. Hepatic vasculature repopulation has enabled sustainable blood perfusion in vivo, but with cell types that would limit clinical applications, and which have not been shown to have the specific functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Minority cell groups such as Kupffer cells and stellate cells have not been repopulated. Bioengineering by repopulation of decellularised scaffolds has significantly progressed, but there remain significant experimental challenges to be addressed before therapeutic applications may be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Afzal
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Centre; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Laurent Huguet
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Centre; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Kim DH, Kim MJ, Kwak SY, Jeong J, Choi D, Choi SW, Ryu J, Kang KS. Bioengineered liver crosslinked with nano-graphene oxide enables efficient liver regeneration via MMP suppression and immunomodulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:801. [PMID: 36781854 PMCID: PMC9925774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold, widely utilized for organ engineering, often undergoes matrix decomposition after transplantation and produces byproducts that cause inflammation, leading to clinical failure. Here we propose a strategy using nano-graphene oxide to modify the biophysical properties of decellularized liver scaffolds. Notably, we demonstrate that scaffolds crosslinked with nano-graphene oxide show high resistance to enzymatic degradation via direct inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity and increased mechanical rigidity. We find that M2-like macrophage polarization is promoted within the crosslinked scaffolds, which reduces graft-elicited inflammation. Moreover, we show that low activities of matrix metalloproteinases, attributed to both nano-graphene oxide and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases expressed by M2c, can protect the crosslinked scaffolds against in vivo degradation. Lastly, we demonstrate that bioengineered livers fabricated with the crosslinked scaffolds remain functional, thereby effectively regenerating damaged livers after transplantation into liver failure mouse models. Overall, nano-graphene oxide crosslinking prolongs allograft survival and ultimately improves therapeutic effects of bioengineered livers, which offer an alternative for donor organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hyun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Bio & Nano Convergence, Biogo Co., LTD, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechul Ryu
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Bio & Nano Convergence, Biogo Co., LTD, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Toprakhisar B, Verfaillie CM, Kumar M. Advances in Recellularization of Decellularized Liver Grafts with Different Liver (Stem) Cells: Towards Clinical Applications. Cells 2023; 12:301. [PMID: 36672236 PMCID: PMC9856398 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only curative therapy for patients with acute or chronic liver failure. However, a dramatic gap between the number of available liver grafts and the number of patients on the transplantation waiting list emphasizes the need for valid liver substitutes. Whole-organ engineering is an emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It aims to generate transplantable and functional organs to support patients on transplantation waiting lists until a graft becomes available. It comprises two base technologies developed in the last decade; (1) organ decellularization to generate a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix scaffold of an organ, and (2) scaffold recellularization to repopulate both the parenchymal and vascular compartments of a decellularized organ. In this review article, recent advancements in both technologies, in relation to liver whole-organ engineering, are presented. We address the potential sources of hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells for repopulation studies, and the role of stem-cell-derived liver progeny is discussed. In addition, different cell seeding strategies, possible graft modifications, and methods used to evaluate the functionality of recellularized liver grafts are outlined. Based on the knowledge gathered from recent transplantation studies, future directions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Toprakhisar
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Tomofuji K, Fukumitsu K, Kondo J, Horie H, Makino K, Wakama S, Ito T, Oshima Y, Ogiso S, Ishii T, Inoue M, Hatano E. Liver ductal organoids reconstruct intrahepatic biliary trees in decellularized liver grafts. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121614. [PMID: 35688027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional scaffolds decellularized from native organs are a promising technique to establish engineered liver grafts and overcome the current shortage of donor organs. However, limited sources of bile duct cells and inappropriate cell distribution in bioengineered liver grafts have hindered their practical application. Organoid technology is anticipated to be an excellent tool for the advancement of regenerative medicine. In the present study, we reconstructed intrahepatic bile ducts in a rat decellularized liver graft by recellularization with liver ductal organoids. Using an ex vivo perfusion culture system, we demonstrated the biliary characteristics of repopulated mouse liver organoids, which maintained bile duct markers and reconstructed biliary tree-like networks with luminal structures. We also established a method for the co-recellularization with engineered bile ducts and primary hepatocytes, revealing the appropriate cell distribution to mimic the native liver. We then utilized this model in human organoids to demonstrate the reconstructed bile ducts. Our results show that liver ductal organoids are a potential cell source for bile ducts from bioengineered liver grafts using three-dimensional scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Horie
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenta Makino
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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15
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Dai Q, Jiang W, Huang F, Song F, Zhang J, Zhao H. Recent Advances in Liver Engineering With Decellularized Scaffold. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:831477. [PMID: 35223793 PMCID: PMC8866951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.831477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease; however, donor liver scarcity is a notable concern. As a result, extensive endeavors have been made to diversify the source of donor livers. For example, the use of a decellularized scaffold in liver engineering has gained considerable attention in recent years. The decellularized scaffold preserves the original orchestral structure and bioactive chemicals of the liver, and has the potential to create a de novo liver that is fit for transplantation after recellularization. The structure of the liver and hepatic extracellular matrix, decellularization, recellularization, and recent developments are discussed in this review. Additionally, the criteria for assessment and major obstacles in using a decellularized scaffold are covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Dai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqian Zhang, ; Hongchuan Zhao,
| | - Hongchuan Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiqian Zhang, ; Hongchuan Zhao,
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16
