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Fronzi M, Ellis A, Goudeli E. Silicon-Based Anodes for Li Batteries: Thermodynamics, Structural Analysis, and Li Diffusion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10388-10395. [PMID: 37955593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical and machine learning models are used to analyze the properties of silicon composite materials and their impact on anode performance. The analysis focuses on addressing challenges related to significant volume expansion during lithiation and provides valuable insights into the Gibbs free energy, chemical potentials, and relative stability of Li0 and Li+ species. Furthermore, the study explores how Li+ ions behave in the primary and secondary phases of the anode, assessing the impact of their formation on ion diffusion. This work highlights the fundamental significance of secondary phases in shaping microstructural features that impact anode properties, elucidating their contribution to the Li diffusion pathway tortuosity, which is the primary cause of the fracture of Si anodes in Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fronzi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Amanda Ellis
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eirini Goudeli
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Abstract
The elastic properties of 0, 10, 15, and 20 mol% yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY0, BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20) at the operating temperatures of protonic ceramic fuel cells were evaluated. The proposed measurement method for low sinterability materials could accurately determine the sonic velocities of small-pellet-type samples, and the elastic properties were determined based on these velocities. The Young’s modulus of BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20 was 224, 218, and 209 GPa at 20 °C, respectively, and the values decreased as the yttrium concentration increased. At high temperatures (>20 °C), as the temperature increased, the Young’s and shear moduli decreased, whereas the bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio increased. The Young’s and shear moduli varied nonlinearly with the temperature: The values decreased rapidly from 100 to 300 °C and gradually at temperatures beyond 400 °C. The Young’s modulus of BZY10, BZY15, and BZY20 was 137, 159, and 122 GPa at 500 °C, respectively, 30–40% smaller than the values at 20 °C. The influence of the temperature was larger than that of the change in the yttrium concentration.
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3
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Bondevik T, Bjørheim TS, Norby T. Assessing common approximations in space charge modelling to estimate the proton resistance across grain boundaries in Y-doped BaZrO 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11891-11902. [PMID: 32436929 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We apply density functional theory to estimate the energetics and charge carrier concentrations and, in turn, the resistance across the (210)[001] and (111)[11[combining macron]0] grain boundaries (GBs) in proton conducting Y-doped BaZrO3, assessing four commonly used approximations in space charge modelling. The abrupt core approximation, which models the GB core as a single atomic plane rather than a set of multiple atomic planes, gives an underestimation of the GB resistance with around one order of magnitude for both GBs. The full depletion approximation, which assumes full depletion of effectively positive charge carriers in the space charge layers, has negligible effect on the GB resistance compared to a more accurate model with decaying depletion. Letting protons redistribute in the continuity between atomic planes gives a GB resistance up to 5 times higher than the case where protons are restricted to be located at atomic planes. Finally, neglecting trapping effects between the acceptor doping and the defect charge carriers gives a higher GB resistance with a factor of roughly 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjei Bondevik
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, Norway
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4
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Jarry A, Jackson GS, Crumlin EJ, Eichhorn B, Ricote S. The effect of grain size on the hydration of BaZr 0.9Y 0.1O 3-δ proton conductor studied by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:136-143. [PMID: 31793940 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04335g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BZY10) pellets were prepared using different sintering processes, resulting in samples with different grain sizes, from 0.3 to 5 microns. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectra were recorded in argon, steam and oxygen atmospheres (100 mTorr) in the 300-500 °C temperature range. Deconvolution of O 1s peaks reveals 4 distinct contributions: sub-surface lattice oxide, termination layer oxides, OH- and gas-phase steam in wet environments. The OH- contribution of the O 1s peak includes sub-surface incorporation of protonic defects in the lattice related to hydration as well as surface hydroxylation and molecular water adsorption. The OH- concentration increases with grain size and with decreasing the analysis depth. These results suggest that grain boundaries associated with the larger grains adsorbed water more effectively. Thus, larger grains, which increase proton conductivity in BZY10, may also enhance catalytic activity for carbonaceous fuel oxidation by facilitating increased hydration and surface carbon removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Jarry
