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Ulanova V, Kivrane A, Viksna A, Pahirko L, Freimane L, Sadovska D, Ozere I, Cirule A, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Bandere D, Ranka R. Effect of NAT2, GSTM1 and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms on plasma concentration of isoniazid and its metabolites in patients with tuberculosis, and the assessment of exposure-response relationships. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1332752. [PMID: 38584604 PMCID: PMC10995391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1332752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Isoniazid is a key drug in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB), however, interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters and drug plasma levels may affect drug responses including drug induced hepatotoxicity. The current study investigated the relationships between isoniazid exposure and isoniazid metabolism-related genetic factors in the context of occurrence of drug induced hepatotoxicity and TB treatment outcomes. Methods: Demographic characteristics and clinical information were collected in a prospective TB cohort study in Latvia (N = 34). Time to sputum culture conversion (tSCC) was used as a treatment response marker. Blood plasma concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and its metabolites acetylisoniazid (AcINH) and isonicotinic acid (INA) were determined at three time points (pre-dose (0 h), 2 h and 6 h after drug intake) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Genetic variations of three key INH-metabolizing enzymes (NAT2, CYP2E1, and GSTM1) were investigated by application PCR- and Next-generation sequencing-based methods. Depending on variables, group comparisons were performed by Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for the pairs of normally distributed variables; model with rank transformations were used for non-normally distributed variables. Time-to-event analysis was performed to analyze the tSCC data. The cumulative probability of tSCC was obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimators. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate hazard rate ratios of successful tSCC. Results: High TB treatment success rate (94.1%) was achieved despite the variability in INH exposure. Clinical and demographic factors were not associated with either tSCC, hepatotoxicity, or INH pharmacokinetics parameters. Correlations between plasma concentrations of INH and its metabolites were NAT2 phenotype-dependent, while GSTM1 genetic variants did not showed any effects. CYP2E1*6 (T > A) allelic variant was associated with INH pharmacokinetic parameters. Decreased level of AcINH was associated with hepatotoxicity, while decreased values of INA/INH and AcINH/INH were associated with month two sputum culture positivity. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CYP2E1, but not GSTM1, significantly affects the INH pharmacokinetics along with NAT2. AcINH plasma level could serve as a biomarker for INH-related hepatotoxicity, and the inclusion of INH metabolite screening in TB therapeutic drug monitoring could be beneficial in clinical studies for determination of optimal dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Ulanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnija Kivrane
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anda Viksna
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | - Leonora Pahirko
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics, and Optometry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lauma Freimane
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Darja Sadovska
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Ozere
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | - Andra Cirule
- Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Upeslejas, Latvia
| | | | | | - Dace Bandere
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Renate Ranka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Dookie N, Ngema SL, Perumal R, Naicker N, Padayatchi N, Naidoo K. The Changing Paradigm of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment: Successes, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0018019. [PMID: 36200885 PMCID: PMC9769521 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00180-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a global crisis due to the increasing incidence of drug-resistant forms of the disease, gaps in detection and prevention, models of care, and limited treatment options. The DR-TB treatment landscape has evolved over the last 10 years. Recent developments include the remarkable activity demonstrated by the newly approved anti-TB drugs bedaquiline and pretomanid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence, treatment of DR-TB has drastically evolved with the introduction of the short-course regimen for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), transitioning to injection-free regimens and the approval of the 6-month short regimens for rifampin-resistant TB and MDR-TB. Moreover, numerous clinical trials are under way with the aim to reduce pill burden and shorten the DR-TB treatment duration. While there have been apparent successes in the field, some challenges remain. These include the ongoing inclusion of high-dose isoniazid in DR-TB regimens despite a lack of evidence for its efficacy and the inclusion of ethambutol and pyrazinamide in the standard short regimen despite known high levels of background resistance to both drugs. Furthermore, antimicrobial heteroresistance, extensive cavitary disease and intracavitary gradients, the emergence of bedaquiline resistance, and the lack of biomarkers to monitor DR-TB treatment response remain serious challenges to the sustained successes. In this review, we outline the impact of the new drugs and regimens on patient treatment outcomes, explore evidence underpinning current practices on regimen selection and duration, reflect on the disappointments and pitfalls in the field, and highlight key areas that require continued efforts toward improving treatment approaches and rapid biomarkers for monitoring treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navisha Dookie