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Dias ML, Paranhos BA, Goldenberg RCDS. Liver scaffolds obtained by decellularization: A transplant perspective in liver bioengineering. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221105305. [PMID: 35756167 PMCID: PMC9218891 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for many diseases that affect this organ, however, its quantity and viability are reduced. The study of liver scaffolds based on an extracellular matrix is a tissue bioengineering strategy with great application in regenerative medicine. Collectively, recent studies suggest that liver scaffold transplantation may assist in reestablishing hepatic function in preclinical diseased animals, which represents a great potential for application as a treatment for patients with liver disease in the future. This review focuses on useful strategies to promote liver scaffold transplantation and the main open questions about this context. We outline the current knowledge about ex vivo bioengineered liver transplantation, including the surgical techniques, recipient survival time, scaffold preparation before transplantation, and liver disease models. We also highlight the current limitations and future directions regarding in vivo bioengineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Lemos Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa - INCT - REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Bruno Andrade Paranhos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa - INCT - REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Regina Coeli Dos Santos Goldenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa - INCT - REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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17
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Hadjittofi C, Feretis M, Martin J, Harper S, Huguet E. Liver regeneration biology: Implications for liver tumour therapies. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:1101-1156. [PMID: 35070734 PMCID: PMC8716989 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i12.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has remarkable regenerative potential, with the capacity to regenerate after 75% hepatectomy in humans and up to 90% hepatectomy in some rodent models, enabling it to meet the challenge of diverse injury types, including physical trauma, infection, inflammatory processes, direct toxicity, and immunological insults. Current understanding of liver regeneration is based largely on animal research, historically in large animals, and more recently in rodents and zebrafish, which provide powerful genetic manipulation experimental tools. Whilst immensely valuable, these models have limitations in extrapolation to the human situation. In vitro models have evolved from 2-dimensional culture to complex 3 dimensional organoids, but also have shortcomings in replicating the complex hepatic micro-anatomical and physiological milieu. The process of liver regeneration is only partially understood and characterized by layers of complexity. Liver regeneration is triggered and controlled by a multitude of mitogens acting in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine ways, with much redundancy and cross-talk between biochemical pathways. The regenerative response is variable, involving both hypertrophy and true proliferative hyperplasia, which is itself variable, including both cellular phenotypic fidelity and cellular trans-differentiation, according to the type of injury. Complex interactions occur between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, and regeneration is affected by the status of the liver parenchyma, with differences between healthy and diseased liver. Finally, the process of termination of liver regeneration is even less well understood than its triggers. The complexity of liver regeneration biology combined with limited understanding has restricted specific clinical interventions to enhance liver regeneration. Moreover, manipulating the fundamental biochemical pathways involved would require cautious assessment, for fear of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, current knowledge provides guiding principles for strategies to optimise liver regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hadjittofi
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Feretis
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Martin
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Harper
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Huguet
- University Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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18
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Gao X, Chen Z, Chen Z, Liu X, Luo Y, Xiao J, Gao Y, Ma Y, Liu C, Leo HL, Yu H, Guo Q. Visualization and Evaluation of Chemoembolization on a 3D Decellularized Organ Scaffold. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5642-5653. [PMID: 34735119 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has emerged as the mainstay treatment for patients suffering from unresectable intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma and also holds the potential to treat other types of hypervascular cancers such as renal cell carcinoma. However, an in vitro model for evaluating both embolic performance and drug-release kinetics of the TACE embolic agents is still lacking since the current models greatly simplified the in vivo vascular systems as well as the extracellular matrices (ECM) in the organs. Here, we developed a decellularized organ model with preserved ECM and vasculatures as well as a translucent appearance to investigate chemoembolization performances of a clinically widely used embolic agent, i.e., a doxorubicin-loaded ethiodised oil (EO)-based emulsion. We, for the first time, utilized an ex vivo model to evaluate the liquid-based embolic agent in two organs, i.e., liver and kidneys. We found that the EO-based emulsion with enhanced stability by incorporating an emulsifier, i.e., hydrogenated castor oil-40 (HCO), showed an enhanced occlusion level and presented sustained drug release in the ex vivo liver model, suggesting an advantageous therapeutic effect for TACE treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, we observed that drug-release burst happened when applying the same therapy in the kidney model even with the HCO emulsifier, which may be explained by the presence of the specific renal vasculature and calyceal systems, indicating an unfavorable effect in the renal tumor treatment. Such an ex vivo model presents a promising template for chemoembolization evaluation before in vivo experiments for the development of novel embolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, 117583 Singapore
| | - Zhengchang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yucheng Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jingyu Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yutao Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, 117583 Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138669 Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593 Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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19
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Functional characterization of a bioengineered liver after heterotopic implantation in pigs. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1157. [PMID: 34620986 PMCID: PMC8497596 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ bioengineering offers a promising solution to the persistent shortage of donor organs. However, the progression of this technology toward clinical use has been hindered by the challenges of reconstituting a functional vascular network, directing the engraftment of specific functional cell types, and defining appropriate culture conditions to concurrently support the health and phenotypic stability of diverse cell lineages. We previously demonstrated the ability to functionally reendothelialize the vasculature of a clinically scaled decellularized liver scaffold with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to sustain continuous perfusion in a large animal recovery model. We now report a method for seeding and engrafting primary porcine hepatocytes into a bioengineered liver (BEL) scaffold previously reendothelialized with HUVECs. The resulting BELs were competent for albumin production, ammonia detoxification and urea synthesis, indicating the presence of a functional hepatocyte compartment. BELs additionally slowed ammonia accumulation during in vivo perfusion in a porcine model of surgically induced acute liver failure. Following explant of the graft, BEL parenchyma showed maintenance of canonical endothelial and hepatocyte markers. Taken together, these results support the feasibility of engineering a clinically scaled functional BEL and establish a platform for optimizing the seeding and engraftment of additional liver specific cells.