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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5
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Raja N, Murali D, Satyanarayana SVM, Posselt M. First principles calculations of the thermodynamic stability of Ba, Zr, and O vacancies in BaZrO 3. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34158-34165. [PMID: 35530013 PMCID: PMC9073612 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07978e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the stability of bulk BaZrO3 (BZO) and of the vacancies in this material are investigated by considering phonon contributions to the free energy. The stability diagram of BZO is determined for different chemical environments. With increasing temperature the stability region becomes smaller which is particularly caused by the strong temperature dependence of the chemical potential of gaseous oxygen. The free formation energy of Ba, Zr, and O vacancies in BZO is calculated for all possible charge states and for different atomic reservoirs. While the free formation energy of Zr vacancies is strongly influenced by temperature a weaker dependence is found for Ba and O vacancies. This also has an effect on the charge transition levels at different temperatures. The present results demonstrate that O poor reservoir conditions and a Fermi level close to the valence band maximum favour a high concentration of doubly positively charged O vacancies which is a prerequisite to get a large number of protonic defects and good proton conductivity. In such a chemical environment the number of Ba and Zr vacancies is low so that Ba and Zr deficiencies are not an important issue and BZO remains sufficiently stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raja
- Department of Physics, Pondicherry University Puducherry 605 014 India
| | - D Murali
- Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool Andhra Pradesh 518002 India
| | | | - M Posselt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Bautzner Landstraβe 400 01328 Dresden Germany
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6
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Tsvetkov D, Ivanov I, Malyshkin D, Sereda V, Zuev A. Thermoelectric Behavior of BaZr 0.9Y 0.1O 3-d Proton Conducting Electrolyte. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E120. [PMID: 31540323 PMCID: PMC6780644 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9090120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BZY10), a promising proton conducting material, exhibits p-type conduction under oxidative conditions. Holes in BZY10 are of the small polaron type. However, there is no clear understanding at which places in the lattice they are localized. The main objectives of this work were, therefore, to discuss the nature of electronic defects in BZY10 on the basis of the combined measurements of the thermo-EMF and conductivity. Total electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of BZY10 were simultaneously studied depending on partial pressures of oxygen (pO2), water (pH2O) and temperature (T). The model equation for total conductivity and Seebeck coefficient derived on the basis of the proposed defect chemical approach was successfully fitted to the experimental data. Transference numbers of all the charge carriers in BZY10 were calculated. The heat of transport of oxide ions was found to be about one half the activation energy of their mobility, while that of protons was almost equal to the activation energy of their mobility. The results of the Seebeck coefficient modeling indicate that cation impurities, rather than oxygen sites, should be considered as a place of hole localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; (I.I.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; (I.I.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Dmitry Malyshkin
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; (I.I.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sereda
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; (I.I.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia
| | - Andrey Zuev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620000, Russia; (I.I.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (A.Z.)