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Senamile L. Ngema
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rubeshan Perumal
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council–CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nikita Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council–CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council–CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council–CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
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Jaramillo-Valverde L, Levano KS, Tarazona DD, Vasquez-Dominguez A, Toledo-Nauto A, Capristano S, Sanchez C, Tarazona-Santos E, Ugarte-Gil C, Guio H. GSTT1/GSTM1 Genotype and Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Peruvian Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911028. [PMID: 36232322 PMCID: PMC9569635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Peru, 24,581 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2020. Although TB treatments are effective, 3.4–13% are associated with significant adverse drug reactions (ADRs), with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) considered the most predominant. Among the first-line antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid (INH) is the main drug responsible for the appearance of DILI. In the liver, INH is metabolized by the enzymes N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) with two isoforms, GSTT1 and GSTM1. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes induce DILI in TB patients. In this cross-sectional study of 377 participants who completed their anti-TB treatment, we genotyped by revealing the presence or absence of 215- and 480-bp bands of GSTM1 and GSTT1, respectively. We found that the prevalence of the GSTM1 genotype was 52.79% and 47.21% for presence and null, respectively, and for GSTT1 it was 69.76% and 30.24% for presence and null, respectively. Neither genotype was prevalent in the patients who developed DILI (n = 16). We did not confirm our hypothesis; however, we found that the combination of GSTM1 present genotype, GSTT1 null genotype, fast NAT2 acetylators, and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype had a significant risk for the development of ADR (OR 11; p = 0.017; 95% CI: (0.54–186.35)). We propose that the presence of the GSTM1 present genotype, GSTT1 null genotype, fast NAT2 acetylators, and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype in the Peruvian population could be considered a risk factor for the development of ADR due to therapeutic drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jaramillo-Valverde
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Continental, Lima 15046, Peru
- Correspondence: (L.J.-V.); (H.G.)
| | - Kelly S. Levano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - David D. Tarazona
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
| | | | | | - Silvia Capristano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - Cesar Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Heinner Guio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15046, Peru
- INBIOMEDIC Research and Technological Center, Lima 15046, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
- Correspondence: (L.J.-V.); (H.G.)
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Jaramillo‐Valverde L, Levano KS, Tarazona DD, Capristano S, Zegarra‐Chapoñan R, Sanchez C, Yufra‐Picardo VM, Tarazona‐Santos E, Ugarte‐Gil C, Guio H. NAT2 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Peruvian patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1987. [PMID: 35751408 PMCID: PMC9356556 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Peru, 32,970 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2019. Although TB treatment is effective, 3.4%-13% is associated with significant adverse drug reactions (ADR), considering drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as the most prevalent. Among the first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) is primarily responsible for the occurrence of DILI. INH is metabolized in the liver by the enzymes N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) and Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Based on the previous studies, we hypothesized that the interactions between slow CYP2E1 genotype and NAT2 slow acetylators will induce DILI in TB patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, all 377 participants completed their anti-TB treatment, and we genotyped SNPs: rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799929, rs1799930, rs1208, and rs1799931 for NAT2 and rs3813867 and rs2031920 for CYP2E1. RESULTS We found that rapid, intermediate, and slow NAT2 acetylator were 15%, 38%, and 47%, respectively, in the general population. Intermediate NAT2 acetylator is the least prevalent among patients with adverse reactions (p = 0.024). We did not confirm our hypothesis, however, we found that the combination of intermediate NAT2 acetylators and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype significantly protected (OR = 0.16; p = 0.049) against the development of DILI in our population. CONCLUSION We propose that the presence of NAT2 intermediate and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype could help in therapeutic drug monitoring, and optimize its therapeutic benefits while minimizing its risk for side effects or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jaramillo‐Valverde
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru,School of Public Health and AdministrationUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru,School of MedicineUniversidad ContinentalHuancayoPeru
| | - Kelly S. Levano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru
| | - David D. Tarazona
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru
| | - Silvia Capristano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru
| | | | - Cesar Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru
| | | | - Eduardo Tarazona‐Santos
