1
|
Tajima C, Inasawa S. Effects of liquid–liquid interfaces on flow of oil-in-water emulsions in a capillary tube. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Hasegawa K, Inasawa S. Evaporation kinetics of continuous water and dispersed oil droplets. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8692-8701. [PMID: 32996538 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drying of volatile oil droplets immersed in a continuous water phase was observed and analysed. Drying sample solutions were sandwiched between two glass plates and the water and oil phases were observed by confocal microscopy. In the initial stage of drying, evaporation of water was dominant and drying of the oil droplets was negligible. However, the rate of water evaporation decreased when the oil droplets were compressed. Comparison of experimental data with a diffusion model of water vapour showed that the decline in drying rates occurred earlier in the experiment than in the theoretical prediction. This implies that compression and narrowing of water paths caused the decline in the rate of water evaporation. After most water had evaporated, evaporation of the oil droplets occurred. The oil droplets did not shrink isotropically and the air-liquid interface invaded into the drying oil droplets. Cross-sectional observation by z-scanning revealed direct exposure of the oil droplets and they were pinned by the residual water phase. The water network between the oil droplets collapsed after the oil droplets had evaporated. The correlation between changes in structures and drying kinetics in both liquid phases was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hasegawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan and Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Susumu Inasawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan. and Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miyazaki H, Inasawa S. Drying kinetics of water droplets stabilized by surfactant molecules or solid particles in a thin non-volatile oil layer. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8990-8998. [PMID: 29160885 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated drying of water droplets stabilized by solid particles or surfactant molecules in a thin oil layer. The surfactant-stabilized droplets isotropically shrink, whereas the droplets stabilized by spherical particles severely deform during drying because of buckling of the particulate shells. However, buckling of the shells hardly affects droplet drying. The drying times for complete evaporation are almost the same for water droplets with the same initial diameter and the drying time is independent of the type of surface stabilizer (particles or surfactant). The drying kinetics of the water droplets is well described by mathematical models, in which diffusion of water molecules in the oil phase to the oil-air interface is proposed as the rate-determining process. Droplets with a diameter comparable with the thickness of the oil layer shrink faster than small droplets because of the short diffusion length from the water droplets to the oil-air interface. We also investigated drying of water droplets stabilized by plate-like mica particles. The droplets also buckled but larger shells of mica particles remained compared with those of spherical particles. In addition, a longer drying time is necessary for some droplets stabilized by mica particles. These results indicate the possible effect of the particle morphology on the buckling and drying kinetics of particle-stabilized water droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binks BP, Fletcher PDI, Johnson AJ, Marinopoulos I, Crowther JM, Thompson MA. Evaporation of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion Sunscreen Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21201-21213. [PMID: 27482601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed (Binks et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02696) how evaporation of sunscreen films consisting of solutions of molecular UV filters leads to loss of UV light absorption and derived sun protection factor (SPF). In the present work, we investigate evaporation-induced effects for sunscreen films consisting of particle-stabilized emulsions containing a dissolved UV filter. The emulsions contained either droplets of propylene glycol (PG) in squalane (SQ), droplets of SQ in PG or droplets of decane in PG. In these different emulsion types, the SQ is involatile and shows no evaporation, the PG is volatile and evaporates relatively slowly, whereas the decane is relatively very volatile and evaporates quickly. We have measured the film mass and area, optical micrographs of the film structure, and the UV absorbance spectra during evaporation. For emulsion films containing the involatile SQ, evaporation of the PG causes collapse of the emulsion structure with some loss of specular UV absorbance due to light scattering. However, for these emulsions with droplets much larger than the wavelength of light, the light is scattered only at small forward angles so does not contribute to the diffuse absorbance and the film SPF. The UV filter remains soluble throughout the evaporation and thus the UV absorption by the filter and the SPF remain approximately constant. Both PG-in-SQ and SQ-in-PG films behave similarly and do not show area shrinkage by dewetting. In contrast, the decane-in-PG film shows rapid evaporative loss of the decane, followed by slower loss of the PG resulting in precipitation of the UV filter and film area shrinkage by dewetting which cause the UV absorbance and derived SPF to decrease. Measured UV spectra during evaporation are in reasonable agreement with spectra calculated using models discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D I Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan M Crowther
- GSK Consumer Healthcare (U.K.) Ltd. , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Thompson
