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Dong C, Huang L, Guan Z, Huang C, He Y. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Aerobic Oxidative C(
sp
3
)−C(
sp
3
) Bond Cleavage of Morpholine Derivatives Using 4CzIPN as a Photocatalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan‐Qian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Chu‐Sheng Huang
- Guangxi Teachers Education University Nanning 530001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
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Timm A, Abendschön P, Tölgyesi L, Horn H, Borowska E. Solar-mediated degradation of linezolid and tedizolid under simulated environmental conditions: Kinetics, transformation and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125111. [PMID: 31683437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Linezolid (LIN) and Tedizolid (TED) are representatives of oxazolidinone antibiotics of last resort with a strong efficacy against gram-positive bacteria. This study focused on their solar-mediated degradation to understand better their fate in aquatic environment, for the realistic concentrations in the range of 1 μg/L. Results showed that both antibiotics (ABs) are degradable by simulated sunlight (1 kW/m2), with half-lives of 32 and 93 h in ultrapure water, for LIN and TED, respectively. LIN showed similar photolytic behaviour in pure solution and in surface water, whereas sunlight enhanced the degradation of LIN in pure solutions, but not in surface water. Structure elucidation by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry provided information about seven transformation products for LIN and five for TED. The morpholinyl-ring was identified as the target site for most transformation reactions of LIN. TED was prone to oxidation and cleavage of the oxazolidinone ring. Results of a growth inhibition test on Bacillus subtilis exposed to UV light showed antibacterial efficacy of transformation products of LIN and no significant efficacy of degradation products of TED for the concentration range of 100 μg/L-10 mg/L of parent compounds. Photolytically treated solutions of the ABs maintained their inhibitory effect on the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Timm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Abendschön
- Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Section 5, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - László Tölgyesi
- Agilent Technologies Sales & Services GmbH and Co. KG, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ewa Borowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhu R, Li MD, Du L, Phillips DL. Singlet versus Triplet Excited State Mediated Photoinduced Dehalogenation Reactions of Itraconazole in Acetonitrile and Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2712-2720. [PMID: 28281345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced dehalogenation of the antifungal drug itraconazole (ITR) in acetonitrile (ACN) and ACN/water mixed solutions was investigated using femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption (fs-TA and ns-TA, respectively) and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy (ns-TR3) experiments. An excited resonance energy transfer is found to take place from the 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one part of the molecule to the 1,3-dichlorobenzene part of the molecule when ITR is excited by ultraviolet light. This photoexcitation is followed by a fast carbon-halogen bond cleavage that leads to the generation of radical intermediates via either triplet and/or singlet excited states. It is found that the singlet excited state-mediated carbon-halogen cleavage is the predominant dehalogenation process in ACN solvent, whereas a triplet state-mediated carbon-halogen cleavage prefers to occur in the ACN/water mixed solutions. The singlet-to-triplet energy gap is decreased in the ACN/water mixed solvents and this helps facilitate an intersystem crossing process, and thus, the carbon-halogen bond cleavage happens mostly through an excited triplet state in the aqueous solutions examined. The ns-TA and ns-TR3 results also provide some evidence that radical intermediates are generated through a homolytic carbon-halogen bond cleavage via predominantly the singlet excited state pathway in ACN but via mainly the triplet state pathway in the aqueous solutions. In strong acidic solutions, protonation at the oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms of the 1,2,4-triazole-3-one group appears to hinder the dehalogenation reactions. This may offer the possibility that the phototoxicity of ITR due to the generation of aryl or halogen radicals can be reduced by protonation of certain moieties in suitably designed ITR halogen-containing derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Ming-de Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Shantou University , Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
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Grunenberg J, Licari G. Effective in silico prediction of new oxazolidinone antibiotics: force field simulations of the antibiotic-ribosome complex supervised by experiment and electronic structure methods. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:415-28. [PMID: 27340438 PMCID: PMC4902031 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose several new and promising antibacterial agents for the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections. Our predictions rely on force field simulations, supervised by first principle calculations and available experimental data. Different force fields were tested in order to reproduce linezolid's conformational space in terms of a) the isolated and b) the ribosomal bound state. In a first step, an all-atom model of the bacterial ribosome consisting of nearly 1600 atoms was constructed and evaluated. The conformational space of 30 different ribosomal/oxazolidinone complexes was scanned by stochastic methods, followed by an evaluation of their enthalpic penalties or rewards and the mechanical strengths of the relevant hydrogen bonds (relaxed force constants; compliance constants). The protocol was able to reproduce the experimentally known enantioselectivity favoring the S-enantiomer. In a second step, the experimentally known MIC values of eight linezolid analogues were used in order to crosscheck the robustness of our model. In a final step, this benchmarking led to the prediction of several new and promising lead compounds. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the new compounds are on the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Grunenberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Hagenring30, TU-Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Licari
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Hagenring30, TU-Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Physical Chemistry Department, Sciences II, University of Geneva , 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Bergheim M, Gminski R, Spangenberg B, Debiak M, Bürkle A, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kümmerer K, Gieré R. Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18017-18030. [PMID: 26169816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, in vitro toxicity as well as biopersistence and photopersistence of four artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharine, and sucralose) and five antibiotics (levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, marbofloxacin, and sarafloxacin) and of their phototransformation products (PTPs) were investigated. Furthermore, antibiotic activity was evaluated after UV irradiation and after exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. The study reveals that most of the tested compounds and their PTPs were neither readily nor inherently biodegradable in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-biodegradability tests. The study further demonstrates that PTPs are formed upon irradiation with an Hg lamp (UV light) and, to a lesser extent, upon irradiation with a Xe lamp (mimics sunlight). Comparing the nonirradiated with the corresponding irradiated solutions, a higher chronic toxicity against bacteria was found for the irradiated solutions of linezolid. Neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity was found in human cervical (HeLa) and liver (Hep-G2) cells for any of the investigated compounds or their PTPs. Antimicrobial activity of the tested fluoroquinolones was reduced after UV treatment, but it was not reduced after a 28-day exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. This comparative study shows that PTPs can be formed as a result of UV treatment. The study further demonstrated that UV irradiation can be effective in reducing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, and consequently may help to reduce antimicrobial resistance in wastewaters. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that some PTPs may exhibit a higher ecotoxicity than the respective parent compounds. Consequently, UV treatment does not transform all micropollutants into harmless compounds and may not be a large-scale effluent treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Bergheim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23b, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Richard Gminski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Spangenberg
- Process Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Applied Sciences, Badstrasse 24, 77652, Offenburg, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Debiak
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Volker Mersch-Sundermann
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335, Lueneburg, Germany.
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA.
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Structural characterization of a degradation product of rocuronium using nanoelectrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:773-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Protti S, Dichiarante V, Dondi D, Fagnoni M, Albini A. Singlet/triplet phenyl cations and benzyne from the photodehalogenation of some silylated and stannylated phenyl halides. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Merli D, Pretali L, Fasani E, Albini A, Profumo A. Analytical Determination and Electrochemical Characterization of the Oxazolidinone Antibiotic Linezolid. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fasani E, Tilocca F, Albini A. Photochemistry of Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Drugs. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:879-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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