- School of Public Health and AdministrationUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru,Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Cesar Ugarte‐Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von HumboldtUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru,School of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Heinner Guio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biología MolecularInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeru,Universidad de HuánucoHuánucoPeru,Universidad Científica del SurLimaPeru
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Boukouvala S, Drakomathioulaki N, Papanikolaou G, Tsirka T, Veyssière C, Sabbagh A, Crouau-Roy B, Fakis G. Functional variability of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) NAT2 gene for drug-metabolising arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114545. [PMID: 33831395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human NAT2 is a polymorphic pharmacogene encoding for N-acetyltransferase 2, a hepatic enzyme active towards arylamine and arylhydrazine drugs, including the anti-tubercular antibiotic isoniazid. The isoenzyme also modulates susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis, particularly of the bladder. Human NAT2 represents an ideal model for anthropological investigations into the demographic adaptation of worldwide populations to their xenobiotic environment. Its sequence appears to be subject to positive selection pressures that are population-specific and may be attributed to gene-environment interactions directly associated with exogenous chemical challenges. However, recent evidence suggests that the same evolutionary pattern may not be observed in other primates. Here, we report NAT2 polymorphism in 25 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and compare the frequencies and functional characteristics of 12 variants. Seven non-synonymous single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified, including one nonsense mutation. The missense SNVs were demonstrated to affect enzymatic function in a substrate-dependent manner, albeit more moderately than certain NAT1 SNVs recently characterised in the same cohort. Haplotypic and functional variability of NAT2 was comparable to that previously observed for NAT1 in the same population sample, suggesting that the two paralogues may have evolved under similar selective pressures in the rhesus macaque. This is different to the population variability distribution pattern reported for humans and chimpanzees. Recorded SNVs were also different from those found in other primates. The study contributes to further understanding of NAT2 functional polymorphism in the rhesus macaque, a non-human primate model used in biomedicine and pharmacology, indicating variability in xenobiotic acetylation that could affect drug metabolism.
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Neyra-Rivera CD, Ticona Arenas A, Delgado Ramos E, Velasquez Reinoso MRE, Budowle B. Allelic frequencies with 23 autosomic STRS in the Aymara population of Peru. Int J Legal Med 2020; 135:779-781. [PMID: 33089341 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Population data of the Aymara in the province of Puno were established for 23 autosomal STR markers. DNA was obtained from unrelated individuals (n = 190) who reside in three areas of the Floating Islands of Lake Titicaca, residents on the border with Bolivia and residents who are not from the border with Bolivia. The PENTA E marker presented the highest PD (0.9738), PIC (0.8793), and PM (0.7847) values. The combined PD was greater than 0.99999999 and the combined PE was 0.99999994. The largest distance, based on Fst values, was between the Aymara population and the Ashaninca population (0.04022), and the smallest distance was with the populations of Bolivia (0.00136) and Peru (0.00525).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Ticona Arenas
- Posgrado de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ciudad Universitaria Cercado de Lima,, 15081, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgardo Delgado Ramos
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Ciudad Universitaria Cercado de Lima,, 15081, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Bruce Budowle
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Ft Worth, TX, 76107, USA
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Zhang D, Hao J, Hou R, Yu Y, Hu B, Wei L. The role of NAT2 polymorphism and methylation in anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in Mongolian tuberculosis patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 45:561-569. [PMID: 32364660 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATLI) is one of the most significant adverse reactions for this line of therapy. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is an important metabolic enzyme involved in drug metabolism and detoxification. Genetic polymorphism and DNA methylation have been proven to be key factors that affect the expression of NAT2. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between NAT2 gene polymorphism and DNA methylation in the promoter region with ATLI risk in Mongolian tuberculosis patients. METHODS Our study is a case-control design. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test and Pearson test were all used to analyse existing relationships. The association between NAT2 gene acetylation phenotype and the total methylation of the NAT2 promoter region was analysed by means of binary logistic regression analysis. The general situation of the patients was evaluated by questionnaire, and the NAT2 genotyping of the three major polymorphism loci of gene coding was carried out by a gene sequencing technique. The methylation status of the NAT2 gene promoter region was detected by bisulphite sequencing and mass spectrometry. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Our study found that the detection rate of ATLI in Mongolian tuberculosis patients was 27.6%. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics and living habits amongst the two groups, while significant differences were observed in the polymorphism of the NAT2 genes 481 (rs1799929) and 590 (rs1799930) and the acetylation phenotype. Moreover, the composition and distribution of the NAT2*4/4 and NAT2*4/5 genotypes were found in the two groups. The risk of ATLI in the slow acetylation type was 3.56 times higher than that of the fast acetylation type. Compared with the control group, the CpG5, CpG10, CpG11.12 and total methylation of the NAT2 promoter region in the ATLI group showed a hypermethylated pattern (P < .05). However, on performing binary logistic regression, neither the slow acetylation, intermediate acetylation nor rapid acetylation were found to be associated with ATLI (P > .05). It was found that the total methylation of NAT2 gene promoter region was an independent influencing factor of ATLI in Mongolian tuberculosis patients. With the increase of the total methylation level of NAT2 gene promoter region, the risk of ATLI increased gradually. (OR = 8.371, 95% CI: 2.391 ~ 29.315). CpG1, CpG4, CpG9, CpG10 and CpG11.12 were positively correlated with a total methylation level in the ATLI group. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The detection rate of ATLI in Mongolian tuberculosis patients was 27.6%, and there were differences in the NAT2 genotypes and acetylated phenotypes. The slow acetylated type was the risk factor for ATLI. Methylation in the promoter region of the NAT2 gene has an effect on the risk of ATLI. After adjusting for the interference of three acetylation types, it was found that the total methylation of the promoter region of NAT2 gene in Mongolian tuberculosis patients is an independent influencing factor of ATLI. Furthermore, there is a moderate to high correlation between some sites and the overall level of methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jinqi Hao
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruili Hou
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanqin Yu
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Baocui Hu
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Liqin Wei
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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Vangenot C, Gagneux P, de Groot NG, Baumeyer A, Mouterde M, Crouau-Roy B, Darlu P, Sanchez-Mazas A, Sabbagh A, Poloni ES. Humans and Chimpanzees Display Opposite Patterns of Diversity in Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes. G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:2199-224. [PMID: 31068377 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the many genes involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, human arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) genes have been extensively studied, due to their medical importance both in pharmacogenetics and disease epidemiology. One member of this small gene family, NAT2, is established as the locus of the classic human acetylation polymorphism in drug metabolism. Current hypotheses hold that selective processes favoring haplotypes conferring lower NAT2 activity have been operating in modern humans’ recent history as an adaptation to local chemical and dietary environments. To shed new light on such hypotheses, we investigated the genetic diversity of the three members of the NAT gene family in seven hominid species, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. Little polymorphism sharing was found among hominids, yet all species displayed high NAT diversity, but distributed in an opposite fashion in chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan genus) compared to modern humans, with higher diversity in Pan species at NAT1 and lower at NAT2, while the reverse is observed in humans. This pattern was also reflected in the results returned by selective neutrality tests, which suggest, in agreement with the predicted functional impact of mutations detected in non-human primates, stronger directional selection, presumably purifying selection, at NAT1 in modern humans, and at NAT2 in chimpanzees. Overall, the results point to the evolution of divergent functions of these highly homologous genes in the different primate species, possibly related to their specific chemical/dietary environment (exposome) and we hypothesize that this is likely linked to the emergence of controlled fire use in the human lineage.
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Guio H, Poterico JA, Levano KS, Cornejo‐Olivas M, Mazzetti P, Manassero‐Morales G, Ugarte‐Gil MF, Acevedo‐Vásquez E, Dueñas‐Roque M, Piscoya A, Fujita R, Sanchez C, Casavilca‐Zambrano S, Jaramillo‐Valverde L, Sullcahuaman‐Allende Y, Iglesias‐Pedraz JM, Abarca‐Barriga H. Genetics and genomics in Peru: Clinical and research perspective. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:873-886. [PMID: 30584990 PMCID: PMC6305655 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peruvians currently preserve in their DNA the history of 2.5 million years of human evolution and 150,000 years of migration from Africa to Peru or the Americas. The development of Genetics and Genomics in the clinical and academic field is shown in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner Guio
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del PerúLimaPerú
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
| | - Julio A. Poterico
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del PerúLimaPerú
- Servicio de GenéticaInstituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja (INSN‐SB)LimaPeru
| | | | - Mario Cornejo‐Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPerú
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPerú
- School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPerú
| | | | - Manuel F. Ugarte‐Gil
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Rheumatology Department. Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. EsSaludLimaPerú
| | - Eduardo Acevedo‐Vásquez
- School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPerú
- Clínica San FelipeLimaPerú
| | - Milagros Dueñas‐Roque
- Servicio de GenéticaHospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati MartinsLimaPerú
- Sociedad de Genética Médica del PerúLimaPeru
| | - Alejandro Piscoya
- Universidad San Ignacio de LoyolaLimaPerú
- Hospital Guillermo Kaelin de la FuenteLimaPerú
| | - Ricardo Fujita
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad de San Martín de PorresLimaPerú
| | | | - Sandro Casavilca‐Zambrano
