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Zamudio-García J, Martínez de Yuso MV, Cuevas AL, Marrero-López D, Benavente J. Modification of the Physical Properties of a Nafion Film Due to Inclusion of n-Dodecyltriethylammonium Cation: Time Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112527. [PMID: 37299327 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of modifying commercial Nafion-212 thin films with dodecyltriethylammonium cation (DTA+) on their electrical resistance, elastic modulus, light transmission/reflection and photoluminescence properties. The films were modified through a proton/cation exchange process for immersion periods ranging from 1 to 40 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to analyze the crystal structure and surface composition of the modified films. The electrical resistance and the different resistive contributions were determined via impedance spectroscopy. Changes in the elastic modulus were evaluated using stress-strain curves. Additionally, optical characterization tests, including light/reflection (250-2000 nm) and photoluminescence spectra, were also performed on both unmodified and DTA+-modified Nafion films. The results reveal significant changes in the electrical, mechanical and optical properties of the films, depending on the exchange process time. In particular, the inclusion of the DTA+ into the Nafion structure improved the elastic behavior of the films by significantly decreasing the Young modulus. Furthermore, the photoluminescence of the Nafion films was also enhanced. These findings can be used to optimize the exchange process time to achieve specific desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Zamudio-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana L Cuevas
- Unidad de Nanotecnología, Centro de Supercomputación y Bioinnovación, Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - David Marrero-López
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juana Benavente
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Karan K. Interesting Facets of Surface, Interfacial, and Bulk Characteristics of Perfluorinated Ionomer Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13489-13520. [PMID: 30753782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ion-containing perfluorinated polymers possess unique viscoelastic properties, excellent proton conductivity, and nanophase-segregated structure all arising from the clustering of hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups within a matrix of hydrophobic fluorocarbons. When these ionomers are confined to nanothin films, a broad swathe of structural organization imparting a rich variety of surface, interfacial, and bulk characteristics can be expected. However, our understanding of perfluorinated ionomer thin film behavior is still in a rudimentary stage, and much of the research focus to date has been on its hydration-related structure and properties pertinent to electrochemical applications. Thus, many hidden gems-their interesting surface and interfacial properties-have been overlooked. In this Invited Feature Article, which is a summary of the key contributions by the author's group, including several collaborative publications on ionomer thin films, we unravel many of these facets. In addition, the article attempts to integrate knowledge acquired from a variety of investigations of different aspects of the ionomer thin films to refine and develop a consistent picture of their structure and behavior. First, we focus on the self-assembly of ionomers and show that dispersion media and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the substrate can result in partial or even no coverage of substrates, shedding light on the complexity of polymer-substrate, polymer-solvent, and polymer-polymer interactions, an insight completely obscured when the spin-coating method is adopted for film creation. We demonstrate that the same ionomer can be used to create a variety of surfaces ranging from superhydrophilic to highly hydrophobic by controlling the film thickness or through the choice of substrate material. The ultrathin, hydrophilic surfaces of self-assembled Nafion ionomer films exhibit wettability switching behavior which opens the door to creating stimuli-responsive smart surfaces. The thermoresponsive behavior of the films is discussed in the context of surface (wettability) and bulk (thermal expansion) characteristics as well as a newly discovered vibrational mode. The substrate- and film thickness-dependent thermal expansion coefficients reinforce the importance of interfacial interactions and confinement on the structure/properties of these films. They also open up the potential of tuning ionomer bulk properties via substrate chemistry. The discovery of a vibrational mode that becomes thermally activated at high temperature has provided new insights into the origins of the molecular motions responsible for the α-relaxation of the Nafion ionomer as well as the underlying reason for wettability switching. Our recent neutron reflectometry study of different ionomers varying in side-chain composition/length on a platinum substrate shows that the interfacial hydration level is correlated to the side-chain length, which opens up the possibility of the controlling the interfacial electrochemistry. Finally, a systematic analysis of factors affecting proton conduction is presented to elucidate the yet-unresolved origins of the suppressed conduction of nanothin ionomer films compared to that of the bulk membrane. By revealing these interesting yet poorly understood facets of ionomer thin films, the article aims to stimulate further scientific pursuit on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N1N4 , Canada
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Aziz MA, Mahfoz W, Nasiruzzaman Shaikh M, Zahir MH, Al-Betar AR, Oyama M, Theleritis D, Yamani ZH. Preparation of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticle-modified 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrode for Electrochemical Sulfide Detection. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Aziz
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mahfoz
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Hasan Zahir
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, Research Institute, King Fahd; University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Rahman Al-Betar
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Munetaka Oyama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Demetrios Theleritis