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20
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Behmer Hansen RA, Wang X, Kaw G, Pierre V, Senyo SE. Accounting for Material Changes in Decellularized Tissue with Underutilized Methodologies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6696295. [PMID: 34159202 PMCID: PMC8187050 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6696295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue decellularization has rapidly developed to be a practical approach in tissue engineering research; biological tissue is cleared of cells resulting in a protein-rich husk as a natural scaffold for growing transplanted cells as a donor organ therapy. Minimally processed, acellular extracellular matrix reproduces natural interactions with cells in vitro and for tissue engineering applications in animal models. There are many decellularization techniques that achieve preservation of molecular profile (proteins and sugars), microstructure features such as organization of ECM layers (interstitial matrix and basement membrane) and organ level macrofeatures (vasculature and tissue compartments). While structural and molecular cues receive attention, mechanical and material properties of decellularized tissues are not often discussed. The effects of decellularization on an organ depend on the tissue properties, clearing mechanism, chemical interactions, solubility, temperature, and treatment duration. Physical characterization by a few labs including work from the authors provides evidence that decellularization protocols should be tailored to specific research questions. Physical characterization beyond histology and immunohistochemistry of the decellularized matrix (dECM) extends evaluation of retained functional features of the original tissue. We direct our attention to current technologies that can be employed for structure function analysis of dECM using underutilized tools such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectrometry, and rheometry. Structural imaging and mechanical functional testing combined with high-throughput molecular analyses opens a new approach for a deeper appreciation of how cellular behavior is influenced by the isolated microenvironment (specifically dECM). Additionally, the impact of these features with different decellularization techniques and generation of synthetic material scaffolds with desired attributes are informed. Ultimately, this mechanical profiling provides a new dimension to our understanding of decellularized matrix and its role in new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Behmer Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gitanjali Kaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valinteshley Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel E. Senyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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21
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Cell Therapy and Bioengineering in Experimental Liver Regenerative Medicine: In Vivo Injury Models and Grafting Strategies. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-021-00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
To describe experimental liver injury models used in regenerative medicine, cell therapy strategies to repopulate damaged livers and the efficacy of liver bioengineering.
Recent Findings
Several animal models have been developed to study different liver conditions. Multiple strategies and modified protocols of cell delivery have been also reported. Furthermore, using bioengineered liver scaffolds has shown promising results that could help in generating a highly functional cell delivery system and/or a whole transplantable liver.
Summary
To optimize the most effective strategies for liver cell therapy, further studies are required to compare among the performed strategies in the literature and/or innovate a novel modifying technique to overcome the potential limitations. Coating of cells with polymers, decellularized scaffolds, or microbeads could be the most appropriate solution to improve cellular efficacy. Besides, overcoming the problems of liver bioengineering may offer a radical treatment for end-stage liver diseases.
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22
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Soroka CJ, Roberts SJ, Boyer JL, Assis DN. Role of Biliary Organoids in Cholestasis Research and Regenerative Medicine. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:206-212. [PMID: 33957696 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Translational studies in human cholestatic diseases have for years been hindered by various challenges, including the rarity of the disorders, the difficulty in obtaining biliary tissue from across the spectrum of the disease stage, and the difficulty culturing and maintaining primary cholangiocytes. Organoid technology is increasingly being viewed as a technological breakthrough in translational medicine as it allows the culture and biobanking of self-organizing cells from various sources that facilitate the study of pathophysiology and therapeutics, including from individual patients in a personalized approach. This review describes current research using biliary organoids for the study of human cholestatic diseases and the emerging applications of organoids to regenerative medicine directed at the biliary tree. Challenges and possible solutions to the current hurdles in this emerging field, particularly the need for standardization of terminology and clarity on source materials and techniques, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Soroka
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James L Boyer
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David N Assis
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Asadi M, Khalili M, Lotfi H, Vaghefi Moghaddam S, Zarghami N, André H, Alizadeh E. Liver bioengineering: Recent trends/advances in decellularization and cell sheet technologies towards translation into the clinic. Life Sci 2021; 276:119373. [PMID: 33744324 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel technologies provides the best tissue constructs engineering and maximizes their therapeutic effects in regenerative therapy, especially for liver dysfunctions. Among the currently investigated approaches of tissue engineering, scaffold-based and scaffold-free tissues are widely suggested for liver regeneration. Analogs of liver acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) are utilized in native scaffolds to increase the self-repair and healing ability of organs. Native ECM analog could improve liver repairing through providing the supportive framework for cells and signaling molecules, exerting normal biomechanical, biochemical, and physiological signal complexes. Recently, innovative cell sheet technology is introduced as an alternative for conventional tissue engineering with the advantage of fewer scaffold restrictions and cell culture on a Thermo-Responsive Polymer Surface. These sheets release the layered cells through a temperature-controlled procedure without enzymatic digestion, while preserving the cell-ECM contacts and adhesive molecules on cell-cell junctions. In addition, several novelties have been introduced into the cell sheet and decellularization technologies to aid cell growth, instruct differentiation/angiogenesis, and promote cell migration. In this review, recent trends, advancements, and issues linked to translation into clinical practice are dissected and compared regarding the decellularization and cell sheet technologies for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Asadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Khalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajie Lotfi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Roy HS, Singh R, Ghosh D. SARS-CoV-2 and tissue damage: current insights and biomaterial-based therapeutic strategies. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2804-2824. [PMID: 33666206 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on humanity has gained worldwide attention and importance due to the rapid transmission, lack of treatment options and high mortality rate of the virus. While scientists across the world are searching for vaccines/drugs that can control the spread of the virus and/or reduce the risks associated with infection, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to have tissue/organ damage. With most tissues/organs having limited regenerative potential, interventions that prevent further damage or facilitate healing would be helpful. In the past few decades, biomaterials have gained prominence in the field of tissue engineering, in view of their major role in the regenerative process. Here we describe the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on multiple tissues/organs, and provide evidence for the positive role of biomaterials in aiding tissue repair. These findings are further extrapolated to explore their prospects as a therapeutic platform to address the tissue/organ damage that is frequently observed during this viral outbreak. This study suggests that the biomaterial-based approach could be an effective strategy for regenerating tissues/organs damaged by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Shekhar Roy
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Sector 64, Phase 10, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Rupali Singh
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Sector 64, Phase 10, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Sector 64, Phase 10, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India.
