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Yao J, Miao Y, Zhu L, Wan M, Lu Y, Tang W. Histidine trinucleotide binding protein 2: from basic science to clinical implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115527. [PMID: 37004779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 2 (HINT2) is a dimeric protein that belongs to the histidine triad protein superfamily, predominantly expressed in the liver, pancreas, and adrenal gland, and localised to the mitochondrion. HINT2 binds nucleotides and catalyses the hydrolysis of nucleotidyl substrates. Moreover, HINT2 has been identified as a key regulator of multiple biological processes, including mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, mitochondrial protein acetylation, and steroidogenesis. Genetic manipulation has provided new insights into the physiological roles of HINT2 in several processes, such as inhibition of cancer progression, regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, and protective effects on the cardiovascular system. The current review outlines the background and functions of HINT2. In addition, it summarises research progress on the correlation between HINT2 and human malignancies, hepatic metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, with an attempt to provide new research directions emerging in this field and to unveil the therapeutic value of HINT2 as a target in the combat of human diseases.
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Krakowiak A, Czernek L, Pichlak M, Kaczmarek R. Intracellular HINT1-Assisted Hydrolysis of Nucleoside 5'- O-Selenophosphate Leads to the Release of Hydrogen Selenide That Exhibits Toxic Effects in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020607. [PMID: 35054788 PMCID: PMC8775712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a new selenium derivative, 2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-O-selenophosphate (dGMPSe), synthesized by the oxathiaphospholane method and adapted here for the synthesis of nucleoside selenophosphates. Using biochemical assays (HPLC- and fluorescence-based), we investigated the enzymatic activity of HINT1 towards dGMPSe in comparison with the corresponding thiophosphate nucleoside, i.e., dGMPS. Both substrates showed similar kcat and a small difference in Km, and during the reactions the release of reducing agents such as H2Se and H2S were expected and detected. MTT viability assay and microscopic analysis showed that dGMPSe was toxic to HeLa cancer cells, and this cytotoxicity was due to the release of H2Se. The release of H2Se or H2S in the living cells after administration of dGMPSe and/or dGMPS, both without carrier and by electroporation, was observed using a fluorescence assay, as previously for NMPS. In conclusion, our comparative experiments with dGMPSe and dGMPS indicate that the HINT1 enzyme is capable of converting (d)NMPSe to (d)NMP and H2Se, both in vitro and intracellularly. Since the anticancer activity of various selenium compounds depends on the formation of hydrogen selenide, the actual inducer of cell death, we propose that selenium-containing nucleotides represent another option as novel compounds with anticancer therapeutic potential.
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Nucleoside 5'-Phosphoramidates Control the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Vitis vinifera Suspension-Cultured Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413567. [PMID: 34948365 PMCID: PMC8704414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cells contain various uncommon nucleotides such as dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnN’s) and adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate (NH2-pA) belonging to nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidates (NH2-pNs). Their cellular levels are enzymatically controlled. Some of them are accumulated in cells under stress, and therefore, they could act as signal molecules. Our previous research carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana and grape (Vitis vinifera) showed that NpnN’s induced the expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and favored the accumulation of their products, which protect plants against stress. Moreover, we found that NH2-pA could play a signaling role in Arabidopsis seedlings. Data presented in this paper show that exogenously applied purine (NH2-pA, NH2-pG) and pyrimidine (NH2-pU, NH2-pC) nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidates can modify the expression of genes that control the biosynthesis of both stilbenes and lignin in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell suspension-cultured cells. We investigated the expression of genes encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H1), 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL1), chalcone synthase (CHS1), stilbene synthase (STS1), cinnamoyl-coenzyme A:NADP oxidoreductase (CCR2), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD1). Each of the tested NH2-pNs also induced the expression of the trans-resveratrol cell membrane transporter VvABCG44 gene and caused the accumulation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid in grape cells as well as in the culture medium. NH2-pC, however, evoked the most effective induction of phenylpropanoid pathway genes such as PAL1, C4H1, 4CL1, and STS1. Moreover, this nucleotide also induced at short times the accumulation of N-benzoylputrescine (BenPut), one of the phenylamides that are derivatives of phenylpropanoid and polyamines. The investigated nucleotides did not change either the lignin content or the cell dry weight, nor did they affect the cell viability throughout the experiment. The results suggest that nucleoside 5′-phosphoramidates could be considered as new signaling molecules.
