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Barrera G, Scaglione F, Celegato F, Coïsson M, Tiberto P, Rizzi P. Electroless Cobalt Deposition on Dealloyed Nanoporous Gold Substrate: A Versatile Technique to Control Morphological and Magnetic Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:494. [PMID: 36770455 PMCID: PMC9920968 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The connection of multidisciplinary and versatile techniques capable of depositing and modeling thin films in multistep complex fabrication processes offers different perspectives and additional degrees of freedom in the realization of patterned magnetic materials whose peculiar physical properties meet the specific needs of several applications. In this work, a fast and cost-effective dealloying process is combined with a fast, low-cost, scalable electroless deposition technique to realize hybrid magnetic heterostructures. The gold nanoporous surface obtained by the dealloying of an Au40Si20Cu28Ag7Pd5 ribbon is used as a nanostructured substrate for the electrodeposition of cobalt. In the first steps of the deposition, the Co atoms fill the gold pores and arrange themselves into a patterned thin film with harder magnetic properties; then they continue their growth into an upper layer with softer magnetic properties. The structural characterization of the hybrid magnetic heterostructures is performed using an X-ray diffraction technique and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, while the morphology of the samples as a function of the electrodeposition time is characterized by images taken in top and cross-section view using scanning electron microscopy. Then, the structural and morphologic features are correlated with the room-temperature magnetic properties deduced from an alternating-gradient magnetometer's measurements of the hysteresis loop and first order reversal curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Barrera
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Str. delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Centro Interdipartimentale NIS (Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces), Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Celegato
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Str. delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Coïsson
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Str. delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Str. delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Centro Interdipartimentale NIS (Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces), Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Topolovec S, Krenn H, Würschum R. Electrochemical cell for in situ electrodeposition of magnetic thin films in a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:063903. [PMID: 26133846 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical cell is designed and applied for in situ electrodeposition of magnetic thin films in a commercial SQUID magnetometer system. The cell is constructed in such a way that any parasitic contribution of the cell and of the substrate for electrodeposition to the magnetic moment of the deposited film is reduced to a minimum. A remanent minor contribution is readily taken into account by a proper analysis of the detected signal. Thus, a precise determination of the absolute magnetic moment of the electrodeposited magnetic film during its growth and dissolution is achieved. The feasibility of the cell design is demonstrated by performing Co electrodeposition using cyclic voltammetry. For an average Co film thickness of (35.6 ± 3.0) atomic layers, a magnetic moment per Co atom of (1.75 ± 0.11) μ(B) was estimated, in good agreement with the literature bulk value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Topolovec
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Luo T, Guo L, Cammarata RC. Morphology evolution during stress relaxation of cobalt films due to dissolution in electrolyte solutions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06725h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the stress relaxation of perfect cobalt film (the dotted cure), the relaxation of cobalt film with surface imperfections (such as black pin-holes in above insert) displayed irreversible characters and was suggested to be the result of cobalt dissolution in electrolytes, which could be eliminated by additives such as Cl−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Whiting School of Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- , USA
- Department of Cell Biology
| | - Lian Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Whiting School of Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- , USA
| | - Robert C. Cammarata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Whiting School of Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- , USA
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Topolovec S, Jerabek P, Szabó DV, Krenn H, Würschum R. SQUID magnetometry combined with in situ cyclic voltammetry: A case study of tunable magnetism of [Formula: see text]-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2013; 329:43-48. [PMID: 23471175 PMCID: PMC3587401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
SQUID magnetometry combined with in situ cyclic voltammetry by means of a three-electrode chemical cell opens up novel potentials for studying correlations between electrochemical processes and magnetic behaviour. The combination of these methods shows that the charge-induced variation of the magnetic moment of nanocrystalline maghemite ([Formula: see text]-Fe2O3) of about 4% strongly depends on the voltage regime of charging. Upon positive charging, the charge-induced variation of the magnetic moment is suppressed due to adsorption layers. The pronounced charge-sensitivity of the magnetic moment in the regime of negative charging may either be associated with a redox reaction or with charge-induced variations of the magnetic anisotropy or magnetoelastic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Topolovec
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Jerabek
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dorothée Vinga Szabó
- Institute for Applied Materials—Materials Processing Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Lin CL, Wu AW, Wang YC, Tseng YC, Tsay JS. Spin reorientation transitions and structures of electrodeposited Ni/Cu(100) ultrathin films with and without Pb additives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2360-7. [PMID: 23295646 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42833d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic properties and surface structures of Ni/Cu(100) ultrathin films are studied by means of magneto-optical Kerr effect and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with cyclic voltammetry. At the initial stage of Ni deposition on a Cu(100) electrode, nickel atoms attach onto the steps and the surface shows single atomic steps corresponding to a layer-by-layer growth. For thicker Ni/Cu(100) films, nanometer-size clusters are randomly distributed on the surface showing a three-dimensional island growth. For thinner Ni layers in the coherent region, the magnetic anisotropy energy of the Cl-electrolyte/Ni interface is small. The reduction of squareness of the hysteresis loops is related to the inhomogeneous growth of the Ni layers. For thicker Ni layers in the incoherent region, the negative value of interface anisotropy for the Cl-electrolyte/Ni interface has a strong impact on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and plays an important role on the reduction of the Ni thickness for spin reorientation transition in the electrolyte condition. By adding Pb additives, the deposition of a Pb wetting layer causes a defaceting phenomenon and the hydrogen evolution reaction is reduced. As the Ni thickness increases, the growth of Ni changes from layer-by-layer to quasi-two-dimensional islands with a flat top layer. With a Pb additive, the spin reorientation transitions of the Ni/Cu(100) system are not significantly influenced. However, due to the change of the growth mode by Pb atoms as a surfactant, the squareness of the hysteresis loops is enhanced for all the Ni thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Section 4, Ting-Chou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Wei YM, Zhou XS, Wang JG, Tang J, Mao BW, Kolb DM. The creation of nanostructures on an Au111 electrode by tip-induced iron deposition from an ionic liquid. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1355-1358. [PMID: 18702124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Wei
- Chemistry Department and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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Watanabe N, Morais J, Accione SBB, Morrone Â, Schmidt JE, Martins Alves MC. Electronic, Structural, and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Aggregates Embedded in Polypyrrole. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036940y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Watanabe
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J. Morais
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S. B. B. Accione
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Â. Morrone
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J. E. Schmidt
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M. C. Martins Alves
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, P.O. Box 6192, 13084-971 Campinas, Brazil, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil, and Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
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