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Poole CF. Selectivity evaluation of extraction systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463939. [PMID: 36996617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Extraction is the most common sample preparation technique prior to chromatographic analysis for samples which are too complex, too dilute, or contain matrix components incompatible with the further use of the separation system or interfere in the detection step. The most important extraction techniques are biphasic systems involving the transfer of target compounds from the sample to a different phase ideally accompanied by no more than a tolerable burden of co-extracted matrix compounds. The solvation parameter model affords a general framework to characterize biphasic extraction systems in terms of their relative capability for solute-phase intermolecular interactions (dispersion, dipole-type, hydrogen bonding) and within phase solvent-solvent interactions for cavity formation (cohesion). The approach is general and allows the comparison of liquid and solid extraction phases using the same terms and is used to explain the features important for the selective enrichment of target compounds by a specific extraction phase using solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction for samples in a gas, liquid, or solid phase. Hierarchical cluster analysis with the system constants of the solvation parameter model as variables facilitates the selection of solvents for extraction, the identification of liquid-liquid distribution systems with non-redundant selectivity, and evaluation of different approaches using liquids and solids for the isolation of target compounds from different matrices.
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Shashkov MV, Sidelnikov VN, Zaikin PA. Selectivity of stationary phases based on pyridinium ionic liquids for capillary gas chromatography. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024414040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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New monolithic stir-cake-sorptive extraction for the determination of polar phenols by HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2185-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Huang X, Qiu N, Yuan D. Development and validation of stir bar sorptive extraction of polar phenols in water followed by HPLC separation in poly(vinylpyrrolididone-divinylbenzene) monolith. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1407-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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López-Blanco C, Gómez-Alvarez S, Rey-Garrote M, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J. Determination of pesticides by solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorous detection in natural water and comparison with solvent drop microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1002-6. [PMID: 16402179 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The European Union specifies that drinking water can contain pesticide residues at concentrations of up to 0.1 microg/L each and 0.5 microg/L in total, and that 1-3 microg/L of pesticides can be present in surface water, but the general idea is to keep discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances close to zero for synthetic substances. Therefore, in order to monitor pesticide levels in water, analytical methods with low quantification limits are required. The method proposed here is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector (GC-NPD). During method development, six organophosphate pesticides (azinphos-ethyl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyriphos, ethoprophos, fenamiphos and malathion) and two organonitrogen pesticides (alachlor and deltamethrin) were considered as target analytes. Elution conditions that could influence the efficiency of the SPE were studied. The optimized methodology exhibited good linearity, with determination coefficients of better than 0.996. The analytical recovery for the target analytes ranged from 70 to 100%, while the within-day precision was 4.0-11.5%. The data also showed that the nature of the aqueous matrice (ultrapure, surface or drinking water) had no significant effect on the recovery. The quantification limits for the analytes were found to be 0.01-0.13 microg/L (except for deltamethrin, which was 1.0 microg/L). The present methodology is easy, rapid and gives better sensitivity than solvent drop microextraction for the determination of organonitrogen and organophosphate pesticides in drinking water at levels associated with the legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Blanco
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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Kiyono R, Koops G, Wessling M, Strathmann H. Mixed matrix microporous hollow fibers with ion-exchange functionality. J Memb Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Poole CF. Chapter 12 Principles and practice of solid-phase extraction. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR FIELD AND LABORATORY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ortega L, López R, Cacho J, Ferreira V. Use of solid-liquid distribution coefficients to determine retention properties of Porapak-Q resins. Determination of optimal conditions to isolate alkyl-methoxypyrazines and beta-damascenone from wine. J Chromatogr A 2001; 931:31-9. [PMID: 11695519 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The solid-liquid distribution coefficients of different analytes--all of which are important aroma compounds--between hydroalcoholic solutions or wines and different sorbents have been determined by measuring the amount of analyte removed by a given mass of sorbent in equilibrium with a given volume of standard solution. These data have shown that the best extraction conditions for non-polar compounds from wine are the use of Porapak-Q resins and 6% (v/v) alcoholic solutions. Phase ratio, hold-up volumes and number of plates for Porapak-Q beds have been measured in different experiments. With all these data it has been possible to calculate breakthrough volumes in good agreement with experimental results. The Lövkvist-Jönsson model is more appropriate for estimating breakthrough volumes of a 2-cm Porapak-Q bed. The model estimates that a 5-cm bed is needed to achieve a quantitative recovery of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines and beta-damascenone from 500 ml of wine (diluted to 1000 ml with water). Experimental results confirm the predictions of the model and show that in a single isolation step detection limits below 10 ng/l can be reached for these compounds using GC-MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ortega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Poole CF, Gunatilleka AD, Sethuraman R. Contributions of theory to method development in solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:17-39. [PMID: 10941665 