Manipulation of the crystalline phase diagram of hydrogen through nanoscale confinement effects in porous carbons

Condensed phases of molecular hydrogen (H₂) are highly desired for clean energy applications ranging from hydrogen storage to nuclear fusion and superconductive energy storage. However, in bulk hydrogen, such dense phases typically only form at exceedingly low temperatures or extremely high (typically hundreds of GPa) pressures. Here, confinement of H₂ within nanoporous materials is shown to significantly manipulate the hydrogen phase diagram leading to preferential stabilization of unusual crystalline H₂ phases. Using pressure and temperature-dependent neutron scattering at pressures between 200-2000 bar (0.02-0.2 GPa) and temperatures between 10-77 K to map out the phase diagram of H₂ when confined inside both meso- and microporous carbons, we conclusively demonstrate the preferential stabilisation of face-centred cubic (FCC) solid ortho-H₂ in microporous carbons, at temperatures five times higher than would be possible in bulk H₂. Through examination of nanoconfined H₂ rotational dynamics, preferential adsorption and spin trapping of ortho-H₂, as well as the loss of rotational energy and severe restriction of rotational degrees of freedom caused by the unique micropore environments, are shown to result in changes to phase behaviour. This work provides a general strategy for further manipulation of the H₂ phase diagram via nanoconfinement effects, and for tuning of anisotropic potential through control of confining material composition and pore size. This approach could potentially provide lower energy routes to the formation and study of more exotic non-equilibrium condensed phases of hydrogen that could be useful for a wide range of energy applications.

Inelastic neutron scattering of Na-zeolite A with in situ ammoniation: an examination of initial coordination

The detection and rationalization of the coordination of low concentrations of ammonia within Na-zeolite A is carried out by the application of inelastic neutron scattering (INS), using inverse geometry time of flight spectrometry to study the partial phonon density of states of in situ ammoniated Na-zeolite A. The experimental spectra are subsequently characterised by density functional calculations, incorporating pre-optimisation by geometric simulation. We find that at a concentration of four ammonia molecules per alpha-cage, the ammonia molecule coordinates with extra-framework Na(+) cations and gives rise to three structured regions in the INS spectrum. We show that these regions correspond to translational, librational and tilting motions of the ammonia molecule. These results are in agreement structurally with previous studies of ammonia within a zeolite, and thus show that INS is a valid technique for such investigations.