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Hajam MI, Khan MM. Microfluidics: a concise review of the history, principles, design, applications, and future outlook. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:218-251. [PMID: 38108438 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have garnered significant attention due to their ability to rapidly process samples and precisely manipulate fluids in assays, making them an attractive alternative to conventional experimental methods. With the potential for revolutionary capabilities in the future, this concise review provides readers with insights into the fascinating world of microfluidics. It begins by introducing the subject's historical background, allowing readers to familiarize themselves with the basics. The review then delves into the fundamental principles, discussing the underlying phenomena at play. Additionally, it highlights the different aspects of microfluidic device design, classification, and fabrication. Furthermore, the paper explores various applications, the global market, recent advancements, and challenges in the field. Finally, the review presents a positive outlook on trends and draws lessons to support the future flourishing of microfluidic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irfan Hajam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, India.
| | - Mohammad Mohsin Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, India.
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2
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Tony A, Badea I, Yang C, Liu Y, Wells G, Wang K, Yin R, Zhang H, Zhang W. The Additive Manufacturing Approach to Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Microfluidic Devices: Review and Future Directions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1926. [PMID: 37112073 PMCID: PMC10147032 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature for fabricating PDMS microfluidic devices by employing additive manufacturing (AM) processes. AM processes for PDMS microfluidic devices are first classified into (i) the direct printing approach and (ii) the indirect printing approach. The scope of the review covers both approaches, though the focus is on the printed mold approach, which is a kind of the so-called replica mold approach or soft lithography approach. This approach is, in essence, casting PDMS materials with the mold which is printed. The paper also includes our on-going effort on the printed mold approach. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of knowledge gaps and elaboration of future work toward closing the knowledge gaps in fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices. The second contribution is the development of a novel classification of AM processes from design thinking. There is also a contribution in clarifying confusion in the literature regarding the soft lithography technique; this classification has provided a consistent ontology in the sub-field of the fabrication of microfluidic devices involving AM processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tony
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.T.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ildiko Badea
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.T.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuyi Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.T.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Garth Wells
- Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices (SyLMAND), Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada;
| | - Kemin Wang
- School of Mechatronics and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Ruixue Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.T.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Li Y, Fan H, Ding J, Xu J, Liu C, Wang H. Microfluidic devices: The application in TME modeling and the potential in immunotherapy optimization. Front Genet 2022; 13:969723. [PMID: 36159996 PMCID: PMC9493116 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.969723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With continued advances in cancer research, the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in regulating tumor progression and influencing immunotherapy outcomes has been realized over the years. A series of studies devoted to enhancing the response to immunotherapies through exploring efficient predictive biomarkers and new combination approaches. The microfluidic technology not only promoted the development of multi-omics analyses but also enabled the recapitulation of TME in vitro microfluidic system, which made these devices attractive across studies for optimization of immunotherapy. Here, we reviewed the application of microfluidic systems in modeling TME and the potential of these devices in predicting and monitoring immunotherapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huiyu Wang
- *Correspondence: Chaoying Liu, ; Huiyu Wang,
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4
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Rho HS, Veltkamp HW, Baptista D, Gardeniers H, Le Gac S, Habibović P. A 3D polydimethylsiloxane microhourglass-shaped channel array made by reflowing photoresist structures for engineering a blood capillary network. Methods 2020; 190:63-71. [PMID: 32247048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an innovative yet straightforward fabrication technique to create three-dimensional microstructures with controllable tapered geometries by combining conventional photolithography and thermal reflow of photoresist. Positive photoresist-based microchannel structures with varying width-to-length ratios were reflowed after their fabrication to generate three-dimensional funnel structures with varying curvatures. A polydimethylsiloxane hourglass-shaped microchannel array was next cast on these photoresist structures, and primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells were cultured in the device to engineer an artificial capillary network. Our work demonstrates that this cost-effective and straightforward fabrication technique has great potential in engineering three-dimensional microstructures for biomedical and biotechnological applications such as blood vessel regeneration strategies, drug screening for vascular diseases, microcolumns for bioseparation, and other fluid dynamic studies at microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Suk Rho
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands; Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research Group, TechMed Institute, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Willem Veltkamp
- Integrated Devices and Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Baptista
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research Group, TechMed Institute, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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5