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7
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Putilov LP, Tsidilkovski VI. Impact of bound ionic defects on the hydration of acceptor-doped proton-conducting perovskites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6391-6406. [PMID: 30838356 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of various acceptor-bound states of ionic defects in the defect thermodynamics and hydration of acceptor-doped proton-conducting perovskites is theoretically studied. It is shown that the relation between the trapping energies of protons (ΔEH) and vacancies (ΔEV) bound to acceptor impurities is one of the major factors governing hydration. As the trapping energies ΔEH and ΔEV increase, the proton concentration at not too low temperatures can either increase or decrease depending on the ΔEV/ΔEH ratio. The surface of the boundary values (ΔEV/ΔEH)* separating the regions where trapping enhances or inhibits hydration is determined as a function of the proton trapping energy and dopant content. It is demonstrated that trapping can result in an unusual non-monotonic dependence of the hydration enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy on dopant content. The distributions of protons and vacancies over bound and free sites are determined for different binding energies of defects, dopant content and external conditions. The contribution of the stable 3-particle complexes of acceptor-bound defects to hydration thermodynamics is shown to be significant provided certain relations for the binding energies of 2- and 3-particle complexes are satisfied. In particular, oxygen vacancies bound by two acceptors can cause deviation of the hydration isobars from their typical behavior and lead, in some cases, to incomplete oxide hydration in experiments. The effect of acceptor-bound defects on hydration and defect thermodynamics is illustrated by the examples of BaZrO3 and BaCeO3 doped with different acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Putilov
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - V I Tsidilkovski
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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8
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Jarry A, Ricote S, Geller A, Pellegrinelli C, Zhang X, Stewart D, Takeuchi I, Wachsman E, Crumlin EJ, Eichhorn B. Assessing Substitution Effects on Surface Chemistry by in Situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Perovskite Thin Films, BaCe xZr 0.9- xY 0.1O 2.95 ( x = 0; 0.2; 0.9). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37661-37670. [PMID: 30281275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Performance of proton-solid oxide fuel cells (H+-SOFC) is governed by ion transport through solid/gas interfaces. Major breakthroughs are then intrinsically linked to a detailed understanding of how parameters tailoring bulk proton conductivity affect surface chemistry in situ, at an early stage. In this work, we studied proton and oxygen transport at the interface between H+-SOFC electrolyte BaCe xZr0.9- xY0.1O2.95 ( x = 0; 0.2; 0.9) thin films and the gas (100 mTorr of H2O and O2) by using synchrotron-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at operating temperature (>400 °C). We developed highly textured BaCe xZr0.9- xY0.1O2.95 epitaxial thin films, which exhibit high level of in-plane proton conductivity, that is, up to 0.08 S cm-1 at 500 °C for x = 0.9. Upon applying 100 mTorr water partial pressure above 300 °C, major changes are observed only in the O 1s and Y 3d core level spectra, with a clear Zr/Ce ratio dependency. OH- formation is favored by Ce content while initiated near Y. Hydration is also associated with surface secondary phase growth comprising oxygen-under-coordinated yttrium and/or yttrium hydroxide. With BaCe0.2Zr0.7Y0.1O2.95, high levels of ionic conductivities and chemical stability are obtained as a result of the optimized surface reaction kinetics, with low activation energy barrier for proton transport while restraining formation of OH-/SO42- adsorb species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Jarry
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Sandrine Ricote
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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9
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Noferini D, Koza MM, Rahman SMH, Evenson Z, Nilsen GJ, Eriksson S, Wildes AR, Karlsson M. Role of the doping level in localized proton motions in acceptor-doped barium zirconate proton conductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13697-13704. [PMID: 29464247 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07340b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quasielastic neutron scattering reveals the atomic-scale motions of protons in In-doped BaZrO3 proton conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Noferini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
- Institut Laue-Langevin
| | | | - Seikh M. H. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Zach Evenson
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and Physik Department
- Technische Universität München
- Garching 85748
- Germany
| | - Gøran J. Nilsen
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
| | - Sten Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | | | - Maths Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
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10