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25
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Silva DRS, Carreira ACO, Ferreira AO, da Silva MD, Sogayar MC, Miglino MA. Characterization of rat liver bud-derived cells. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101510. [PMID: 33721789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells derived from the fetal liver have been shown to be a rich source of progenitor stem cells, constituting a promising source for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. In this study, embryo and fetal liver-bud derived cells from Fischer 344 rats were obtained at E12.5, E14.5 and E16.5 gestational days and evaluated for cell phenotype, survival and proliferation. Liver transaminase (AST and ALT) and AFP levels were lower in embryo liver-bud-derived cells on day 12.5. Markers for stem cells, cell cycle progression and cell death were differentially expressed in E12.5 cell cultures. Analysis of mitochondrial electric potential on 14.5 and 16.5 days showed a tendency for cells with lower functional or metabolic ability, in comparison to cultures derived from day 12.5. The results demonstrated that the majority of the E16.5 cells were in the G0 / G1 phase. The capacity of synthesis (S) and cellular division (G2 / M) of embryo and fetal liver bud-derived cells was constant over all gestational periods. In conclusion, embryo and fetal liver-bud-derived cells during the periods of 12.5 and 14.5 days, showed expression profile of progenitor cells, cell activity and hematopoietic function in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Rúbia Souza Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87, University City, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87, University City, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pangaré Street 100, University City, Butanta, SP 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Amanda Olivotti Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87, University City, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Mônica Duarte da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87, University City, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pangaré Street 100, University City, Butanta, SP 05360-130, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87, University City, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Chan HF, Wang H, Shao D, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420986711. [PMID: 35003615 PMCID: PMC8733710 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420986711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a lethal condition with hepatocellular dysfunction, and liver transplantation is presently the only effective treatment. However, due to the limited availability of donors and the potential immune rejection, novel therapeutic strategies are actively sought to restore the normal hepatic architectures and functions, especially for livers with inherited metabolic dysfunctions or chronic diseases. Although the conventional cell therapy has shown promising results, the direct infusion of hepatocytes is hampered by limited hepatocyte sources, poor cell viability, and engraftment. Hence, this review mainly highlights the role of stem cells and progenitors as the alternative cell source and summarizes the potential approaches based on tissue engineering to improve the delivery efficiency of cells. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms for cell therapy using stem cells and progenitors are discussed in two main aspects: paracrine effect and cell differentiation. Moreover, tissue-engineering approaches using cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds for bioengineering of functional hepatic constructs are discussed and compared in terms of the potential to replicate liver physiological structures. In the end, a potentially effective strategy combining the premium advantages of stem cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds is proposed as the future direction of liver tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
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A Perfusion Bioreactor for Longitudinal Monitoring of Bioengineered Liver Constructs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020275. [PMID: 33494337 PMCID: PMC7912543 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of in vitro liver disease models, decellularised organ scaffolds maintain the original biomechanical and biological properties of the extracellular matrix and are established supports for in vitro cell culture. However, tissue engineering approaches based on whole organ decellularized scaffolds are hampered by the scarcity of appropriate bioreactors that provide controlled 3D culture conditions. Novel specific bioreactors are needed to support long-term culture of bioengineered constructs allowing non-invasive longitudinal monitoring. Here, we designed and validated a specific bioreactor for long-term 3D culture of whole liver constructs. Whole liver scaffolds were generated by perfusion decellularisation of rat livers. Scaffolds were seeded with Luc+HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes and cultured in static or dynamic conditions using the custom-made bioreactor. The bioreactor included a syringe pump, for continuous unidirectional flow, and a circuit built to allow non-invasive monitoring of culture parameters and media sampling. The bioreactor allowed non-invasive analysis of cell viability, distribution, and function of Luc+HepG2-bioengineered livers cultured for up to 11 days. Constructs cultured in dynamic conditions in the bioreactor showed significantly higher cell viability, measured with bioluminescence, distribution, and functionality (determined by albumin production and expression of CYP enzymes) in comparison to static culture conditions. Finally, our bioreactor supports primary human hepatocyte viability and function for up to 30 days, when seeded in the whole liver scaffolds. Overall, our novel bioreactor is capable of supporting cell survival and metabolism and is suitable for liver tissue engineering for the development of 3D liver disease models.