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Mukherjee P, Nebuloni F, Gao H, Zhou J, Papautsky I. Rapid Prototyping of Soft Lithography Masters for Microfluidic Devices Using Dry Film Photoresist in a Non-Cleanroom Setting. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E192. [PMID: 30875965 PMCID: PMC6471384 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of microfluidic devices by soft lithography is by far the most popular approach due to simplicity and low cost. In this approach PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) is cast on a photoresist master to generate replicas that are then sealed against glass slides using oxygen plasma. In this work, we demonstrated fabrication of soft photolithography masters using lamination of ADEX dry film as an alternative to the now classic SU-8 resist masters formed by spin coating. Advantages of using ADEX dry film include the easily-achievable uniform thickness without edge bead; simplicity of the process with significant time savings due to non-sticky nature of the film; and fewer health concerns due to less toxic developing solution and antimony-free composition. As we demonstrate, the process can be performed in a low-cost improvised fabrication room in ambient light, in place of a conventional yellow-light cleanroom environment. We believe this approach holds the promise of delivering state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques to the broad field of biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithviraj Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Federico Nebuloni
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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6
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Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
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Im SB, Kim SC, Shim JS. A smart pipette for equipment-free separation and delivery of plasma for on-site whole blood analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1391-7. [PMID: 26718913 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel device of smart pipette has been suggested to extract and deliver plasma from whole blood in a disposable format. By operating an on-chip disposable micropump, approximately 30 μL of plasma was obtained from 100 μL of whole blood within 5 min without any external equipment for point-of-care blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung B Im
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang C Kim
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon S Shim
- Bio IT Convergence Laboratory, Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Konda A, Taylor JM, Stoller MA, Morin SA. Reconfigurable microfluidic systems with reversible seals compatible with 2D and 3D surfaces of arbitrary chemical composition. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2009-2017. [PMID: 25791933 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic channels are typically fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using soft lithography and sealed against a support substrate using various irreversible/reversible techniques-the most widely used method is the irreversible bonding of PDMS to glass using oxygen plasma. These techniques are limited in their ability to seal channels against rough, uneven, and/or three-dimensional substrates. This manuscript describes the design and fabrication of soft microfluidic systems from combinations of silicone elastomers that can be reversibly sealed against an array of materials of various topographies/geometries using compression. These soft systems have channels with cross-sectional dimensions that can be decreased, reversibly, by hundreds of microns using compressive stress, and the ability to interface with virtually any support substrate. These capabilities go beyond that achievable with devices fabricated in PDMS alone and enable the integration of microfluidic functionality directly with rough and/or 3D surfaces, providing new opportunities in solution processing useful to, for example, materials science and the analytical/forensic sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiteja Konda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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9
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Sackmann EK, Fulton AL, Beebe DJ. The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature 2014; 507:181-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13118 order by 1--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Lee KK, Ahn CH, Hong CI. Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa on a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device for real-time gas perturbations. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:44129. [PMID: 24404062 PMCID: PMC3772947 DOI: 10.1063/1.4819478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Racetubes, a conventional system employing hollow glass tubes, are typically used for monitoring circadian rhythms from the model filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. However, a major technical limitation in using a conventional system is that racetubes are not amenable for real-time gas perturbations. In this work, we demonstrate a simple microfluidic device combined with real-time gas perturbations for monitoring circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa using bioluminescence assays. The developed platform is a useful toolbox for investigating molecular responses under various gas conditions for Neurospora and can also be applied to other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kug Lee
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Electronics and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Chong H Ahn
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Electronics and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Christian I Hong
- Computational and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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12
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A micro blood sampling system for catheterized neonates and pediatrics in intensive care unit. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:241-53. [PMID: 23150205 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new micro blood sampling system has been designed, fabricated, and characterized to reduce iatrogenic blood loss from the catheterized neonates and pediatrics in intensive care unit by providing micro-volume of blood to analytical biomedical microdevices which can do point-of-care testing for their critical care. The system can not only save enormous iatrogenic blood loss through 1 to 10 μL of blood sampling and re-infusion of 1 to 5 mL of discard blood but also reduce the infection risk through the closed structure while satisfying the key criteria of the blood sampler. The sampled blood preserved its quality without rupturing of red blood cells verified by blood potassium concentrations of 3.86 ± 0.07 mM on the sampled blood which is similar to 3.81 ± 0.04 mM measured from the blood which did not go through the system. The sampling volume among the sampling channels showed consistency with the relative standard deviation of 1.41 %. In addition to the micro blood sampling capability, the sampling system showed negligible sample cross-contamination. The analyte-free samples collected after aspirating 7,500 times higher signal sample showed the same output signal as blank. The system was also demonstrated not to cause air-embolism by having no bubble generation during flushing procedure and the system was verified as leak-free since there was no fluid leakage under 30 times higher pressure than central venous pressure for 24 h.
