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Izadi P, Izadi P, Salem R, Papry SA, Magdouli S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115370. [PMID: 33254637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most well-known pharmaceuticals with a broad scope of properties that are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of their extensive utilization, NSAIDs are commonly identified in the environment as trace emerging contaminants. Regardless of vast experience with these drugs, NSAIDs are full of contradictions that trigger major concerns for environmental researchers. A limited understanding on NSAID's occurrence, distribution and eco-toxicological effects have led to an escalated dilemma in the last decade. Thus, a broad-spectrum study covering all aspects of occurrence, detection and removal is required to meet the fundamental levels of knowledge on the effects of NSAIDs in all exposed environmental aspects. Therefore, this paper focuses on classifying the sources and entry points of residual NSAIDs. Further, detecting and regulating their concentrations in both input streams and receiving environments, along with the removal processes of this specific class of emerging compounds, in the direction of developing a management policy is comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Parin Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rana Salem
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sifat Azad Papry
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sara Magdouli
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- École Supérieure D'aménagement Du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, Rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
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Arslancan S, Martínez-Fernández L, Corral I. Photophysics and Photochemistry of Canonical Nucleobases’ Thioanalogs: From Quantum Mechanical Studies to Time Resolved Experiments. Molecules 2017. [PMCID: PMC6152766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in understanding the photophysics and photochemistry of thiated nucleobases has been awakened because of their possible involvement in primordial RNA or their potential use as photosensitizers in medicinal chemistry. The interpretation of the photodynamics of these systems, conditioned by their intricate potential energy surfaces, requires the powerful interplay between experimental measurements and state of the art molecular simulations. In this review, we provide an overview on the photophysics of natural nucleobases’ thioanalogs, which covers the last 30 years and both experimental and computational contributions. For all the canonical nucleobase’s thioanalogs, we have compiled the main steady state absorption and emission features and their interpretation in terms of theoretical calculations. Then, we revise the main topographical features, including stationary points and interstate crossings, of their potential energy surfaces based on quantum mechanical calculations and we conclude, by combining the outcome of different spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulations, with the mechanism by which these nucleobase analogs populate their triplet excited states, which are at the origin of their photosensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Arslancan
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain;
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Istituto Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli I-80134, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.M.-F.); (I.C.); Tel.: +34-91-497-8471 (I.C.)
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain;
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IADCHEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.-F.); (I.C.); Tel.: +34-91-497-8471 (I.C.)
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Qin J, Li X, Feng F, Pan Q, Bai Y, Zhao J. Room temperature phosphorescence of five PAHs in a synergistic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-deoxycholate substrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 179:233-241. [PMID: 28254706 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A synergistic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-sodium deoxycholate (mPS-NaDC) substrate was developed for room temperature phosphorimetry. The synergistic substrate exhibited rapid and strong RTP-inducing ability against temperature variation. NaDC might adsorb on the inner surface of mPS pore by possible hydrogen bonding and protected the triplet state of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with different molecular sizes. Two mPSs named LPMS1 and LPMS2 with pore size of 3.05 and 3.83nm were synthesized and optimized in inducing RTP, and the latter, LPMS2, was selected as an ideal substrate because of its stronger protection ability to the triplet and good stability. Dibromopropane and cyclohexane were also used as assistant phosphorescence-inducers. All results demonstrated the feasibility and application potential of synergistic mPS-NaDC substrate in phosphorimetry. The interaction detail of NaDC and inner surface of selected mPS still needs to be explored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- School of Chemistry and material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, PR China; College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Chemistry and material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, PR China; College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China.
| | - Qiliang Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
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Excited-State Dynamics of the Thiopurine Prodrug 6-Thioguanine: Can N9-Glycosylation Affect Its Phototoxic Activity? Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030379. [PMID: 28264514 PMCID: PMC6155220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Thioguanine, an immunosuppressant and anticancer prodrug, has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell death following exposure to UVA radiation. Its metabolite, 6-thioguanosine, plays a major role in the prodrug's overall photoreactivity. However, 6-thioguanine itself has proven to be cytotoxic following UVA irradiation, warranting further investigation into its excited-state dynamics. In this contribution, the excited-state dynamics and photochemical properties of 6-thioguanine are studied in aqueous solution following UVA excitation at 345 nm in order to provide mechanistic insight regarding its photochemical reactivity and to scrutinize whether N9-glycosylation modulates its phototoxicity in solution. The experimental results are complemented with time-dependent density functional calculations that include solvent dielectric effects by means of a reaction-field solvation model. UVA excitation results in the initial population of the S₂(ππ*) state, which is followed by ultrafast internal conversion to the S₁(nπ*) state and then intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold within 560 ± 60 fs. A small fraction (ca. 25%) of the population that reaches the S₁(nπ*) state repopulates the ground state. The T₁(ππ*) state decays to the ground state in 1.4 ± 0.2 μs under N₂-purged conditions, using a 0.2 mM concentration of 6-thioguanine, or it can sensitize singlet oxygen in 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.23 ± 0.02 yields in air- and O₂-saturated solution, respectively. This demonstrates the efficacy of 6-thioguanine to act as a Type II photosensitizer. N9-glycosylation increases the rate of intersystem crossing from the singlet to triplet manifold, as well as from the T₁(ππ*) state to the ground state, which lead to a ca. 40% decrease in the singlet oxygen yield under air-saturated conditions. Enhanced vibronic coupling between the singlet and triplet manifolds due to a higher density of vibrational states is proposed to be responsible for the observed increase in the rates of intersystem crossing in 6-thioguanine upon N9-glycosylation.
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Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Cytosine derivatized bis(2,2′-bithienyl)methane molecularly imprinted polymer for selective recognition of 6-thioguanine, an antitumor drug. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yu-Xia W, Liu Y, Jian-Qing L, Jun-Fen L, Chuan D. Spectroscopy behavior of diiodofluorescein and tetrabromofluorescein. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 60:2475-2479. [PMID: 15294231 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The luminescence behavior of diiodofluorescein (DIF) and tetrabromofluorescein (TBF) have been investigated including the solid surface room temperature phosphorescence (SS-RTP) and the room temperature fluorescence (RTF). The luminescence intensities of the two compounds are strongest in alkaline solution. RTP lifetime of the two compounds are in the range of 130-140 ms. The RTP and RTF polarization was in the range of 0.01-0.05. The two analytical methods--SS-RTP and RTF, of the two compounds have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu-Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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Wei Y, Ding L, Li J, Wei Y, Dong C. The Solid Surface Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Three Purine Compounds and Analytical Application. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120028617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chuan D, Li-hua D, Yu-xia W, Jun-fen L, Yan-li W. Spectroscopy behavior of 6-Mercaptopurine, Azathiopurine, and 8-Azaguanine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:3131-3137. [PMID: 14583288 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study, luminescence behavior of 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), Azathiopurine (BAN), and 8-Azaguanine (8-Azan) have been investigated including the low temperature phosphorescence, the low temperature fluorescence, the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and the room temperature fluorescence (RTF). The effect of pH on the luminescence intensity is discussed. Analytical characteristics of RTF and RTP of 6-MP, BAN, and 8-Azan have been studied. The lifetime of phosphorescence and the polarity of RTF and RTP have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chuan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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