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28
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Papatheodoridi M, Mazza G, Pinzani M. Regenerative hepatology: In the quest for a modern prometheus? Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:1106-1114. [PMID: 32868215 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As liver-related morbidity and mortality is rising worldwide and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains the only standard-of-care for end-stage liver disease or acute liver failure, shortage of donor organs is becoming more prominent. Importantly, advances in regenerative Hepatology and liver bioengineering are bringing new hope to the possibility of restoring impaired hepatic functionality in the presence of acute or chronic liver failure. Hepatocyte transplantation and artificial liver-support systems were the first strategies used in regenerative hepatology but have presented various types of efficiency limitations restricting their widespread use. In parallel, liver bioengineering has been a rapidly developing field bringing continuously novel advancements in biomaterials, three dimensional (3D) scaffolds, cell sources and relative methodologies for creating bioengineered liver tissue. The current major task in liver bioengineering is to build small implantable liver mass for treating inherited metabolic disorders, bioengineered bile ducts for congenital biliary defects and large bioengineered liver organs for transplantation, as substitutes to donor-organs, in cases of acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art and upcoming technologies of regenerative Hepatology that are emerging as promising alternatives to the current standard-of care in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Papatheodoridi
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Unit, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Kim DH, Ahn J, Kang HK, Kim MS, Kim NG, Kook MG, Choi SW, Jeon NL, Woo HM, Kang KS. Development of highly functional bioengineered human liver with perfusable vasculature. Biomaterials 2020; 265:120417. [PMID: 32987272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for liver failure patients. Since transplantation rejection resulting in vessel thrombosis is regarded as a major hurdle, vascular reconstruction is one of indispensable requirements of whole organ engineering. Here we demonstrated a novel strategy for reconstruction of a vascularized bioengineered human liver (VBHL) using decellularized liver scaffolds in an efficient manner. First we achieved fully functional endothelial coverage of scaffolds by adopting the anti-CD31 aptamer as a potent coating agent for re-endothelialization. Through an ex vivo human blood perfusion that recapitulates the blood coagulation response in humans, we demonstrated significantly reduced platelet aggregation in anti-CD31 aptamer coated scaffolds. We then produced VBHL constructs using liver parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells, properly organized into liver-like structures with an aligned vasculature. Interestingly, VBHL constructs displayed prominently enhanced long-term liver-specific functions that are affected by vascular functionality. The VBHL constructs formed perfusable vessel networks in vivo as evidenced by the direct vascular connection between the VBHL constructs and the renal circulation. Furthermore, heterotopic transplantation of VBHL constructs supported liver functions in a rat model of liver fibrosis. Overall, we proposed a new strategy to generate transplantable bioengineered livers characterized by highly functional vascular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hyun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Ahn
- School of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyoung Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyo Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Kook
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Myong Woo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Mader M, Helm M, Lu M, Stenzel MH, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Perfusion Cultivation of Artificial Liver Extracellular Matrix in Fibrous Polymer Sponges Biomimicking Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4094-4104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mader
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Helm
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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31
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Teng CL, Chen JY, Chang TL, Hsiao SK, Hsieh YK, Villalobos Gorday K, Cheng YL, Wang J. Design of photocurable, biodegradable scaffolds for liver lobule regeneration via digital light process-additive manufacturing. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035024. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab69da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Gao Y, Li Z, Hong Y, Li T, Hu X, Sun L, Chen Z, Chen Z, Luo Z, Wang X, Kong J, Li G, Wang HL, Leo HL, Yu H, Xi L, Guo Q. Decellularized liver as a translucent ex vivo model for vascular embolization evaluation. Biomaterials 2020; 240:119855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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A Hepatic Scaffold from Decellularized Liver Tissue: Food for Thought. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120813. [PMID: 31810291 PMCID: PMC6995515 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic liver transplantation is still deemed the gold standard solution for end-stage organ failure; however, donor organ shortages have led to extended waiting lists for organ transplants. In order to overcome the lack of donors, the development of new therapeutic options is mandatory. In the last several years, organ bioengineering has been extensively explored to provide transplantable tissues or whole organs with the final goal of creating a three-dimensional growth microenvironment mimicking the native structure. It has been frequently reported that an extracellular matrix-based scaffold offers a structural support and important biological molecules that could help cellular proliferation during the recellularization process. The aim of the present review is to underline the recent developments in cell-on-scaffold technology for liver bioengineering, taking into account: (1) biological and synthetic scaffolds; (2) animal and human tissue decellularization; (3) scaffold recellularization; (4) 3D bioprinting; and (5) organoid technology. Future possible clinical applications in regenerative medicine for liver tissue engineering and for drug testing were underlined and dissected.
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Bizzaro D, Russo FP, Burra P. New Perspectives in Liver Transplantation: From Regeneration to Bioengineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:81. [PMID: 31514475 PMCID: PMC6783848 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced liver diseases have very high morbidity and mortality due to associated complications, and liver transplantation represents the only current therapeutic option. However, due to worldwide donor shortages, new alternative approaches are mandatory for such patients. Regenerative medicine could be the more appropriate answer to this need. Advances in knowledge of physiology of liver regeneration, stem cells, and 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering have accelerated the race towards efficient therapies for liver failure. In this review, we propose an update on liver regeneration, cell-based regenerative medicine and bioengineering alternatives to liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bizzaro
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Section, University/Hospital Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Section, University/Hospital Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Section, University/Hospital Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy.