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13
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Lai D, Labuz JM, Kim J, Luker GD, Shikanov A, Takayama S. Simple Multi-level Microchannel Fabrication by Pseudo-Grayscale Backside Diffused Light Lithography. RSC Adv 2013; 3:19467-19473. [PMID: 24976950 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43834a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolithography of multi-level channel features in microfluidics is laborious and/or costly. Grayscale photolithography is mostly used with positive photoresists and conventional front side exposure, but the grayscale masks needed are generally costly and positive photoresists are not commonly used in microfluidic rapid prototyping. Here we introduce a simple and inexpensive alternative that uses pseudo-grayscale (pGS) photomasks in combination with backside diffused light lithography (BDLL) and the commonly used negative photoresist, SU-8. BDLL can produce smooth multi-level channels of gradually changing heights without use of true grayscale masks because of the use of diffused light. Since the exposure is done through a glass slide, the photoresist is cross-linked from the substrate side up enabling well-defined and stable structures to be fabricated from even unspun photoresist layers. In addition to providing unique structures and capabilities, the method is compatible with the "garage microfluidics" concept of creating useful tools at low cost since pGS BDLL can be performed with the use of only hot plates and a UV transilluminator: equipment commonly found in biology labs. Expensive spin coaters or collimated UV aligners are not needed. To demonstrate the applicability of pGS BDLL, a variety of weir-type cell traps were constructed with a single UV exposure to separate cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, 10-15 μm in size) from red blood cells (RBCs, 2-8 μm in size) as well as follicle clusters (40-50 μm in size) from cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, 10-15 μm in size).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph M Labuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Division of Nano-Bio and Chemical Engineering WCU Project, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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14
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Campos CDM, da Silva JAF. Applications of autonomous microfluidic systems in environmental monitoring. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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15
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Lai D, Frampton JP, Sriram H, Takayama S. Rounded multi-level microchannels with orifices made in one exposure enable aqueous two-phase system droplet microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3551-4. [PMID: 21892481 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of a negative photoresist-coated glass slide with diffused light from the backside through a mask with disconnected features provides multi-level rounded channels with narrow orifices in one exposure. Using these structures, we construct microfluidic systems capable of creating aqueous two-phase system droplets where one aqueous phase forms droplets and the other aqueous phase forms the surrounding matrix. Unlike water-in-oil droplet systems, aqueous two-phase systems can have very low interfacial tensions that prevent spontaneous droplet formation. The multi-level channels fabricated by backside lithography satisfy two conflicting needs: (i) the requirement to have narrowed channels for efficient valve closure by channel deformation and (ii) the need to have wide channels to reduce the flow velocity, thus reducing the capillary number and enhancing droplet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Browne AW, Ramasamy L, Cripe TP, Ahn CH. A lab-on-a-chip for rapid blood separation and quantification of hematocrit and serum analytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2440-6. [PMID: 21655589 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new lab-on-a-chip for rapid analysis of low volume blood samples was designed, fabricated and demonstrated for integration of serum separation, hematocrit evaluation, and protein quantitation. Blood separation was achieved using microchannel flow-based separation. A novel method for evaluating hematocrit from microfluidic flow-separated blood samples was developed using gray scale analysis of a point-and-shoot digital photograph of separated blood in a micochannel. Protein quantitation was subsequently performed in a high surface area-to-volume ratio microfluidic chemiluminescent immunoassay using cell depleted serum produced by microfluidic flow-based separation of whole blood samples. All three steps were achieved in a single microchannel with separation of blood samples and hematocrit evaluation in less than 1 min, and protein quantitation in 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Browne
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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17
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Gervais L, de Rooij N, Delamarche E. Microfluidic chips for point-of-care immunodiagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H151-76. [PMID: 21567479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We might be at the turning point where research in microfluidics undertaken in academia and industrial research laboratories, and substantially sponsored by public grants, may provide a range of portable and networked diagnostic devices. In this Progress Report, an overview on microfluidic devices that may become the next generation of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is provided. First, we describe gaps and opportunities in medical diagnostics and how microfluidics can address these gaps using the example of immunodiagnostics. Next, we conceptualize how different technologies are converging into working microfluidic POC diagnostics devices. Technologies are explained from the perspective of sample interaction with components of a device. Specifically, we detail materials, surface treatment, sample processing, microfluidic elements (such as valves, pumps, and mixers), receptors, and analytes in the light of various biosensing concepts. Finally, we discuss the integration of components into accurate and reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gervais
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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18
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Browne AW, Ahn CH. An in-line microfluidic blood sampling interface between patients and saline infusion systems. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:661-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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