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Torino N, Henry PF, Knee CS, Bjørheim TS, Rahman SMH, Suard E, Giacobbe C, Eriksson SG. The influence of cation ordering, oxygen vacancy distribution and proton siting on observed properties in ceramic electrolytes: the case of scandium substituted barium titanate. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8387-8398. [PMID: 28590468 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the 2-order of magnitude difference in the proton conductivity of the hydrated forms of hexagonal and cubic oxygen deficient BaScxTi1-xO3-δ (x = 0.2 and x = 0.7) was probed using a combination of neutron diffraction and density functional theory techniques to support published X-ray diffraction, conductivity, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Cation ordering is found in the 6H structure type (space group P63/mmc) adopted by BaSc0.2Ti0.8O3-δ with scandium preferentially substituting in the vertex sharing octahedra (2a crystallographic site) and avoiding the face-sharing octahedra (4f site). This is coupled with oxygen vacancy ordering in the central plane of the face-sharing octahedra (O1 site). In BaSc0.7Ti0.3O3-δ a simple cubic perovskite (space group Pm3[combining macron]m) best represents the average structure from Rietveld analysis with no evidence of either cation ordering or oxygen vacancy ordering. Significant diffuse scattering is observed, indicative of local order. Hydration in both cases leads to complete filling of the available oxygen vacancies and permits definition of the proton sites. We suggest that the more localised nature of the proton sites in the 6H structure is responsible for the significantly lower proton conduction observed in the literature. Within the 6H structure type final model, proton diffusion requires a 3-step process via higher energy proton sites that are unoccupied at room temperature and is also likely to be anisotropic whereas the highly disordered cubic perovskite proton position allows 3-dimensional diffusion by well-described modes. Finally, we propose how this knowledge can be used to further materials design for ceramic electrolytes for proton conducting fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Torino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Putilov L, Tsidilkovski V. The role of deep acceptor centers in the oxidation of acceptor-doped wide-band-gap perovskites ABO 3. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Weston L, Janotti A, Cui XY, Stampfl C, Van de Walle CG. Acceptor doping in the proton conductor SrZrO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11485-11491. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01471f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acceptor dopants in proton-conducting oxides act as proton traps, or can accidentally incorporate as donors, reducing proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Weston
- Materials Department
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- California 93106-5050
- USA
| | - A. Janotti
- Materials Department
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- California 93106-5050
- USA
| | - X. Y. Cui
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis
- School of Aerospace
- Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | - C. Stampfl
- School of Physics
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - C. G. Van de Walle
- Materials Department
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- California 93106-5050
- USA
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13
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Lee H, Kim TH, Patzner JJ, Lu H, Lee JW, Zhou H, Chang W, Mahanthappa MK, Tsymbal EY, Gruverman A, Eom CB. Imprint Control of BaTiO3 Thin Films via Chemically Induced Surface Polarization Pinning. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2400-6. [PMID: 26901570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface-adsorbed polar molecules can significantly alter the ferroelectric properties of oxide thin films. Thus, fundamental understanding and controlling the effect of surface adsorbates are crucial for the implementation of ferroelectric thin film devices, such as ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Herein, we report an imprint control of BaTiO3 (BTO) thin films by chemically induced surface polarization pinning in the top few atomic layers of the water-exposed BTO films. Our studies based on synchrotron X-ray scattering and coherent Bragg rod analysis demonstrate that the chemically induced surface polarization is not switchable but reduces the polarization imprint and improves the bistability of ferroelectric phase in BTO tunnel junctions. We conclude that the chemical treatment of ferroelectric thin films with polar molecules may serve as a simple yet powerful strategy to enhance functional properties of ferroelectric tunnel junctions for their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jacob J Patzner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Haidong Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wansoo Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Evgeny Y Tsymbal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alexei Gruverman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Chang-Beom Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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The role of deep acceptor levels in hydration and transport processes in BaZr1 − x Y x O3 – δ and related materials. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Blanc F, Sperrin L, Lee D, Dervişoğlu R, Yamazaki Y, Haile SM, De Paëpe G, Grey CP. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR of Low-γ Nuclei: Structural Insights into Hydrated Yttrium-Doped BaZrO3. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2431-2436. [PMID: 26277811 DOI: 10.1021/jz5007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that solid-state NMR spectra of challenging nuclei with a low gyromagnetic ratio such as yttrium-89 can be acquired quickly with indirect dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) methods. Proton to (89)Y cross polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) spectra of Y(3+) in a frozen aqueous solution were acquired in minutes using the AMUPol biradical as a polarizing agent. Subsequently, the detection of the (89)Y and (1)H NMR signals from technologically important hydrated yttrium-doped zirconate ceramics, in combination with DFT calculations, allows the local yttrium and proton environments present in these protonic conductors to be detected and assigned to different hydrogen-bonded environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Blanc