- GSK Consumer Healthcare , 184 Liberty Corner Road, Warren, New Jersey 07059, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phaechamud T, Tuntarawongsa S. Transformation of eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension fabricating with solvent evaporation and ultrasonication technique. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2855-65. [PMID: 27366064 PMCID: PMC4914070 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutectic solvent can solubilize high amount of some therapeutic compounds. Volatile eutectic solvent is interesting to be used as solvent in the preparation of nanosuspension with emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The mechanism of transformation from the eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension was investigated in this study. The 30% w/w ibuprofen eutectic solution was used as the internal phase, and the external phase is composed of Tween 80 as emulsifier. Ibuprofen nanosuspension was prepared by eutectic emulsion solvent evaporating method followed with ultrasonication. During evaporation process, the ibuprofen concentration in emulsion droplets was increased leading to a drug supersaturation but did not immediately recrystallize because of low glass transition temperature (Tg) of ibuprofen. The contact angle of the internal phase on ibuprofen was apparently lower than that of the external phase at all times of evaporation, indicating that the ibuprofen crystals were preferentially wetted by the internal phase than the external phase. From calculated dewetting value ibuprofen crystallization occurred in the droplet. Crystallization of the drug was initiated with external mechanical force, and the particle size of the drug was larger due to Ostwald ripening. Cavitation force from ultrasonication minimized the ibuprofen crystals to the nanoscale. Particle size and zeta potential of formulated ibuprofen nanosuspension were 330.87±51.49 nm and −31.1±1.6 mV, respectively, and exhibited a fast dissolution. Therefore, the combination of eutectic emulsion solvent evaporation method with ultrasonication was favorable for fabricating an ibuprofen nanosuspension, and the transformation mechanism was attained successfully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Phaechamud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarun Tuntarawongsa
- Pharmaceutical Intelligence Unit Prachote Plengwittaya, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salama IE, Jenkins CL, Davies A, Clark JN, Wilkes AR, Hall JE, Paul A. Volatile fluorinated nanoemulsions: A chemical route to controlled delivery of inhalation Anesthesia. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 440:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Jaimes-Lizcano YA, Wang Q, Rojas EC, Papadopoulos KD. Evaporative destabilization of double emulsions for effective triggering of release. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Rein DM, Khalfin R, Cohen Y. Cellulose as a novel amphiphilic coating for oil-in-water and water-in-oil dispersions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 386:456-63. [PMID: 22901681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amphiphilic character of cellulose molecules provides the opportunity to use it as a novel eco-friendly emulsifying agent for formation of stable oil-in-water or water-in-oil dispersions. This may be done by mixing water, oil and cellulose solution in an ionic liquid. A more practical alternative is to form first a hydrogel from the cellulose/ionic liquid solution by coagulation with water and applying it into the sonicated water/oil or oil/water mixtures. The dissolution/regeneration process affords higher mobility to the cellulose molecules so an encapsulating coating can be formed at the water-oil interface. A solid-state dispersion was obtained by drying liquid dispersions, which can be repeatedly dissolved in excess water reforming a sustainable dispersion. The damp dispersion can be blown under reduced pressure, yielding a nanoporous foam ("aerocellulose"). The n-eicosane based solid dispersion as well as the aqueous dispersion possess a very high effective heat-absorption capacity. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the encapsulating cellulose shell is indeed in the amorphous state. Small-angle diffraction patterns of n-eicosane dispersions exhibit two sharp reflections. One is due to the n-eicosane triclinic crystal bulk phase and the other at somewhat smaller angles is interpreted as due to less ordered phase, possibly due to interactions with the encapsulating cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Rein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Interphase Transport in an Emulsion: Tartaric Acid. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.487797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Chen J, Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Interphase Transport in a Salicylic Acid Emulsion. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903543444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Bozeya A, Al-Bawab A, Friberg SE, Guo R. Equilibration in a geranyl acetate emulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Binks BP, Fletcher PDI, Holt BL, Beaussoubre P, Wong K. Selective retardation of perfume oil evaporation from oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by either surfactant or nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18024-18030. [PMID: 21067125 DOI: 10.1021/la103700g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have used dynamic headspace analysis to investigate the evaporation rates of perfume oils from stirred oil-in-water emulsions into a flowing gas stream. We compare the behavior of an oil of low water solubility (limonene) and one of high water solubility (benzyl acetate). It is shown how the evaporation of an oil of low water solubility is selectively retarded and how the retardation effect depends on the oil volume fraction in the emulsion. We compare how the evaporation retardation depends on the nature of the adsorbed film stabilizing the emulsion. Surfactant films are less effective than adsorbed films of nanoparticles, and the retardation can be further enhanced by compression of the adsorbed nanoparticle films by preshrinking the emulsion drops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Binks
