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Forrest T, Zdrachek E, Bakker E. Thin Layer Membrane Systems as Rapid Development Tool for Potentiometric Solid Contact Ion‐selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Forrest
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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2
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Paul A, Perween M, Saha S, Srivastava DN, Das A. A rapid conductometric sensor for the analysis of cyanide using imidazole based receptor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26790-6. [PMID: 26394898 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A specific and efficient hydrogen bonding interaction between cyanide and the HN-H [imidazole] in an aqueous medium has been utilized for the selective recognition of cyanide under physiological conditions. The possibility of utilizing such an interaction for developing any practical device for the specific detection of cyanide in an aqueous environment has not been explored to date. We now report a simple dip and read conductometric sensor for cyanide ions using a tailored electrode in aqueous media. The purpose built reagent, 2-phenyl-1H-anthra-[2,3-d]-immidazole-5,10 dione was immobilized in a polyaniline matrix to fabricate this conductometric device. The homogeneous immobilization of the receptor in polyaniline was confirmed by FT-IR mapping. The proposed transduction mechanism is charge neutralization on the polyaniline moiety, which ultimately inhibits the protonation resulting in a decrease in the conductance of polyaniline. The sensor response was measured in three ranges of cyanide concentration (10(-10) M to 10(-8) M; 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M and 10(-6) M to 10(-3) M). Whereas the device is found insensitive in the first range, it acts as a detector in the second range and as a proportional sensor in the third range. The minimum detection limit of this device was found to be 10 nmol L(-1) (2.6 ppt), which is significantly less than the WHO guideline values. The responses have been investigated under various conditions such as different pH and the electrochemical state of the polymer. The current device has been found to be better close to neutral pH and at a 400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl potential. The reproducibility and repeatability of the sensor was investigated and interference studies were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Paul
- Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
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Lu M, Compton RG. Voltammetric pH sensing using carbon electrodes: glassy carbon behaves similarly to EPPG. Analyst 2015; 139:4599-605. [PMID: 25046424 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00866a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing and building on recent work based on a simple sensor for pH determination using unmodified edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes, we present a voltammetric method for pH determination using a bare unmodified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. By exploiting the pH sensitive nature of quinones present on carbon edge-plane like sites within the GC, we show how GC electrodes can be used to measure pH. The electro-reduction of surface quinone groups on the glassy carbon electrode was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and optimised with square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at 298 K and 310 K. At both temperatures, a linear correlation was observed, corresponding to a 2 electron, 2 proton Nernstian response over the aqueous pH range 1.0 to 13.1. As such, unmodified glassy carbon electrodes are seen to be pH dependent, and the Nernstian response suggests its facile use for pH sensing. Given the widespread use of glassy carbon electrodes in electroanalysis, the approach offers a method for the near-simultaneous measurement and monitoring of pH during such analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Lu M, Compton RG. Voltammetric pH sensor based on an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Analyst 2015; 139:2397-403. [PMID: 24671261 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple sensor for pH determination is reported using unmodified edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. The analysis is based on the electro-reduction of surface quinone groups on the EPPG which was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and optimised with square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimised conditions, a linear response is observed between the peak potential and pH with a gradient of ∼59 mV per pH (at 25 °C), which corresponds well with Nernstian behaviour based on a 2 proton, 2 electron system over the aqueous pH range 1.0 to 13.0. As such, an EPPG is suggested as a reagent free and robust pH sensing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Climent E, Agostini A, Moragues ME, Martínez‐Máñez R, Sancenón F, Pardo T, Marcos MD. A Simple Probe for the Colorimetric Detection of Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2013; 19:17301-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Climent
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - María E. Moragues
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - Ramón Martínez‐Máñez
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - Teresa Pardo
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
| | - M. Dolores Marcos
- Centro de Reconocimienro Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Unidad mixta Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Departamento de Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 96‐387‐93‐49
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Al-Obeidi A, Ge C, Orosz KS, Saavedra SS. ITO/poly(aniline)/sol-gel glass: An optically transparent, pH-responsive substrate for supported lipid bilayers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS 2013; 2013:676920. [PMID: 25328882 PMCID: PMC4201389 DOI: 10.1155/2013/676920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Described here is fabrication of a pH-sensitive, optically transparent transducer composed of a planar indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode overcoated with a a poly(aniline) (PANI) thin film and a porous sol-gel layer. Adsorption of the PANI film renders the ITO electrode sensitive to pH, whereas the sol-gel spin-coated layer makes the upper surface compatible with fusion of phospholipid vesicles to form a planar supported lipid bilayer (PSLB). The response to changes in the pH of the buffer contacting the sol-gel/PANI/ITO electrode is pseudo-Nernstian with a slope of 52 mV/pH over a pH range of 4-9. Vesicle fusion forms a laterally continuous PSLB on the upper sol-gel surface that is fluid with a lateral lipid diffusion coefficient of 2.2 μm2/s measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Due to its lateral continuity and lack of defects, the PSLB blocks the pH response of the underlying electrode to changes in the pH of the overlying buffer. This architecture is simpler to fabricate than previously reported ITO electrodes derivatized for PSLB formation, and should be useful for optical monitoring of proton transport across supported membranes derivatized with ionophores and ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Obeidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - Chenhao Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - Kristina S. Orosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
| | - S. Scott Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041
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Seoudi R, Shabaka A, Kamal M, Abdelrazek E, Eisa W. Dependence of structural, vibrational spectroscopy and optical properties on the particle sizes of CdS/polyaniline core/shell nanocomposites. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Conductive polyaniline/zirconia (PANI/ZrO2) composites have been synthesized by in-situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of ZrO2 nanoparticles. The structure and morph- ology of composites were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The conductivity was also investigated. The results showed that PANI and ZrO2 nanoparticles were not simply blended, and a strong interaction existed at the interface of ZrO2 and PANI. It was probably a composite at molecular level. The composites were more thermal stability than that of the pure PANI. XRD analyses confirmed PANI deposited on the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles had no effect on crystallization performance of ZrO2 nanoparticles. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated that the conductivity of PANI/ZrO2 composites was much higher than that of PANI and the maximum conductivity obtained was 11.27S/cm at 15 wt% of ZrO2 nanoparticles.