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35
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Agarwal T, Subramanian B, Maiti TK. Liver Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4167-4182. [PMID: 33417776 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering aims at the possibility of reproducing a fully functional organ for the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders. Approaches in this field endeavor to replace organ transplantation (gold standard treatment for liver diseases in a clinical setting) with in vitro developed liver tissue constructs. However, the complexity of the liver microarchitecture and functionality along with the limited supply of cellular components of the liver pose numerous challenges. This review provides a comprehensive outlook onto how the physicochemical, mechanobiological, and spatiotemporal aspects of the substrates could be tuned to address current challenges in the field. We also highlight the strategic advancements made in the field so far for the development of artificial liver tissue. We further showcase the currently available prototypes in research and clinical trials, which shows the hope for the future of liver tissue engineering.
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36
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Masano Y, Yagi S, Miyachi Y, Okumura S, Kaido T, Haga H, Kobayashi E, Uemoto S. Auxiliary xenotransplantation as an in vivo bioreactor-Development of a transplantable liver graft from a tiny partial liver. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12545. [PMID: 31400029 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We established a completely novel method of auxiliary xenogeneic partial liver transplantation and examined whether liver grafts procured from Syrian hamsters regenerated in nude rats, which were used as in vivo bioreactors. METHODS The hamsters and the rats were all males (n = 10). Partial liver grafts from hamsters were transplanted into nude rats in an auxiliary manner. We evaluated liver graft injury, rejection, and regeneration during 7 days after auxiliary xenogeneic partial liver transplantation. RESULTS All rats survived until sacrifice on post-operative day (POD) 1, 3, and 7. HE-staining showed normal at POD1, mild periportal edema, and slight bile duct and venous endothelial inflammation at POD3, and moderate acute cellular rejection at POD7 without parenchymal necrosis. The liver regeneration rates at POD3 and 7 were 1.54 ± 0.23 and 2.54 ± 0.43, respectively. The Ki-67 labeling index was also elevated at POD3 (27.5 ± 4.1%). Serum HGF and VEGF were elevated at POD1 and 3. ATP levels of liver grafts recovered at POD7. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that with appropriate immunosuppressive therapy, partial liver graft regeneration occurred in a xenogeneic animal, which suggests liver grafts regenerated in xenogeneic environments, such as an in vivo bioreactor, have potential to be transplantable liver grafts for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Masano
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyachi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Okumura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimi Kaido
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Fabrication, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Acun A, Oganesyan R, Uygun BE. Liver Bioengineering: Promise, Pitfalls, and Hurdles to Overcome. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019; 6:119-126. [PMID: 31289714 PMCID: PMC6615568 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in liver bioengineering and cell therapy and future advancements to improve the field towards clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS 3D printing, hydrogel-based tissue fabrication, and the use of native decellularized liver extracellular matrix as a scaffold are used to develop whole or partial liver substitutes. The current focus is on developing a functional liver graft through achieving a non-leaky endothelium and a fully constructed bile duct. Use of cell therapy as a treatment is less invasive and less costly compared to transplantation, however, lack of readily available cell sources with low or no immunogenicity and contradicting outcomes of clinical trials are yet to be overcome. SUMMARY Liver bioengineering is advancing rapidly through the development of in vitro and in vivo tissue and organ models. Although there are major challenges to overcome, through optimization of the current methods and successful integration of induced pluripotent stem cells, the development of readily available, patient-specific liver substitutes can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Acun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ruben Oganesyan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Vishwakarma SK, Bardia A, Lakkireddy C, Raju N, Paspala SAB, Habeeb MA, Khan AA. Intraperitoneal transplantation of bioengineered humanized liver grafts supports failing liver in acute condition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:861-873. [PMID: 30813092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is one of the most devastating fatal conditions which have posed crucial challenges to the clinicians and researchers for identifying permanent cure. Currently liver transplantation has been considered as the only managerial option. However it's wider applicability has been limited owing to non-availability of quality donor organs, cost-intensiveness, surgical hitches, life-long use of immunosuppressive drugs and long-term complications. Since last decades, several liver support systems have been developed for the management of failing liver in acute condition. However, the major limitation has been the lack of natural biological support and long-term survival of the grafts post-transplantation. Repopulation of decellularized xenogeneic organs is one of the emerging technologies for development of humanized neo-organs for demanding regenerative application. However, the earlier reported studies do not fulfil the insistence to provide immunologically tolerable humanized liver grafts for clinical applications. Here we demonstrate an efficient approach to generate transplantable humanized liver grafts which provides long-term support to the failing liver in Acute Liver Failure (ALF) animal models. These bioengineered humanized liver tissue grafts expresses several liver specific transcripts and performed crucial synthetic (albumin production) and detoxification (urea synthesis) functions at comparative level to normal liver. Intraperitoneal transplantation of these humanized liver grafts offered favourable microenvironment to exchange toxic substances across the barrier during ALF condition and provided long-term survival and function of the graft. In summary, the results of present study provide a first proof of concept in pre-clinical ALF animal model for the applicability of these bioengineered humanized livers in the management of failing liver on demand and may be considered as potential bridge to liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vishwakarma
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Avinash Bardia
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Chandrakala Lakkireddy
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Nagarapu Raju
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Syed Ameer Basha Paspala
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Md Aejaz Habeeb
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Aleem Ahmed Khan
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India; Dr. Habeebullah Life Sciences, Attapur, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India.