- †Department of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Sperrin
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lee
- §Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E 3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Yamazaki
- ⊥Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- #Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sossina M Haile
- #Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- §Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E 3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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16
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Yamazaki Y, Blanc F, Okuyama Y, Buannic L, Lucio-Vega JC, Grey CP, Haile SM. Proton trapping in yttrium-doped barium zirconate. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:647-651. [PMID: 23666383 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The environmental benefits of fuel cells have been increasingly appreciated in recent years. Among candidate electrolytes for solid-oxide fuel cells, yttrium-doped barium zirconate has garnered attention because of its high proton conductivity, particularly in the intermediate-temperature region targeted for cost-effective solid-oxide fuel cell operation, and its excellent chemical stability. However, fundamental questions surrounding the defect chemistry and macroscopic proton transport mechanism of this material remain, especially in regard to the possible role of proton trapping. Here we show, through a combined thermogravimetric and a.c. impedance study, that macroscopic proton transport in yttrium-doped barium zirconate is limited by proton-dopant association (proton trapping). Protons must overcome the association energy, 29 kJ mol(-1), as well as the general activation energy, 16 kJ mol(-1), to achieve long-range transport. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies show the presence of two types of proton environment above room temperature, reflecting differences in proton-dopant configurations. This insight motivates efforts to identify suitable alternative dopants with reduced association energies as a route to higher conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamazaki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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17
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Kang SG, Sholl DS. First principles assessment of perovskite dopants for proton conductors with chemical stability and high conductivity. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra23405j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Understanding the fundamental properties of materials of relevance for alternative energy technologies is crucial in addressing the global challenge of cleaner sources of energy. This Perspective article aims to demonstrate the important role that neutron scattering now plays in advancing the state of the art of the basic understanding of proton conducting oxides, which show potential as electrolytes in next-generation intermediate temperature fuel cells. In particular, the breadth of neutron scattering work on perovskite structured oxides, which continue to be the most promising class of electrolytes for intermediate-temperature applications, is reviewed. Key fundamental properties that are addressed include structures, proton sites, hydrogen-bonding interactions, proton dynamics, and concentration of protons in materials. Furthermore, the perspectives for future neutron studies within this field of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maths Karlsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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19
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Buannic L, Blanc F, Middlemiss DS, Grey CP. Probing cation and vacancy ordering in the dry and hydrated yttrium-substituted BaSnO3 perovskite by NMR spectroscopy and first principles calculations: implications for proton mobility. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14483-98. [PMID: 22691062 DOI: 10.1021/ja304712v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated BaSn(1-x)Y(x)O(3-x/2) is a protonic conductor that, unlike many other related perovskites, shows high conductivity even at high substitution levels. A joint multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (total energy and GIPAW NMR calculations) investigation of BaSn(1-x)Y(x)O(3-x/2) (0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) was performed to investigate cation ordering and the location of the oxygen vacancies in the dry material. The DFT energetics show that Y doping on the Sn site is favored over doping on the Ba site. The (119)Sn chemical shifts are sensitive to the number of neighboring Sn and Y cations, an experimental observation that is supported by the GIPAW calculations and that allows clustering to be monitored: Y substitution on the Sn sublattice is close to random up to x = 0.20, while at higher substitution levels, Y-O-Y linkages are avoided, leading, at x = 0.50, to strict Y-O-Sn alternation of B-site cations. These results are confirmed by the absence of a "Y-O-Y" (17)O resonance and supported by the (17)O NMR shift calculations. Although resonances due to six-coordinate Y cations were observed by (89)Y NMR, the agreement between the experimental and calculated shifts was poor. Five-coordinate Sn and Y sites (i.e., sites next to the vacancy) were observed by (119)Sn and (89)Y NMR, respectively, these sites disappearing on hydration. More five-coordinated Sn than five-coordinated Y sites are seen, even at x = 0.50, which is ascribed to the presence of residual Sn-O-Sn defects in the cation-ordered material and their ability to accommodate O vacancies. High-temperature (119)Sn NMR reveals that the O ions are mobile above 400 °C, oxygen mobility being required to hydrate these materials. The high protonic mobility, even in the high Y-content materials, is ascribed to the Y-O-Sn cation ordering, which prevents proton trapping on the more basic Y-O-Y sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Buannic
