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Narayanan D, Tran KT, Pallesen JS, Solbak SMØ, Qin Y, Mukminova E, Luchini M, Vasilyeva KO, González Chichón D, Goutsiou G, Poulsen C, Haapanen N, Popowicz GM, Sattler M, Olagnier D, Gajhede M, Bach A. Development of Noncovalent Small-Molecule Keap1-Nrf2 Inhibitors by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14481-14526. [PMID: 36263945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its repressor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), constitutes a promising strategy for treating diseases involving oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) campaign resulted in novel, high-affinity (Ki = 280 nM), and cell-active noncovalent small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors. We screened 2500 fragments using orthogonal assays─fluorescence polarization (FP), thermal shift assay (TSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)─and validated the hits by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, leading to 28 high-priority hits. Thirteen co-structures showed fragments binding mainly in the P4 and P5 subpockets of Keap1's Kelch domain, and three fluorenone-based fragments featuring a novel binding mode were optimized by structure-based drug discovery. We thereby disclose several fragment hits, including their binding modes, and show how FBDD can be performed to find new small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim T Tran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuting Qin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elina Mukminova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martina Luchini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina O Vasilyeva
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorleta González Chichón
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgia Goutsiou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nanna Haapanen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zang J, Ye F, Solbak SMØ, Høj LJ, Zhang M, Bach A. Identification of Novel Fragments Binding to the PDZ1-2 Domain of PSD-95. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:949-954. [PMID: 33305877 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of PSD-95 has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke, as shown with peptide-based compounds that target the PDZ domains of PSD-95. In contrast, developing potent and drug-like small molecules against the PSD-95 PDZ domains has so far been unsuccessful. Here, we explore the druggability of the PSD-95 PDZ1-2 domain and use fragment screening to investigate if this protein is prone to binding small molecules. We screened 2500 fragments by fluorescence polarization (FP) and validated the hits by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), including an inhibition counter-test, and found four promising fragments. Three ligand efficient fragments were shown by 1 H,15 N HSQC NMR to bind in the small hydrophobic P0 pockets of PDZ1-2, and one of them underwent structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Overall, we demonstrate that fragment screening can successfully be applied to PDZ1-2 of PSD-95 and disclose novel fragments that can serve as starting points for optimization towards small-molecule PDZ domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Ye
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (China
| | - Sara M Ø Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars J Høj
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (China
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Blay V, Tolani B, Ho SP, Arkin MR. High-Throughput Screening: today's biochemical and cell-based approaches. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1807-1821. [PMID: 32801051 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) provides starting chemical matter in the adventure of developing a new drug. In this review, we survey several HTS methods used today for hit identification, organized in two main flavors: biochemical and cell-based assays. Biochemical assays discussed include fluorescence polarization and anisotropy, FRET, TR-FRET, and fluorescence lifetime analysis. Binding-based methods are also surveyed, including NMR, SPR, mass spectrometry, and DSF. On the other hand, cell-based assays discussed include viability, reporter gene, second messenger, and high-throughput microscopy assays. We devote some emphasis to high-content screening, which is becoming very popular. An advisable stage after hit discovery using phenotypic screens is target deconvolution, and we provide an overview of current chemical proteomics, in silico, and chemical genetics tools. Emphasis is made on recent CRISPR/dCas-based screens. Lastly, we illustrate some of the considerations that inform the choice of HTS methods and point to some areas with potential interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blay
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Tolani
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Solbak SMØ, Zang J, Narayanan D, Høj LJ, Bucciarelli S, Softley C, Meier S, Langkilde AE, Gotfredsen CH, Sattler M, Bach A. Developing Inhibitors of the p47phox-p22phox Protein-Protein Interaction by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1156-1177. [PMID: 31922756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 2 is an enzyme complex, which generates reactive oxygen species and contributes to oxidative stress. The p47phox-p22phox interaction is critical for the activation of the catalytical NOX2 domain, and p47phox is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. By screening 2500 fragments using fluorescence polarization and a thermal shift assay and validation by surface plasmon resonance, we found eight hits toward the tandem SH3 domain of p47phox (p47phoxSH3A-B) with KD values of 400-600 μM. Structural studies revealed that fragments 1 and 2 bound two separate binding sites in the elongated conformation of p47phoxSH3A-B and these competed with p22phox for binding to p47phoxSH3A-B. Chemical optimization led to a dimeric compound with the ability to potently inhibit the p47phoxSH3A-B-p22phox interaction (Ki of 20 μM). Thereby, we reveal a new way of targeting p47phox and present the first report of drug-like molecules with the ability to bind p47phox and inhibit its interaction with p22phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marie Øie Solbak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jie Zang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Dilip Narayanan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lars Jakobsen Høj
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Saskia Bucciarelli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Charlotte Softley
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Annette Eva Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany.,Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
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