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Minami T, Ishii T, Yasuchika K, Fukumitsu K, Ogiso S, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Kawai T, Yamaoka R, Oshima Y, Kawamoto H, Kotaka M, Yasuda K, Osafune K, Uemoto S. Novel hybrid three-dimensional artificial liver using human induced pluripotent stem cells and a rat decellularized liver scaffold. Regen Ther 2019; 10:127-133. [PMID: 31032388 PMCID: PMC6477477 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver transplantation is currently the only curative therapy for end-stage liver failure; however, establishment of alternative treatments is required owing to the serious donor organ shortage. Here, we propose a novel model of hybrid three-dimensional artificial livers using both human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and a rat decellularized liver serving as a scaffold. Methods Rat liver harvesting and decellularization were performed as reported in our previous studies. The decellularized liver scaffold was recellularized with hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiPSC-HLCs) through the biliary duct. The recellularized liver graft was continuously perfused with the culture medium using a pump at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min in a standard CO2 (5%) cell incubator at 37 °C. Results After 48 h of continuous perfusion culture, the hiPSC-HLCs of the recellularized liver distributed into the parenchymal space. Furthermore, the recellularized liver expressed the albumin (ALB) and CYP3A4 genes, and secreted human ALB into the culture medium. Conclusion Novel hybrid artificial livers using hiPSCs and rat decellularized liver scaffolds were successfully generated, which possessed human hepatic functions. Human iPSC-derived hepatocytes were engrafted in a rat decellularized liver scaffold. The recellularized liver expressed human liver-related markers ALB and CYP3A4. The recellularized liver scaffold secreted human albumin. This novel model shows potential for artificial whole liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Minami
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, 4-20 Komatsubara-dori, Wakayama City 640-8558, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Maki Kotaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Meng F, Almohanna F, Altuhami A, Assiri AM, Broering D. Vasculature reconstruction of decellularized liver scaffolds via gelatin-based re-endothelialization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:392-402. [PMID: 30508280 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized liver scaffolds based liver engineering is a promising approach toward developing functional liver surrogates. However, a major obstacle to long-term transplantation is the hemocompatibility of the bioengineered liver surrogates. One approach to improve the hemocompatibility of engineered liver surrogates is re-endothelialization. In the current study, immortalized endothelial cells were perfused for re-endothelialization of decellularized rat liver scaffolds. When compared to the media-based perfusion approach, gelatin hydrogels-based perfusion significantly increased the number of cells that were retained in the decellularized liver scaffolds and the vascular lumen coverage ratio. Endothelial cells were lining along the vasculatures of the decellularized liver scaffolds and actively proliferating. Re-endothelialization improved the blood retention ability of the liver scaffold vasculatures. Doppler ultrasound detected active blood flows within the re-endothelialized liver scaffold transplants 8 days post-transplantation. Our results strengthened the feasibility of developing bioengineered liver surrogates utilizing decellularized liver scaffolds. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 392-402, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Meng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Organ Transplantation Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Falah Almohanna
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Altuhami
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Organ Transplantation Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Assiri
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter Broering
- Organ Transplantation Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Kojima H, Yasuchika K, Fukumitsu K, Ishii T, Ogiso S, Miyauchi Y, Yamaoka R, Kawai T, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi-Uebayashi EY, Kita S, Yasuda K, Sasaki N, Komori J, Uemoto S. Establishment of practical recellularized liver graft for blood perfusion using primary rat hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:1351-1359. [PMID: 29338127 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue decellularization produces a three-dimensional scaffold that can be used to fabricate functional liver grafts following recellularization. Inappropriate cell distribution and clotting during blood perfusion hinder the practical use of recellularized livers. Here we aimed to establish a seeding method for the optimal distribution of parenchymal and endothelial cells, and to evaluate the effect of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in the decellularized liver. Primary rat hepatocytes and LSECs were seeded into decellularized whole-liver scaffolds via the biliary duct and portal vein, respectively. Biliary duct seeding provided appropriate hepatocyte distribution into the parenchymal space, and portal vein-seeded LSECs simultaneously lined the portal lumen, thereby maintaining function and morphology. Hepatocytes co-seeded with LSECs retained their function compared with those seeded alone. Platelet deposition was significantly decreased and hepatocyte viability was maintained in the co-seeded group after extracorporeal blood perfusion. In conclusion, our seeding method provided optimal cell distribution into the parenchyma and vasculature according to the three-dimensional structure of the decellularized liver. LSECs maintained hepatic function, and supported hepatocyte viability under blood perfusion in the engineered liver graft owing to their antithrombogenicity. This recellularization procedure could help produce practical liver grafts with blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - KenIshii Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Komori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K, Pinzani M. Liver tissue engineering: From implantable tissue to whole organ engineering. Hepatol Commun 2017; 2:131-141. [PMID: 29404520 PMCID: PMC5796330 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “liver tissue engineering” summarizes one of the ultimate goals of modern biotechnology: the possibility of reproducing in total or in part the functions of the liver in order to treat acute or chronic liver disorders and, ultimately, create a fully functional organ to be transplanted or used as an extracorporeal device. All the technical approaches in the area of liver tissue engineering are based on allocating adult hepatocytes or stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells within a three‐dimensional