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790-3400, USA
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20
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Polfus JM, Toyoura K, Oba F, Tanaka I, Haugsrud R. Defect chemistry of a BaZrO3 Σ3 (111) grain boundary by first principles calculations and space-charge theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12339-46. [PMID: 22864195 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Defect calculations from density functional theory are implemented with space-charge theory models to describe the equilibrium defect chemistry of a Σ3 (111) symmetric tilt boundary in BaZrO(3). As such, the space-charge potential and the concentrations of , , , NH and in the bulk, core and space-charge regions of the interface are calculated as a function of temperature and atmospheric conditions. Our results show that the core will be predominated by under hydrating conditions and that the space-charge potential increases with water vapor pressure. Under nitriding conditions, , NH and will predominate the core in different temperature regimes and effects of these defects on the space-charge properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Polfus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, FERMiO, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Cammarata A, Ordejón P, Emanuele A, Duca D. Y:BaZrO
3
Perovskite Compounds I: DFT Study on the Unprotonated and Protonated Local Structures. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1827-37. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Chimica “S. Cannizzaro” dell'Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed.17 I‐90128, Palermo (Italy), URL: http://cccp.unipa.it
| | - Pablo Ordejón
- Centre d'Investigació en Nanociència i Nanotecnologia CIN2 (CSIC‐ICN) Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Antonio Emanuele
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 36, I‐90123, Palermo (Italy)
| | - Dario Duca
- Dipartimento di Chimica “S. Cannizzaro” dell'Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed.17 I‐90128, Palermo (Italy), URL: http://cccp.unipa.it
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22
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Bjørheim TS, Besikiotis V, Haugsrud R. Hydration thermodynamics of pyrochlore structured oxides from TG and first principles calculations. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13343-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31517c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Polfus JM, Bjørheim TS, Norby T, Haugsrud R. Nitrogen defects in wide band gap oxides: defect equilibria and electronic structure from first principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11808-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Bork N, Bonanos N, Rossmeisl J, Vegge T. Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of hydrogen defect pairs in SrTiO3 from density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15256-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Stokes SJ, Islam MS. Defect chemistry and proton-dopant association in BaZrO3 and BaPrO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00328j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Malavasi L, Fisher CAJ, Islam MS. Oxide-ion and proton conducting electrolyte materials for clean energy applications: structural and mechanistic features. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4370-87. [DOI: 10.1039/b915141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Nagasaki T, Shiotani S, Igawa N, Yoshino M, Iwasaki K, Fukazawa H, Utsumi W. Neutron powder diffraction and difference maximum entropy method analysis of protium- and deuterium-dissolved BaSn0.5In0.5O2.75+α. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Cammarata A, Martorana A, Duca D. Cation Environment of BaCeO3-Based Protonic Conductors: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6381-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901074p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo (Sicily), Italy
| | - Antonino Martorana
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo (Sicily), Italy
| | - Dario Duca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo (Sicily), Italy
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29
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Zhang Q, Wahnström G, Björketun ME, Gao S, Wang E. Path integral treatment of proton transport processes in BaZrO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:215902. [PMID: 19113425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.215902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects on proton transfer and reorientation in BaZrO3 is investigated theoretically using the ab initio path-integral molecular-dynamics simulation technique. The result demonstrates that adding quantum fluctuations has a large effect on, in particular, the transfer barrier. The corresponding rates and diffusion coefficient are evaluated using the path-centroid transition state theory. In contrast with what is found assuming classical mechanics for the nuclear motion, the reorientation step becomes rate limiting below 600 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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