- Surfactant & Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Y, Friberg SE. Perspectives of phase changes and reversibility on a case of emulsion inversion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15786-15793. [PMID: 20866094 DOI: 10.1021/la102595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The conventional treatment of catastrophic inversion is based on a two-phase model of oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O). The present investigation takes a closer look at the process of inversion with focus on its relation to the detailed phase changes in the system. It is found that phase behavior inserts a decisive call for when the inversion starts and completes, even for an inversion seemingly brought by a simple change of water-to-oil ratio. The phases involved also play a critical role in the fine details of the emulsion structure, during both emulsification and evaporation. The presence of liquid crystal is instrumental in the inversion process as substantiated by the observation that its presence coincides with the presence of the intermediate multiple emulsions during emulsification. Multiple emulsions also appear during evaporation, though the mechanism of their formation is different from that during emulsification. The temporary stability of the multiple emulsions during both emulsification and evaporation is affected by the presence of the liquid crystal. It had been well established that the phase behavior plays a decisive role in transitional inversions and that the transformation to the inverse state is a gradual one. This is apparently also the case with the catastrophic inversion investigated here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- The Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan 48686, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Friberg SE, Aikens PA. Fragrance Emulsion Evaporation versus Distillation: A Phase Diagram Approach. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903217957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Al-Bawab A, Bozeya A, Friberg SE, Aiken PA. Geranyl Acetate Emulsions: Surfactant Association Structures and Stability. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903217783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Constant vapour pressure evaporation from a fragrance emulsion-effect of surfactant content in the liquid crystal. CAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Chen J, Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Equilibration in a tartaric acid emulsion system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Bergamaschi MM, Santos ODH. A Comparative Analysis of the Changes During Evaporation of Three Different Commercial Emulsion of Unknown Composition. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690903110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
Chen J, Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Initial inter-phase transport of compounds in a model emulsion system. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Effect of relative humidity on the evaporation path from a phenethyl alcohol emulsion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:786-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Geranyl acetate emulsions: Surfactant association structures and emulsion inversion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Al-Bawab A, Odeh F, Bozeya A, Aikens PA, Friberg SE. A comparison between the experimental and estimated evaporation paths from emulsions. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Evaporation in the Water, Polyethylene Oxide, and Polypropylene Oxide System. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690802646223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Friberg SE, Aikens PA. Constant vapor pressure emulsions evaporation: Linalool/water stabilized by Laureth 4. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 333:599-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Friberg SE, Al-Bawab A, Odeh F, Bozeya A, Aikens PA. Emulsion evaporation path. A first comparison of experimental and calculated values. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Friberg SE. Phase Diagram Approach to Evaporation from Emulsions with n Oil Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:3894-900. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8056338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stig E. Friberg
- Chemistry Department, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri 63701
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ge L, Friberg SE, Guo R. Constant vapour pressure evaporation from a fragrance emulsion-effect of solubility of surfactant in the fragrance compound. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Friberg SE, Aikens P. A phase diagram approach to determine the composition of vapor from a microemulsion base. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Friberg SE, Sjöblom J. Evaporation Path in a Liquid Crystal/Hydrocarbon Emulsion in the System Toluene, 5‐Phenylvalerate, 4‐Pentylphenol and Water. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701525221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stig E. Friberg
- a Chemistry Department , University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Johan Sjöblom
- b Ugelstad Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Friberg SE, Sjöblom J. Evaporation Path in a Liquid Crystal/Hydrocarbon Emulsion in the System Toluene, 5‐Phenylvalerate, 4‐Pentylphenol and Water. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701345752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stig E. Friberg
- a Chemistry Department , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Friberg SE. Evaporation from a Fragrance Emulsion. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690600662653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|