structure able to ensure their survival and to maintain their functional phenotype. The hosting structure can be a construct in which hepatocytes are embedded in alginate and/or gelatin or are seeded in a pre‐arranged scaffold made with different types of biomaterials. According to a more advanced methodology termed three‐dimensional bioprinting, hepatocytes are mixed with a bio‐ink and the mixture is printed in different forms, such as tissue‐like layers or spheroids. In the last decade, efforts to engineer a cell microenvironment recapitulating the dynamic native extracellular matrix have become increasingly successful, leading to the hope of satisfying the clinical demand for tissue (or organ) repair and replacement within a reasonable timeframe. Indeed, the preclinical work performed in recent years has shown promising results, and the advancement in the biotechnology of bioreactors, ex vivo perfusion machines, and cell expansion systems associated with a better understanding of liver development and the extracellular matrix microenvironment will facilitate and expedite the translation to technical applications. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:131–141)
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazza
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
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Kawai T, Yasuchika K, Ishii T, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi EY, Ogiso S, Minami T, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Kita S, Yasuda K, Sasaki N, Fukumitsu K, Hatano E, Uemoto S. Identification of keratin 19-positive cancer stem cells associating human hepatocellular carcinoma using CYFRA 21-1. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2531-2540. [PMID: 28965351 PMCID: PMC5673926 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of an easily measurable surrogate marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) prevents the clinical application of CSCs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that keratin 19 (K19) is a novel HCC‐CSC marker associated with transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Smad signaling, and that K19+ HCC‐CSCs could be a new therapeutic target of TGFβ receptor 1 inhibitor LY2157299. In this study, we examined whether K19+ HCC‐CSCs can be tracked using cytokeratin 19 fragment CYFRA 21‐1. In 147 HCC patients who underwent curative resection and evaluated K19 expression by immunohistochemistry, preoperative serum CYFRA 21‐1 levels were significantly higher in K19+ patients than in K19− patients (P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that serum CYFRA 21‐1 was the statistically significant and the most sensitive predictor of tumor K19 expression among preoperative laboratory test values (P < 0.001). In HCC cells encoding with a K19 promoter‐driven enhanced green fluorescent protein, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐isolated K19+ cells displayed significantly higher levels of supernatant CYFRA 21‐1 than K19− cells (P < 0.01). Gain/loss of K19 function experiments confirmed that CYFRA 21‐1 levels were regulated by K19 function in HCC cells. Furthermore, CYFRA 21‐1 levels reflected the treatment efficacy of LY2157299 in K19+ cells. In conclusion, CYFRA 21‐1 can be used to predict K19 expression in HCC, and should thereby aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting K19+ HCC‐CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahito Minami
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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A novel three-dimensional culture system maintaining the physiological extracellular matrix of fibrotic model livers accelerates progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9827. [PMID: 28851916 PMCID: PMC5575302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by the progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and is a strong predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression. However, the effect of ECM in fibrotic livers on HCC cells is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to create a new culture system that retained the natural ECM of fibrotic model livers and to establish whether natural ECM regulated the characteristics of HCC cells. Using an organ decellularization technique, we created a new culture system that preserved the tissue-specific ECM of fibrotic model livers from CCl4-treated rats. The content of ECM in fibrotic model liver scaffolds was increased and the ECM microstructure was distorted. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence assays of HCC cells cultured in fibrotic model liver scaffolds for 7 days showed an epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype. Moreover, the ECM of fibrotic model livers promoted proliferation and chemoresistance of HCC cells. These results showed a novel effect of natural ECM in fibrotic model livers on the malignant behaviour of HCC cells. This new culture system will be useful for both understanding the cell biology of fibrotic livers and developing novel anti-cancer drugs.
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45
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Katayama H, Yasuchika K, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Kawai T, Yukie Yoshitoshi E, Ogiso S, Kita S, Yasuda K, Sasaki N, Fukumitsu K, Komori J, Ishii T, Uemoto S. Generation of non-viral, transgene-free hepatocyte like cells with piggyBac transposon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44498. [PMID: 28295042 PMCID: PMC5353749 DOI: 10.1038/srep44498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps) by overexpressing certain defined factors in direct reprogramming techniques. Of the various methods to deliver genes into cells, typically used genome-integrating viral vectors are associated with integration-related adverse events such as mutagenesis, whereas non-integrating viral vectors have low efficiency, making viral vectors unsuitable for clinical application. Therefore, we focused on developing a transposon system to establish a non-viral reprogramming method. Transposons are unique DNA elements that can be integrated into and removed from chromosomes. PiggyBac, a type of transposon, has high transduction efficiency and cargo capacity, and the integrated transgene can be precisely excised in the presence of transposase. This feature enables the piggyBac vector to achieve efficient transgene expression and a transgene-free state, thus making it a promising method for cell reprogramming. Here, we attempted to utilize the piggyBac transposon system to generate iHeps by integrating a transgene consisting of Hnf4a and Foxa3, and successfully obtained functional iHeps. We then demonstrated removal of the transgene to obtain transgene-free iHeps, which still maintained hepatocyte functions. This non-viral, transgene-free reprogramming method using the piggyBac vector may facilitate clinical applications of iHeps in upcoming cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Komori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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