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Lin J, Coles NT, Dettling L, Steiner L, Felix Witte J, Paulus B, Müller C. Phospholenes from Phosphabenzenes by Selective Ring Contraction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202203406. [PMID: 36383093 PMCID: PMC10107248 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 3-amino-functionalized phosphabenzene (phosphinine) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The pyramidalized nitrogen atom of the dimethylamino substituent indicates only a weak interaction between the lone pair of the nitrogen atom and the aromatic phosphorus heterocycle, resulting in somewhat basic character. It turned out that the amino group can indeed be protonated by HCl. In contrast to pyridines, however, the phosphabenzene-ammonium salt undergoes a selective ring contraction to form a hydroxylphospholene oxide in the presence of additional water. Based on deuterium labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations, a rational mechanism for this hitherto unknown conversion is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiong Lin
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan T Coles
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lea Dettling
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Steiner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Felix Witte
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Joshi G, Sreerag MN, Jemmis ED, Nixon JF. P n Ring Size Dependence on NHC-Induced Ring Contraction Reactions of [CoCp‴(η 4-P 4)], [Ta(CO) 2Cp″(η 4-P 4)], and [FeCp*(η 5-P 5)]: A DFT Study. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15822-15830. [PMID: 36169982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The facile ring contraction of [CoCp‴(η4-P4)] and [Ta(CO)2Cp″(η4-P4)] to [CoCp‴(η3-P3)][(MeNHC)2P] and [Ta(CO)2Cp″(η3-P3)] [(MeNHC)2P] induced by MeNHC and the absence of the ring contraction of [FeCp*(η5-P5)] under the same conditions are studied by density functional theory (DFT) computations. The latter is estimated to be thermodynamically the least favorable reaction and also has a very high energy barrier. The similar strain energies of P3 and P4 rings and the lower strain energy of the P5 ring play a decisive role in the ring contraction capability of these [TM-cyclo-Pn] complexes. Theoretical approaches involving NBO and IBO analysis have been employed to provide a qualitative picture of the overall reactions. The role of substituents and the nature of transition metals in determining the energetics of these reactions has also been studied and an isolobal perspective on these systems affords a simplified picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - John F Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ U.K
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3
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Barrett AN, Diefenbach M, Mahon MF, Krewald V, Webster RL. An Iron‐Catalyzed Route to Dewar 1,3,5‐Triphosphabenzene and Subsequent Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208663. [PMID: 35851715 PMCID: PMC9540597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of an alkyne cyclotrimerization regime with an [Fe(salen)]2‐μ‐oxo (1) catalyst to triphenylmethylphosphaalkyne (2) yields gram‐scale quantities of 2,4,6‐tris(triphenylmethyl)‐Dewar‐1,3,5‐triphosphabenzene (3). Bulky lithium salt LiHMDS facilitates a rearrangement of 3 to the 1,3,5‐triphosphabenzene valence isomer (3′), which subsequently undergoes an intriguing phosphorus migration reaction to form the ring‐contracted species (3′′). Density functional theory calculations provide a plausible mechanism for this rearrangement. Given the stability of 3, a diverse array of unprecedented transformations was investigated. We report novel crystallographically characterized products of successful nucleophilic/electrophilic addition and protonation/oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | | | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry TU Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Barrett AN, Diefenbach M, Mahon MF, Krewald V, Webster RL. An Iron‐Catalyzed Route to Dewar 1,3,5‐triphosphabenzene and Subsequent Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam N. Barrett
- University of Bath Department of Chemistry BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Mary F. Mahon
- University of Bath Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Vera Krewald
- Technische Universitat Darmstadt Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- University of Bath Department of Chemistry Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
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Pearce KG, Canham EPF, Nixon JF, Crossley IR. A Benzodiphosphaborolediide. Chemistry 2021; 27:16342-16346. [PMID: 34586681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first example of a diphosphaborolediide, the benzo-fused [C6 H4 P2 BPh]2- (12- ), is prepared from ortho-bis(phosphino)benzene (C6 H4 {PH2 }) and dichlorophenylborane, via a sequential lithiation approach. The dilithio-salt can be obtained as an oligomeric THF solvate or discrete TMEDA adduct, both of which are fully characterized, including by X-ray diffraction. Alongside NICS calculations, data strongly suggest some aromaticity within 12- , which is further supported by preliminary coordination studies that demonstrate η5 -coordination to a zerovalent molybdenum center, as observed crystallographically for the oligomeric [{Mo(CO)3 (η5 -1)}{μ-η1 -Mo(CO)3 (TMEDA)}2 ] ⋅ [μ-Li(THF)][μ-Li(TMEDA)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Elinor P F Canham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - John F Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Ian R Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
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Riedlberger F, Todisco S, Mastrorilli P, Timoshkin AY, Seidl M, Scheer M. NHCs as Neutral Donors towards Polyphosphorus Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:16251-16255. [PMID: 32745336 PMCID: PMC7756228 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The first adducts of NHCs (=N‐heterocyclic carbenes) with aromatic polyphosphorus complexes are reported. The reactions of [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (1) (Cp*=pentamethyl‐cyclopentadienyl) with IMe (=1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), IMes (=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene) and IDipp (=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene) led to the corresponding neutral adducts which can be isolated in the solid state. However, in solution, they quickly undergo a dissociative equilibrium between the adduct and 1 including the corresponding NHC. The equilibrium is influenced by the bulkiness of the NHC. [Cp′′Ta(CO)2(η4‐P4)] (Cp′′=1,3‐di‐tert‐butylcyclopentadienyl) reacts with IMe under P atom abstraction to give an unprecedented cyclo‐P3‐containing anionic tantalum complex. DFT calculations shed light onto the energetics of the reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Riedlberger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Dipartimento di Ingeneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorito Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Dipartimento di Ingeneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorito Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Kim Y, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Oligomerization of phosphaalkynes mediated by bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes: avenues to novel phosphorus frameworks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14242-14245. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of RCP (R = tBu or Ad (admantyl)) with NHCs (SIMes, 1a; IMes, 1b and IDipp, 1d), leading to 1,2,3-triphosphetenes 2 and 3, a triphosphole 4, and a di-1,2-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete-substituted diphosphene 5, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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Townsend NS, Shadbolt SR, Green M, Russell CA. Phosphacycles as Building Blocks for Main Group Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Townsend NS, Shadbolt SR, Green M, Russell CA. Phosphacycles as Building Blocks for Main Group Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3481-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Pal A, Vanka K. Exploring the effectiveness of different Lewis pair combinations in caged structures for the catalysis of ammonia borane dehydrogenation: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20857-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Bates JI, Gates DP. 4-Phosphino-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) from the Abnormal Reaction of NHCs with Phosphaalkenes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Hahn FE, Van DL, Wittenbecher L, Moyes MC, Fehren TV, Fröhlich R, Würthwein EU. Novel 1,2,4-Triphosphole, 1,2,3-Triphosphetene and Azaphospholene Derivatives from N -Heterocyclic Carbenes and Phosphaalkynes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. E. Hahn
- a Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - D. Le Van
- a Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - L. Wittenbecher
- a Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - M. C. Moyes
- a Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - T. Von Fehren
- a Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - R. Fröhlich
- b Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Corrensstrasse 40, Münster , 48149 , Germany
| | - E.-U. Würthwein
- b Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität , Corrensstrasse 40, Münster , 48149 , Germany
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Bates J, Kennepohl P, Gates D. Abnormal Reactivity of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) with a Phosphaalkene: A Route to a 4-Phosphino-Substituted NHC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9844-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bates J, Kennepohl P, Gates D. Abnormal Reactivity of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) with a Phosphaalkene: A Route to a 4-Phosphino-Substituted NHC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hofmann M, Clark T, Heinemann FW, Zenneck U. Rock around the Ring: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Molecular Dynamics of Stannyltriphospholes with Chiral Tin Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200701321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hofmann
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐852‐7367
| | - Tim Clark
- Computer‐Chemie‐Centrum der Universität and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐852‐6565
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐852‐7367
| | - Ulrich Zenneck
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Fax: +49‐9131‐852‐7367
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Clendenning SB, Hitchcock PB, Lappert MF, Merle PG, Nixon JF, Nyulászi L. Synthesis of the 2,4,5-Tri-tert-butyl-1,3-diphospholide Anion by Phosphinidene Elimination from 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butyl-1,3,5-triphosphabenzene on Treatment with the Amide Li[NPh(SiMe3)]. Chemistry 2007; 13:7121-8. [PMID: 17562533 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the lithium amide Li[NPh(SiMe3)] with 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-1,3,5-triphosphabenzene, P(3)C(3)tBu(3), in a 1:2 ratio afforded equimolar amounts of the lithium salt of the five-membered 2,4,5-tri-tert-butyl-1,3-diphospholide anion, LiP(2)C(3)tBu(3) (isolated as its N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) adduct), and the tricyclic compound 6-[phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amino]-3,5,7-tri-tert-butyl-1,2,4,6-tetraphosphatricyclo[3.2.0.0(2,7)]hept-3-ene. Both compounds have been structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The mechanism of this remarkable reaction has been elucidated by theoretical methods at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level of theory. The reaction involves a hitherto unobserved aminophosphinidene, which was formed by abstraction of a phosphorus atom from triphosphabenzene. The intermediate aminophosphinidene, which is further stabilised by the solvent THF, shows, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions, enhanced stability and reacts then with a second molecule of triphosphabenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Clendenning
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, Sussex, UK
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Cheng Y, Meth-Cohn O. Heterocycles Derived from Heteroatom-Substituted Carbenes. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2507-30. [PMID: 15137798 DOI: 10.1021/cr030604w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Structural characterization of Group 4 transition metal halide bis-Arduengo carbene complexes MCl4L2:. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hahn FE, Le Van D, Moyes MC, von Fehren T, Fröhlich R, Würthwein EU. Unusual Formation of an Azaphospholene from 1,3,4,5-Tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene and Di(isopropyl)aminophosphaalkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:3144-3148. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010903)40:17<3144::aid-anie3144>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Hahn FE, Le Van D, Moyes MC, von Fehren T, Fröhlich R, Würthwein EU. Ungewöhnliche Bildung eines Azaphospholens aus 1,3,4,5-Tetramethylimidazol-2-yliden und Diisopropylaminophosphaethin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010903)113:17<3241::aid-ange3241>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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