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Lin J. Dissolved iodine in the Changjiang River Estuary, China. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:1269-1279. [PMID: 37771226 PMCID: wst_2023_263 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and behavior of total dissolved iodine (TDI) and its species-iodate, iodide, and dissolved organic iodine (DOI) in the Changjiang River Estuary (CJE) surface and subsurface waters were studied along the salinity gradient. Results showed that TDI concentration in the freshwater endmember of CJE was 0.037 μM and existed as iodide. Although the transformation of dissolved iodine forms was active, TDI showed a conservative behavior, ranging from 0.037 μM to 0.42 μM in the estuary. Iodate showed removal behavior (ranging within 0-0.277 μM), iodide showed additive behavior (ranging within 0.037-0.131 μM), whereas DOI showed additive (0 < salinity < 20) (ranging within 0-0.099 μM) and removal (20 < salinity < 33.5) behavior (ranging within 0.099-0.022 μM). The iodine atoms in DOI were supplied primarily by iodide when salinity was <10 but by iodate when salinity was >10. The iodine-carbon ratios in DOI from different sources were more than 10 times different. The annual flux of iodine in the Changjiang River was 4.0 × 109g, accounting for about 4% of the global river iodine flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health of Fujian Province University (Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College), Zhangzhou, Fujian 363105, China E-mail: ;
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Jones MR, Chance R, Dadic R, Hannula HR, May R, Ward M, Carpenter LJ. Environmental iodine speciation quantification in seawater and snow using ion exchange chromatography and UV spectrophotometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340700. [PMID: 36628710 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour and distribution of iodine in the environment are of significant interest in a range of scientific disciplines, from health, as iodine is an essential element for humans and animals, to climate and air quality, to geochemistry. Aquatic environments are the reservoir for iodine, where it exists in low concentrations as iodide, iodate and dissolved organic iodine and in which it undergoes redox reactions. The current measurement techniques for iodine species are typically time-consuming, subject to relatively poor precision and require specialist instrumentation including those that require mercury as an electrode. We present a new method for measuring iodine species, that is tailored towards lower dissolved organic carbon waters, such as seawater, rainwater and snow, using ion exchange chromatography (IC) with direct ultra-violet spectrophotometric detection of iodide and without the need for sample pre-concentration. Simple chemical amendments to the sample allow for the quantification of both iodate and dissolved organic iodine in addition to iodide. The developed IC method, which takes 16 min, was applied to contrasting samples that encompass a wide range of aqueous environments, from Arctic sea-ice snow (low concentrations) to coastal seawater (complex sample matrix). Linear calibrations are demonstrated for all matrices, using gravimetrically prepared potassium iodide standards. The detection limit for the iodide ion is 0.12 nM based on the standard deviation of the blank, while sample reproducibility is typically <2% at >8 nM and ∼4% at <8 nM. Since there is no environmental certified reference material for iodine species, the measurements made on seawater samples using this IC method were compared to those obtained using established analytical techniques; iodide voltammetry and iodate spectrophotometry. We calculated recoveries of 102 ± 16% (n = 107) for iodide and 116 ± 9% (n = 103) for iodate, the latter difference may be due to an underestimation of iodate by the spectrophotometric method. We further compared a chemical oxidation and reduction of the sample to an ultra-violet digestion to establish the total dissolved iodine content, the average recovery following chemical amendments was 98 ± 4% (n = 92). The new method represents a simple, efficient, green, precise and sensitive method for measuring dissolved speciated iodine in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jones
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Rosie Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ruzica Dadic
- Victoria University of Wellington, Antarctic Research Centre, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand; WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Henna-Reetta Hannula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca May
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Martyn Ward
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Fievet B, Voiseux C, Leblanc C, Maro D, Hebert D, Solier L, Godinot C. Iodine uptake in brown seaweed exposed to radioactive liquid discharges from the reprocessing plant of ORANO La Hague. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 256:107045. [PMID: 36308944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-129 is present in controlled liquid radioactive waste routinely released in seawater by the ORANO nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in La Hague (Normandy, France). Brown algae are known for their exceptional ability to concentrate iodine from seawater. They also potentially emit volatile iodine compounds in response to various stresses, such as during emersion at low tide. For these reasons, brown seaweed is routinely collected for radioactivity monitoring in the marine environment (Fucus serratus and Laminaria digitata). Despite the high concentration ratio, the exact mechanism of iodine uptake is still unclear. Chemical imaging by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry provided evidence that iodine is stored by kelps as I-. In this study we investigate in vivo iodine uptake in kelps (L. digitata) with an emphasis on seawater iodine chemical speciation. Our results showed that kelp plantlets were able to take up iodine in the forms of both IO3- and I-. We also observed transient net efflux of I- back to seawater but no IO3- efflux. Since the seaweed stores I- but takes up both IO3- and I-, IO3- was likely to be converted into I- at some point in the plantlet. One major outcome of our experiments was the direct observation of the kelp-based biogenic conversion of seawater IO3- into I-. On the basis of both IO3- and I- uptakes by the seaweed, we propose new steps in the possible iodine concentration mechanism used by brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fievet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
| | - Claire Voiseux
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Denis Maro
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
| | - Didier Hebert
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
| | - Luc Solier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
| | - Claire Godinot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville, F-50130, Cherbourg-Octeville, France.