- Banco de Tejidos Tumorales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplásicasBanco de Tejidos TumoralesLimaPerú
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplásicasLimaPerú
| | | | | | - Juan M. Iglesias‐Pedraz
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e InnovaciónUniversidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
| | - Hugo Abarca‐Barriga
- Servicio de Genética & EIMInstituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña (INSN)LimaPeru
- Facultad de EstomatologíaUniversidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Facultad de Medicina HumanaUniversidad Ricardo PalmaLimaPerú
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11
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Salazar-González RA, Turiján-Espinoza E, Hein DW, Milán-Segovia RC, Uresti-Rivera EE, Portales-Pérez DP. Expression and genotype-dependent catalytic activity of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its modulation by Sirtuin 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:340-7. [PMID: 30149019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) catalyzes the biotransformation of numerous arylamine and hydrazine drugs and carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 modify drug efficacy and toxicity and susceptibility to diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. Expression of NAT2 has been documented in the liver and gastrointestinal tract but not in other tissues. Deacetylation of cytosolic proteins by sirtuins is a post-translational modification important in regulatory networks of diverse cellular processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate NAT2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the effects of NAT2 genotype and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Both NAT2 and SIRT1 proteins were expressed on PBMC. Their expression was more prevalent on CD3+ compared to CD19+ and CD56+ cell populations. N-acetylation capacity of PBMC exhibited a NAT2 gene-dose response toward the N-acetylation of isoniazid. Subjects with rapid NAT2 genotype showed an apparent Vmax of 42.1 ± 2.4; intermediate NAT2 genotypes an apparent Vmax of 22.6 ± 2.2; and slow acetylator NAT2 genotypes an apparent Vmax of 19.9 ± 1.7 nM acetyl-isoniazid/24 h/million cells. The N-acetylation capacity of NAT2 in the presence of SIRT1 enhancer was significantly decreased (p < 0.001), conversely, the transient silencing of SIRT1 resulted in an increase of N-acetylation capacity (p < 0.001). These findings are the first report of NAT2 genotype-dependent expression on PBMC and post-translational modification by SIRT1. These findings constitute a substantial advance in our understanding of human N-acetyltransferase expression and a new much less invasive method for measurement of human NAT2 expression and phenotype.
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12
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Smith RL, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Guengerich FP, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: the role of metabolic studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:618-646. [PMID: 30090611 PMCID: PMC6062396 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety assessment of a flavour substance examines several factors, including metabolic and physiological disposition data. The present article provides an overview of the metabolism and disposition of flavour substances by identifying general applicable principles of metabolism to illustrate how information on metabolic fate is taken into account in their safety evaluation. The metabolism of the majority of flavour substances involves a series both of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biotransformation that often results in products that are more hydrophilic and more readily excretable than their precursors. Flavours can undergo metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis that alter a functional group relative to the parent compound. The altered functional group may serve as a reaction site for a subsequent metabolic transformation. Metabolic intermediates undergo conjugation with an endogenous agent such as glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione, amino acids, or acetate. Such conjugates are typically readily excreted through the kidneys and liver. This paper summarizes the types of metabolic reactions that have been documented for flavour substances that are added to the human food chain, the methodologies available for metabolic studies, and the factors that affect the metabolic fate of a flavour substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Smith
- Molecular Toxicology , Imperial College School of Medicine , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Centre , 983135 Nebraska Medical Centre , Omaha , NE 68198-3135 , USA
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Centre , 2445 Hirasawa , Hadano , Kanagawa 257-0015 , Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College of Science , Sir Alexander Fleming Building , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Centre and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Minnesota , Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building , 2231 6th St , SE , Minneapolis , MN 55455 , USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 638B Robinson Research Building , 2200 Pierce Avenue , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Tuinlaan 5 , 6703 HE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association , 1101 17th Street , NW Suite 700 , Washington , DC 20036 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 (202)293-5800
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13
