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S. Katsifas C, A. Zachariadis G. EDXRF Spectrometry and Complementary Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques in the Archaeometric Study of Copper Artefacts. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190327170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
For more than a decade, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
spectrometry is the primary analytical technique in archaeometric research and especially in the study
of ancient copper artefacts. EDXRF has established itself as the fundamental archaeometric analytical
technique because of features like: the ability to analyze samples in a non destructive or non invasive
way, no requirements for sample preparation, portability, in situ analysis, simultaneous determination
of many elements and finally its easy in use. At the same time there is an explosion of related
research publications which provide new possibilities to museums and archaeology scientists. On the
other hand, due to its limitations it cannot provide information for every analytical question.
Objective:
The goal of this article is to present an overview of the capabilities of the contemporary
EDXRF spectrometry for the study of ancient copper artifacts and the necessity to be implemented,
depending on the analytical question, in correlation with complementary analytical techniques which
are presented through related case studies.
Conclusion:
The demand for studying artefacts in situ, the evolution of the instrumentation and the
access of more scientists (historians, archaeologists, curators etc.) to archaeometry will maintain
EDXRF spectrometry as the central analytical technique. Limitations like inability for light elements
detection, penetration depth, low (relatively) sensitivity can be partially overcome with the implementation
of other analytical techniques which will provide complementary information. Moreover,
progress in non-invasive analysis and new portable instruments combining elemental and molecular
techniques expand significantly the capabilities of in situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Katsifas
- Laboratory of Physicochemical Studies & Archaeometry, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Li J, Guériau P, Bellato M, King A, Robbiola L, Thoury M, Baillon M, Fossé C, Cohen SX, Moulhérat C, Thomas A, Galtier P, Bertrand L. Synchrotron-Based Phase Mapping in Corroded Metals: Insights from Early Copper-Base Artifacts. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1815-1825. [PMID: 30608138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The detailed description of corrosion processes in ancient and historical metal artifacts currently relies on the in-depth study of prepared cross sections. The in-plane elemental and phase distributions can be established from a combination of light and electron microscopy characterization. Here, we show that high-resolution virtual sectioning through synchrotron X-ray microcomputed tomography allows a precise noninvasive 3D description of the distribution of both internal and external mineral phases in whole objects. In fragments of early copper artifacts (third-second millennium BC) from Southern Mesopotamia and the Indus valley, this approach provided essential clues on long-term corrosion processes. Major and minor phases were identified through semiquantitative evaluation of attenuation coefficients using polychromatic X-ray illumination. We found evidence for initially unidentified phases through statistical processing of images. We discuss interpretation of the distribution of these phases. A good correlation between the corrosion phases identified by CT and by invasive BSE-SEM is demonstrated. In addition to the stratigraphy of the copper corrosion compounds, we examine and discuss the variations observed in the attenuation coefficients of Cu(I) phases. Semiquantitative synchrotron X-ray microtomography phase mapping requires no specific sample preparation, in particular polishing or surface finishing, and any material tearing or displacement is avoided. We also provide evidence for the noninvasive observation of phases rapidly altered upon preparation of real cross sections. The method can be applied when cross-sectioning even of minute fragments is impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Pierre Guériau
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,SOLEIL synchrotron , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Marta Bellato
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Andrew King
- SOLEIL synchrotron , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Luc Robbiola
- TRACES, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UMR 5608 , Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès , 31100 Toulouse , France
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Martin Baillon
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Cécile Fossé
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Serge X Cohen
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | | | | | - Pierre Galtier
- GEMaC, CNRS, UVSQ, UMR 8635 , Université Paris-Saclay , 78035 Versailles , France
| | - Loïc Bertrand
- IPANEMA, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, USR 3461 , Université Paris-Saclay , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,SOLEIL synchrotron , F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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3
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Di Turo F, Montoya N, Piquero-Cilla J, De Vito C, Coletti F, Favero G, Doménech-Carbó MT, Doménech-Carbó A. Dating Archaeological Strata in theMagna MaterTemple Using Solid-state Voltammetric Analysis of Leaded Bronze Coins. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Turo
- Department of Earth Sciences; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - Joan Piquero-Cilla
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
| | - Caterina De Vito
- Department of Earth Sciences; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - Fulvio Coletti
- Parco Archeologico del Colosseo; Piazza di S. Maria Nova 53 Rome
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome Italy
| | - María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni; Universitat Politècnica de València; Camí de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica.; Universitat de València.; Dr. Moliner, 50 46100 Burjassot (València Spain
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4