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Carpenter LJ, Chance RJ, Sherwen T, Adams TJ, Ball SM, Evans MJ, Hepach H, Hollis LDJ, Hughes C, Jickells TD, Mahajan A, Stevens DP, Tinel L, Wadley MR. Marine iodine emissions in a changing world. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20200824. [PMID: 35153549 PMCID: PMC8300602 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system. The importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine in the diet being linked to goitre, cretinism and neonatal death. Research over the last few decades has shown that iodine has significant impacts on tropospheric photochemistry, ultimately impacting climate by reducing the radiative forcing of ozone (O3) and air quality by reducing extreme O3 concentrations in polluted regions. Iodine is naturally present in the ocean, predominantly as aqueous iodide and iodate. The rapid reaction of sea-surface iodide with O3 is believed to be the largest single source of gaseous iodine to the atmosphere. Due to increased anthropogenic O3, this release of iodine is believed to have increased dramatically over the twentieth century, by as much as a factor of 3. Uncertainties in the marine iodine distribution and global cycle are, however, major constraints in the effective prediction of how the emissions of iodine and its biogeochemical cycle may change in the future or have changed in the past. Here, we present a synthesis of recent results by our team and others which bring a fresh perspective to understanding the global iodine biogeochemical cycle. In particular, we suggest that future climate-induced oceanographic changes could result in a significant change in aqueous iodide concentrations in the surface ocean, with implications for atmospheric air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rosie J Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Thomas J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Stephen M Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mat J Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Helmke Hepach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, UK
| | | | - Claire Hughes
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Timothy D Jickells
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Anoop Mahajan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - David P Stevens
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Liselotte Tinel
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Martin R Wadley
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Abstract
This review is intended as a comprehensive survey of iodinated metabolites possessing carbon–iodine covalent bond, which have been obtained from living organisms. Generally thought to be minor components produced by many different organisms these interesting compounds now number more than 110. Many from isolated and identified iodine-containing metabolites showed high biological activities. Recent research, especially in the marine area, indicates this number will increase in the future. Sources of iodinated metabolites include microorganisms, algae, marine invertebrates, and some animals. Their origin and possible biological significance have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 12065, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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6
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Montenero MP, Dilbone EK, Waples JT. Using medically-derived iodine-131 to track sewage effluent in the Laurentian Great Lakes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:773-782. [PMID: 28734182 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracking sewage wastewater in a large lake is difficult. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals that can be used as indicator compounds are quickly diluted and not easy to measure. In this study, we examined the potential of using medically-derived iodine-131 (131I, t½ = 8.02 d) as a tracer for Milwaukee sewage effluent in Lake Michigan. 131I activities in sewage effluent from two Milwaukee wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were measured in conjunction with 131I activities in water, sediment and biota in the Milwaukee Outer Harbor and Lake Michigan. 131I discharge rates from both WWTPS ranged from 34 ± 15 to 1807 ± 24 MBq d-1, with average and median 131I discharges of 278 and 129 MBq d-1. A budget of 131I in the Milwaukee Outer Harbor - based on measured sediment and water column inventories - showed that ∼11% of the 131I discharged to the harbor was scavenged to bottom sediments, ∼19% decayed in the harbor water column, and ∼70% was flushed out of the harbor to Lake Michigan. From this budget, we derived a harbor flushing rate of 3.1 days. In Lake Michigan, 131I activity was found in Cladophora algae (undetected to 91 ± 2 Bq kg-1) along ∼40 km of shoreline. Benthic trawl samples showed 131I activity up to 8 km from shore. Calculated 131I length scales were 30 km alongshore and 3.4 km offshore and corresponded to sewage effluent dispersion rates of ∼2.6 km d-1 and ∼0.3 km d-1 in along- and offshore directions. Using 131I as a tracer of sewage effluent from other coastal municipalities to the Laurentian Great Lakes appears feasible, particularly for larger (>105) population centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Montenero
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Dilbone
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - James T Waples
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