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Aklillu E, Carrillo JA, Makonnen E, Bertilsson L, Djordjevic N. N-Acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) phenotype is influenced by genotype-environment interaction in Ethiopians. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:903-911. [PMID: 29589062 PMCID: PMC5999125 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) metabolize several drugs including isoniazid. We investigated the effect of genotype, geographical difference, and smoking habit on NAT2 phenotype in Ethiopians. METHODS Genotyping for NAT2 191G > A, 341 T > C, 590G > A, and 857G > A was performed in 163 unrelated healthy Ethiopians (85 living in Ethiopia and 78 living in Sweden). The NAT2 phenotype was determined using caffeine as a probe and log AFMU/(AFMU + 1X + 1 U) urinary metabolic ratio (MR) as an index. RESULTS The frequencies of NAT2*4, *5, *6, *7, and *14 haplotypes were 14.1, 48.5, 30.1, 5.5, and 1.8%, respectively. The frequencies of rapid (NAT2*4/*4), intermediate (heterozygous *4), and slow (no *4 allele) acetylator genotypes were 1.8, 24.6, and 73.6%, respectively. The distribution NAT2 MR was bimodal with 70% being phenotypically slow acetylators. NAT2 genotype (p < 0.0001) and country of residence (p = 0.004) independently predicted NAT2 phenotype. Controlling for the effect of genotype, ethnic Ethiopians living in Ethiopia had significantly higher NAT2 MR than those living in Sweden (p = 0.006). NAT2 genotype-phenotype concordance rate was 75%. Distinct country-of-residence-based genotype-phenotype discordance was observed. The proportion of phenotypically determined rapid acetylators was significantly higher and slow acetylators was lower in Ethiopians living in Ethiopia (39% rapid, 61% slow) than in Sweden (20% rapid, 80% slow). Sex and smoking had no significant effect on NAT2 MR. CONCLUSIONS We report a high prevalence of NAT 2 slow acetylators in Ethiopians and a conditional NAT2 genotype-phenotype discordance implicating a partial phenotype conversion and metabolic adaptation. Gene-environment interactions regulate NAT2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge C1:68, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Juan Antonio Carrillo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leif Bertilsson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge C1:68, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Djordjevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac, 34 000, Serbia
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14
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Reales G, Rovaris DL, Jacovas VC, Hünemeier T, Sandoval JR, Salazar-Granara A, Demarchi DA, Tarazona-Santos E, Felkl AB, Serafini MA, Salzano FM, Bisso-Machado R, Comas D, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Bortolini MC. A tale of agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers: Exploring the thrifty genotype hypothesis in native South Americans. Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 163:591-601. [PMID: 28464262 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine genetic differences between agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer southern Native American populations for selected metabolism-related markers and to test whether Neel's thrifty genotype hypothesis (TGH) could explain the genetic patterns observed in these populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS 375 Native South American individuals from 17 populations were genotyped using six markers (APOE rs429358 and rs7412; APOA2 rs5082; CD36 rs3211883; TCF7L2 rs11196205; and IGF2BP2 rs11705701). Additionally, APOE genotypes from 39 individuals were obtained from the literature. AMOVA, main effects, and gene-gene interaction tests were performed. RESULTS We observed differences in allele distribution patterns between agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers for some markers. For instance, between-groups component of genetic variance (FCT ) for APOE rs429358 showed strong differences in allelic distributions between hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists (p = 0.00196). Gene-gene interaction analysis indicated that the APOE E4/CD36 TT and APOE E4/IGF2BP2 A carrier combinations occur at a higher frequency in hunter-gatherers, but this combination is not replicated in archaic (Neanderthal and Denisovan) and ancient (Anzick, Saqqaq, Ust-Ishim, Mal'ta) hunter-gatherer individuals. DISCUSSION A complex scenario explains the observed frequencies of the tested markers in hunter-gatherers. Different factors, such as pleotropic alleles, rainforest selective pressures, and population dynamics, may be collectively shaping the observed genetic patterns. We conclude that although TGH seems a plausible hypothesis to explain part of the data, other factors may be important in our tested populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reales
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Jacovas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Darío A Demarchi
- Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline B Felkl
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michele A Serafini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bisso-Machado
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario Diversidad Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de La Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa R Paixão-Côrtes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Salzano FM. The role of natural selection in human evolution - insights from Latin America. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:302-11. [PMID: 27561111 PMCID: PMC5004836 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A brief introduction considering Darwin's work, the evolutionary synthesis, and the
scientific biological field around the 1970s and subsequently, with the molecular
revolution, was followed by selected examples of recent investigations dealing with
the selection-drift controversy. The studies surveyed included the comparison between
essential genes in humans and mice, selection in Africa and Europe, and the possible
reasons why females in humans remain healthy and productive after menopause, in
contrast with what happens in the great apes. At the end, selected examples of
investigations performed in Latin America, related to the action of selection for
muscle performance, acetylation of xenobiotics, high altitude and tropical forest
adaptations were considered. Despite dissenting views, the influence of positive
selection in a considerable portion of the human genome cannot presently be
dismissed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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