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic and retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices are reviewed from the perspective of method development strategies. Models based on frontal analysis are used to correct retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices to account for the fact that too few theoretical plates are provided for retention to be independent of kinetic factors. The available pressure drop for the sampling device largely dictates the choice of useful particle sizes and maximum bed length. The use of octanol--water partition coefficients and extrapolated values of the retention factor obtained by liquid chromatography are poor empirical models for the estimation of breakthrough volumes with water as the sample solvent. The solvation parameter model provides an adequate description of sorbent retention for the estimation of breakthrough volumes, rinse solvent volume and composition, and elution solvent volume and composition. Combining the frontal analysis and solvation parameter models offers a comprehensive approach to computer-aided method development in solid-phase extraction. This is the first step in the development of a structure-driven approach to method development in solid-phase extraction that should be more reliable and less tedious than traditional trial and error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Green CE, Abraham MH. Investigation into the effects of temperature and stirring rate on the solid-phase extraction of diuron from water using a C18 extraction disk. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:41-9. [PMID: 10941666 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel experimental method for determining the equilibrium constant, Keq, and the uptake rate constant, kup, for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of diuron from water using a C18 Empore extraction disk is reported. Log Keq and log kup are determined at 7.0, 11.0, 18.0 and 23.0 degrees C and for stirring rates of 100, 200 and 400 rpm. From a Van 't Hoff plot of log Keq versus T-1 the enthalpy of sorption, delta H0, is shown to be negative which indicates that the thermodynamic process of uptake is exothermic. The rate of stirring has no effect on log Keq over the temperature range 7.0-23.0 degrees C. The enthalpy of activation, delta H0, calculated from Arrhenius plots of log kup versus T-1 at 100, 200 and 400 rpm show that the kinetic process of uptake is endothermic. At 100 rpm the rate of uptake is limited by the aqueous diffusion of diuron. At 200 rpm or greater the aqueous diffusion layer around the disk is sufficiently small to prevent diffusion from being a limiting factor. The method described in this paper is limited to the analysis of analytes that contain a significant UV chromophore and are relatively soluble in water, but it can also be used to investigate pH and salinity effects on the SPE of diuron from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Green
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK.
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Djordjevic NM, Houdiere F, Lerch G, Fitzpatrick F. Application of Temperature and Applied Voltage Programming in Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990801)22:8<443::aid-jhrc443>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Influence of solvent effects on retention for a porous polymer sorbent in reversed phase liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ferrer R, Beltrán J, Guiteras J. Mathematical procedure for the determination of the breakthrough volumes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lingeman H, Hoekstra-Oussoren SJ. Particle-loaded membranes for sample concentration and/or clean-up in bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:221-37. [PMID: 9061497 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction nowadays is a major sample preparation tool. The latest development in this area is the introduction of particle-loaded membranes (membrane-extraction disks). The potential of these extraction membranes in bioanalysis is discussed with respect to recoveries, reproducibility, sensitivity and speed. A comparison is made between liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using traditional sorbents and extraction disks, and off-line and on-line techniques. Particle-loaded membranes are available in disks with diameters of 4-90 mm. The 25-90 mm disks are mainly used for off-line extractions of mainly environmental samples, while the 4 mm disks are available in the so-called drug tubes that can be used in the same way as conventional extraction cartridges for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids. The main advantage of using drug tubes is the smaller desorption volume and, therefore, the increased sensitivity. Cutting smaller disks, from the commercially available disks, allows the use of on-line extractions in column-switching systems. The main conclusion is that in many cases particle-loaded membranes are more efficient than packed solid-phase extraction cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lingeman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Poole CF, Poole SK, Seibert DS, Chapman CM. Determination of kinetic and retention properties of cartridge and disk devices for solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:245-59. [PMID: 9061499 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of cartridge and disk solid-phase extraction devices are determined by forced-flow liquid chromatography. Typical cartridges provide about 5-15 theoretical plates per cm of bed height and particle-loaded membranes provide about 4-9 theoretical plates for a 0.5-mm-thick membrane. It is shown that cartridge devices fail to provide their maximum trapping performance because of inadequate packing density and that the required packing density could be easily achieved in practice with particles of a standard size. The retention properties of common sorbents for extraction from water and air are characterized with the solvation parameter model. For predominantly aqueous solutions a favorable cavity term results in increased retention while polar interactions tend to reduce retention. Retention on porous polymer sorbents is more complicated because of their capacity to absorb significant amounts of the sample processing solvent resulting in solvent-dependent changes in retention properties. For trapping organic volatiles from air cavity formation and dispersion interactions are important, and in the case of Tenax its capacity for induction interactions is also significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Poole
- Zeneca/SmithKline Beecham Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, UK
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Poole SK, Poole CF. Sorption properties of styrene–divinylbenzene macroreticular porous polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/ac9963300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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