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Simultaneous quantification of Zr, Cr and Cu in copper alloy matrix using charged particle activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Redondo-Marugán J, Piquero-Cilla J, Doménech-Carbó MT, Ramírez-Barat B, Sekhaneh WA, Capelo S, Doménech-Carbó A. Characterizing archaeological bronze corrosion products intersecting electrochemical impedance measurements with voltammetry of immobilized particles. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Montagna E, Álvarez-Romero C, Lee Y. Electrochemical discrimination of mints: The last Chinese emperors Kuang Hsü and Hsüan T'ung monetary unification. Talanta 2017; 169:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Carl M, Young ML. Complementary analytical methods for analysis of Ag-plated cultural heritage objects. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Young ML. Archaeometallurgy using synchrotron radiation: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:036504. [PMID: 22790423 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/3/036504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Archaeometallurgy is an important field of study which allows us to assess the quality and value of ancient metal artifacts and better understand the ancient cultures that made them. Scientific investigation of ancient metal artifacts is often necessary due to their lack of well-documented histories. One important requirement of analytical techniques is that they be non-destructive, since many of these artifacts are unique and irreplaceable. Most synchrotron radiation (SR) techniques meet this requirement. In this review, the characteristics, capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages of current and future SR facilities are discussed. I examine the application of SR techniques such as x-ray imaging (radiography/microscopy and tomography), x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and lastly combined SR techniques to the field of archaeometallurgy. Previous case studies using these various SR techniques are discussed and potential future SR techniques are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus L Young
- Materials Science, School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Cotte M, Susini J, Dik J, Janssens K. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy for art conservation: looking back and looking forward. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:705-14. [PMID: 20058906 DOI: 10.1021/ar900199m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of analytical techniques augmented by the use of synchrotron radiation (SR), such as X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), are now readily available, and they differ little, conceptually, from their common laboratory counterparts. Because of numerous advantages afforded by SR-based techniques over benchtop versions, however, SR methods have become popular with archaeologists, art historians, curators, and other researchers in the field of cultural heritage (CH). Although the CH community now commonly uses both SR-XRF and SR-XRD, the use of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (SR-XAS) techniques remains marginal, mostly because CH specialists rarely interact with SR physicists. In this Account, we examine the basic principles and capabilities of XAS techniques in art preservation. XAS techniques offer a combination of features particularly well-suited for the chemical analysis of works of art. The methods are noninvasive, have low detection limits, afford high lateral resolution, and provide exceptional chemical sensitivity. These characteristics are highly desirable for the chemical characterization of precious, heterogeneous, and complex materials. In particular, the chemical mapping capability, with high spatial resolution that provides information about local composition and chemical states, even for trace elements, is a unique asset. The chemistry involved in both the object's history (that is, during fabrication) and future (that is, during preservation and restoration treatments) can be addressed by XAS. On the one hand, many studies seek to explain optical effects occurring in historical glasses or ceramics by probing the molecular environment of relevant chromophores. Hence, XAS can provide insight into craft skills that were mastered years, decades, or centuries ago but were lost over the course of time. On the other hand, XAS can also be used to characterize unwanted reactions, which are then considered alteration phenomena and can dramatically alter the object's original visual properties. In such cases, the bulk elemental composition is usually unchanged. Hence, monitoring oxidation state (or, more generally, other chemical modifications) can be of great importance. Recent applications of XAS in art conservation are reviewed and new trends are discussed, highlighting the value (and future possibilities) of XAS, which remains, given its potential, underutilized in the CH community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Cotte
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), CNRS UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14, Quai François Mitterrand, F-75001 Paris, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Susini
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joris Dik
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Mekelweg 2, NL-2628CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Janssens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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10
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Martin MC, Schade U, Lerch P, Dumas P. Recent applications and current trends in analytical chemistry using synchrotron-based Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Figueiredo E, Silva RJC, Araújo MF, Senna-Martinez JC. Identification of ancient gilding technology and Late Bronze Age metallurgy by EDXRF, Micro-EDXRF, SEM-EDS and metallographic techniques. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Modern chemical analysis in archaeometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:915-8. [PMID: 18408920 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Archaeometric study on polymetallic remains from the archaeological dig in Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by scanning electron microscopy and metallographic techniques. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Chapter 2 Synchrotron Imaging for Archaeology, Art History, Conservation, and Palaeontology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-1731(07)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Serghini-Idrissi M, Bernard M, Harrif F, Joiret S, Rahmouni K, Srhiri A, Takenouti H, Vivier V, Ziani M. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations of patinas formed on an archaeological bronze coin. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Janssens K. Chapter 4 X-ray based methods of analysis. NON-DESTRUCTIVE MICROANALYSIS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE MATERIALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(04)80008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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