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Huang H, Guo Z. Conductive composite of polyaniline and tungsten carbide. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090410121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Dual potentiometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometric disposable sensors with dispersion cast polyaniline. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Microfabricated reference electrodes and their biosensing applications. SENSORS 2010; 10:1679-715. [PMID: 22294894 PMCID: PMC3264446 DOI: 10.3390/s100301679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturization of both biological and chemical sensors and their integration with miniaturized sample pre-processing and analysis systems. These miniaturized lab-on-chip devices have several functional advantages including low cost, their ability to analyze smaller samples, faster analysis time, suitability for automation, and increased reliability and repeatability. Electrical based sensing methods that transduce biological or chemical signals into the electrical domain are a dominant part of the lab-on-chip devices. A vital part of any electrochemical sensing system is the reference electrode, which is a probe that is capable of measuring the potential on the solution side of an electrochemical interface. Research on miniaturization of this crucial component and analysis of the parameters that affect its performance, stability and lifetime, is sparse. In this paper, we present the basic electrochemistry and thermodynamics of these reference electrodes and illustrate the uses of reference electrodes in electrochemical and biological measurements. Different electrochemical systems that are used as reference electrodes will be presented, and an overview of some contemporary advances in electrode miniaturization and their performance will be provided.
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Neethirajan S, Jayas DS, Sadistap S. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensors for the Agri-food Industry—A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-008-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ayad MM, Salahuddin NA, Abou-Seif AK, Alghaysh MO. pH sensor based on polyaniline and aniline-anthranilic acid copolymer films using quartz crystal microbalance and electronic absorption spectroscopy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Light sensitivity and potential stability of electrically conducting polymers commonly used in solid contact ion-selective electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Performance evaluation criteria for preparation and measurement of macro- and microfabricated ion-selective electrodes (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200880010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, IUPAC published several documents with the goal of achieving standardized nomenclature and methodology for potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The ISE vocabulary was formulated, measurement protocols were suggested, and the selectivity coefficients were compiled. However, in light of new discoveries and experimental possibilities in the field of ISEs, some of the IUPAC recommendations have become outdated. The goal of this technical report is to direct attention to ISE practices and the striking need for updated or refined IUPAC recommendations which are consistent with the state of the art of using macro- and microfabricated planar microelectrodes. Some of these ISE practices have never been addressed by IUPAC but have gained importance with the technological and theoretical developments of recent years. In spite of its recognized importance, a generally acceptable revision of the current IUPAC recommendations is far beyond the scope of this work.
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Chapter 4 Ion sensors with conducting polymers as ion-to-electron transducers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Michalska A. Optimizing the analytical performance and construction of ion-selective electrodes with conducting polymer-based ion-to-electron transducers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:391-406. [PMID: 16365779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All-solid-state ion-selective electrodes that use a conducting polymer as the ion-to-electron transducer have emerged as one of the most promising classes of all-solid-state potentiometric sensors in recent years. This is largely because it has many analytical advantages, including high response stability, which is unique in the field of internal-solution-free ion-selective electrodes. This paper reviews the considerable progress that has been made in this area of sensing in recent years, in terms of detection limits, selectivity coefficients and novel construction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michalska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Lindfors T, Ivaska A. Potentiometric and UV–vis characterisation of N-substituted polyanilines. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Calcium-selective electrode based on polyaniline functionalized with bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]phosphate. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boyer MI, Quillard S, Louarn G, Froyer G, Lefrant S. Vibrational Study of the FeCl3-Doped Dimer of Polyaniline; A Good Model Compound of Emeraldine Salt. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000946v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Boyer
- Laboratoire de Physique Cristalline, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Boite Postale 32229, 44322 Nantes Cédex 03, France
| | - S. Quillard
- Laboratoire de Physique Cristalline, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Boite Postale 32229, 44322 Nantes Cédex 03, France
| | - G. Louarn
- Laboratoire de Physique Cristalline, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Boite Postale 32229, 44322 Nantes Cédex 03, France
| | - G. Froyer
- Laboratoire de Physique Cristalline, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Boite Postale 32229, 44322 Nantes Cédex 03, France
| | - S. Lefrant
- Laboratoire de Physique Cristalline, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Boite Postale 32229, 44322 Nantes Cédex 03, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA
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