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Chance R, Baker AR, Carpenter L, Jickells TD. The distribution of iodide at the sea surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1841-1859. [PMID: 24964735 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the impact of sea surface iodide concentrations on the deposition of ozone to the sea surface and the sea to air flux of reactive iodine. The use of models to predict this flux demands accurate, spatially distributed sea surface iodide concentrations, but to date, the observational data required to support this is sparse and mostly arises from independent studies conducted on small geographical and temporal scales. We have compiled the available measurements of sea surface iodide to produce a data set spanning latitudes from 69°S to 66°N, which reveals a coherent, large scale distribution pattern, with highest concentrations observed in tropical waters. Relationships between iodide concentration and more readily available parameters (chlorophyll, nitrate, sea surface temperature, salinity, mixed layer depth) are evaluated as tools to predict iodide concentration. Of the variables tested, sea surface temperature is the strongest predictor of iodide concentration. Nitrate was also strongly inversely associated with iodide concentration, but chlorophyll-a was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Rose PS, Smith JP, Cochran JK, Aller RC, Swanson RL. Behavior of medically-derived 131I in the tidal Potomac River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:87-97. [PMID: 23500402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-131 (t1/2=8.04 d) is administered to patients for treatment of thyroid disorders, excreted by patients and discharged to surface waters via sewage effluent. Radionuclides generally behave like their stable analogs; therefore, medically-derived (131)I is useful as a transport-reaction tracer of anthropogenic inputs and the aquatic biogeochemistry of iodine. Iodine-131 was measured in Potomac River water and sediments in the vicinity of the Blue Plains Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP), Washington, DC, USA. Concentrations measured in sewage effluent from Blue Plains WPCP and in the Potomac River suggest a relatively continuous source of this radionuclide. The range of (131)I concentrations detected in surface water was 0.076±0.006 to 6.07±0.07 Bq L(-1). Iodine-131 concentrations in sediments ranged from 1.3±0.8 to 117±2 Bq kg(-1) dry weight. Partitioning in the sewage effluent from Blue Plains and in surface waters indicated that (131)I is associated with colloidal and particulate organic material. The behavior of medically-derived (131)I in the Potomac River is consistent with the nutrient-like behavior of natural iodine in aquatic environments. After discharge to the river via sewage effluent, it is incorporated into biogenic particulate material and deposited in sediments. Solid phase sediment profiles of (131)I indicated rapid mixing or sedimentation of particulate debris and diagenetic remineralization and recycling on short time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Rose
- Marine Sciences Research Center, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Küpper FC, Feiters MC, Olofsson B, Kaiho T, Yanagida S, Zimmermann MB, Carpenter LJ, Luther GW, Lu Z, Jonsson M, Kloo L. Commemorating Two Centuries of Iodine Research: An Interdisciplinary Overview of Current Research. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11598-620. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Küpper FC, Feiters MC, Olofsson B, Kaiho T, Yanagida S, Zimmermann MB, Carpenter LJ, Luther GW, Lu Z, Jonsson M, Kloo L. Zweihundert Jahre Iodforschung: ein interdisziplinärer Überblick über die derzeitige Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vives i Batlle J, Wilson RC, McDonald P, Parker TG. Uptake and depuration of 131I by the edible periwinkle Littorina littorea: uptake from seawater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2005; 78:51-67. [PMID: 15465179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and depuration experiments for the edible periwinkle Littorina littorea have been performed using 131I-labelled seawater. Throughout the experimental phase the winkles were fed on unlabelled Chondrus crispus. 131I concentrations in winkles during uptake followed linear first-order kinetics with an uptake half-time of 11 days, whereas for depuration a triphasic sequence with biological half-lives of 4, 23 and 56 days was determined. In general, iodine turnover in winkles via labelled seawater appears to be slower than observed for other molluscs (2-3 days). Most of the activity prior to and after depuration is found to be in the shell, with indications that shell and soft parts accumulate and depurate 131I at a similar rate. The operculum displays the highest specific activity of all fractions with a concentration factor of 750 l kg(-1). Concentration factors for whole winkle, shell, soft parts and digestive gland are in the order of 40-60 l kg(-1), higher than the IAEA recommended CF value for iodine in molluscs of 10 l kg(-1). The 131I CF in winkles is closer to that of the conservative radionuclides 99Tc and 137Cs than the CF of the particle reactive radionuclides (239,240)Pu and 241Am.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vives i Batlle
- Westlakes Research Institute, The Princess Royal Building, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3LN, UK.
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Laurberg P, Andersen S, Pedersen IB, Ovesen L, Knudsen N. Humic substances in drinking water and the epidemiology of thyroid disease. Biofactors 2003; 19:145-53. [PMID: 14757965 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520190307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases are common in all populations but the type and frequency depends on environmental factors. In Denmark geographical differences in iodine intake are caused by different iodine contents of drinking water, which varies from < 1 to 139 microg iodine per litre. Comparative epidemiologic studies have demonstrated considerable differences in type and occurrence of thyroid disease with more goitre and hyperthyroidism in Aalborg with water iodine content around 5 microg/L, and more hypothyroidism in Copenhagen with water iodine around 20 microg/L. In Denmark, iodine in ground water is bound in humic substances, which have probably leached from marine sediments in the aquifers. Interestingly, humic substances in water from other parts of the world have goitrogenic properties, especially humic substances from coal and shale. Humic substances are heterogeneous mixtures of naturally occurring molecules, produced by decomposition of plant and animal tissues. The effect of humic substances in drinking water on the epidemiology of thyroid disease probably depends on the source of aquifer sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laurberg
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, University Hospital Aalborg, Denmark.
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