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zain Hassan Yamani
- Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT); King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; KFUPM Box 5040 Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Pecchielan G, Battistel D, Daniele S. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Voltammetric Investigation of Silver Nanoparticles Embedded within a Nafion Membrane. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pecchielan
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; University Cà Foscari Venice; Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia-Mestre Italy
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics; University Cà Foscari Venice, Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes -CNR; Via Torino 155 30172 Venice Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; University Cà Foscari Venice; Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia-Mestre Italy
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Rafiee E, Kahrizi M. Mechanistic investigation of Heck reaction catalyzed by new catalytic system composed of Fe3O4@OA–Pd and ionic liquids as co-catalyst. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Domènech B, Romero V, Vázquez MI, Avila M, Benavente J, Muñoz M, Macanás J. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of Nafion containing silver nanoparticles in a stripe-like distribution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Study of the effect of Ag-NPs stripes in Nafion: evaluation of chemical, electrochemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Domènech
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Campus UAB s/n
- Bellaterra 08193
- Spain
| | - V. Romero
- Universidad de Málaga
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Campus de Teatinos
- Málaga 29071
| | - M. I. Vázquez
- Universidad de Málaga
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Campus de Teatinos
- Málaga 29071
| | - M. Avila
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - J. Benavente
- Universidad de Málaga
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Campus de Teatinos
- Málaga 29071
| | - M. Muñoz
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Departament de Química
- Facultat de Ciències
- Campus UAB s/n
- Bellaterra 08193
| | - J. Macanás
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- Escola d'Enginyeria de Terrassa
- Terrassa 08222
- Spain
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Kleijn SEF, Lai SCS, Koper MTM, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3558-86. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Domènech B, Muñoz M, Muraviev DN, Macanás J. Uncommon patterns in Nafion films loaded with silver nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4693-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of Ag-NPs inside Nafion produced unexpected patterns that can reveal the real morphology of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Domènech
- Chemistry Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Muñoz
- Chemistry Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dmitri N. Muraviev
- Chemistry Department
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- UAB
- 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jorge Macanás
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- UPC
- 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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The method of limited volume electrodes as a tool for hydrogen electrosorption studies in palladium and its alloys. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Intermatrix synthesis of polymer-stabilized PGM@Cu core–shell nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Milutinovic M, Suraniti E, Studer V, Mano N, Manojlovic D, Sojic N. Photopatterning of ultrathin electrochemiluminescent redox hydrogel films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9125-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Moehlenbrock MJ, Arechederra RL, Sjöholm KH, Minteer SD. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Enzymatic Biofuel Cells. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9538-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bertoncello P, Peruffo M, Li F, Unwin PR. Functional electrochemically-active ultra-thin Nafion films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Aziz MA, Patra S, Yang H. A facile method of achieving low surface coverage of Au nanoparticles on an indium tin oxide electrode and its application to protein detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4607-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b808026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bertoncello P, Wilson NR, Unwin PR. One-step formation of ultra-thin chemically functionalized redox-active Langmuir-Schaefer Nafion films. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:1300-1307. [PMID: 32900096 DOI: 10.1039/b709278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel "one-step procedure" to incorporate different cationic redox-active species within ultra-thin Nafion films is reported. Ultra-thin films of Nafion containing trimethylammonioferrocene (FA), tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(), Ru(bpy), and hexaaminoruthenium(), [Ru(NH)], were prepared using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. The morphology and thickness of the films were evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Film thicknesses were 1.9 ± 0.7, 1.8 ± 0.9, 1.5 ± 0.9 nm per layer for Nafion-FA, Nafion-Ru(bpy)and Nafion-[Ru(NH)], respectively. Electrochemical data confirmed the successful incorporation of the mediators into the films and proved that the redox activity was maintained during extensive voltammetric cycling. Key parameters such as surface coverage, concentration of the mediator within the films and apparent diffusion coefficients were extracted using cyclic voltammetry. To demonstrate the utility of the redox-active films for sensing applications, films with Ru(bpy) incorporated were utilized for the electrocatalysis of oxalate in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bertoncello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UKCV4 7AL. (Prof. P. R. Unwin) (Dr P. Bertoncello)
| | - Neil R Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UKCV4 7AL
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UKCV4 7AL. (Prof. P. R. Unwin) (Dr P. Bertoncello)
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