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Nycz JE. The Synthesis of Hypodiphosphoric Acid and Derivatives with P-P Bond, including Esters and Diphosphine Dioxides: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237286. [PMID: 34885870 PMCID: PMC8659023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of hypodiphosphoric acid and its related compounds began in 1877, but no summary of the synthetic efforts has been reported. This review includes published papers related to the molecules containing the >P(=O)-P(=O)< fragment, which notably resembles the structure of the >P(=O)-O-P(=O)< moiety, the essential building block of many important molecules found in nature and in the field of medicinal chemistry. This review covers the strategies related to the synthesis of hypodiphosphoric acid (former name hypophosphoric acid), its ester form, and diphosphine dioxides. Finally, some properties and applications of these structures studied during this period are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek E Nycz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland
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Kraszewski A, Sobkowski M, Stawinski J. H-Phosphonate Chemistry in the Synthesis of Electrically Neutral and Charged Antiviral and Anticancer Pronucleotides. Front Chem 2020; 8:595738. [PMID: 33282839 PMCID: PMC7691650 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.595738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review a short account of our work on the synthesis and biological activity of electrically neutral and charged anti-HIV and anticancer pronucleotides, presented on the background of the contemporary research in this area, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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6
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Pietrowska-Borek M, Dobrogojski J, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Borek S. New Insight into Plant Signaling: Extracellular ATP and Uncommon Nucleotides. Cells 2020; 9:E345. [PMID: 32024306 PMCID: PMC7072326 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New players in plant signaling are described in detail in this review: extracellular ATP (eATP) and uncommon nucleotides such as dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnN's), adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate (NH2-pA), and extracellular NAD+ and NADP+ (eNAD(P)+). Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence implicating concurrently the signaling role of eATP, NpnN's, and NH2-pA in plant biology and the mechanistic events in which they are involved are discussed. Numerous studies have shown that they are often universal signaling messengers, which trigger a signaling cascade in similar reactions and processes among different kingdoms. We also present here, not described elsewhere, a working model of the NpnN' and NH2-pA signaling network in a plant cell where these nucleotides trigger induction of the phenylpropanoid and the isochorismic acid pathways yielding metabolites protecting the plant against various types of stresses. Through these signals, the plant responds to environmental stimuli by intensifying the production of various compounds, such as anthocyanins, lignin, stilbenes, and salicylic acid. Still, more research needs to be performed to identify signaling networks that involve uncommon nucleotides, followed by omic experiments to define network elements and processes that are controlled by these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Dobrogojski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-N.); (S.B.)
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-N.); (S.B.)
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Romanowska J, Kolodziej K, Sobkowski M, Rachwalak M, Jakubowski T, Golebiewska J, Kraszewski A, Boryski J, Dabrowska A, Stawinski J. Aryl H-phosphonates. 19. New anti-HIV pronucleotide phosphoramidate diesters containing amino- and hydroxypyridine auxiliaries. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:47-58. [PMID: 30590257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a new type of AZT and ddU phosphoramidate diesters containing various combinations of 2-, 3-, 4-aminopyridine and 2-, 3-, 4-hydroxypyridine moieties attached to the phosphorus center, as potential anti-HIV pronucleotides. Depending on the pKa values of the aminopyridines and the hydroxypyridines used, alternative synthetic strategies based on H-phosphonate chemistry were developed for their preparation. Synthetic aspects of these transformations and the biological activity of the synthesized compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Romanowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krystian Kolodziej
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Rachwalak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakubowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna Golebiewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dabrowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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Krakowiak A, Piotrzkowska D, Kocoń-Rębowska B, Kaczmarek R, Maciaszek A. The role of the Hint1 protein in the metabolism of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides drugs and prodrugs, and the release of H 2S under cellular conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:250-259. [PMID: 30772266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-oligos) containing sulfur atom attached in a nonbridging position to the phosphorus atom at one or more internucleotide bond(s) are often used in medicinal applications. Their hydrolysis in cellular media proceeds mainly from the 3'-end, resulting in the appearance of nucleoside 5'-O-phosphorothioates ((d)NMPS), whose further metabolism is poorly understood. We hypothesize that the enzyme responsible for (d)NMPS catabolism could be Hint1, an enzyme that belongs to the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily and is present in all organisms. We previously found that (d)NMPS were desulfurated in vitro to yield (d)NMP and H2S in a Hint1-assisted reaction. Here, we demonstrate that AMPS/GMPS/dGMPS introduced into HeLa/A549 cells are intracellularly converted into AMP/GMP/dGMP and H2S. The level of the released H2S was relative to the concentration of the compounds used and the reaction time. Using RNAi technology, we have shown decreased levels of AMPS/GMPS desulfuration in HeLa/A549 cells with reduced Hint1 levels. Finally, after transfection of a short Rp-d(APSAPSA) oligomer into HeLa cells, the release of H2S was observed. These results suggest that the metabolic pathway of PS-oligos includes hydrolysis into (d)NMPS (by cellular nucleases) followed by Hint1-promoted conversion of the resulting (d)NMPS into (d)NMP accompanied by H2S elimination. Our observations may be also important for possible medicinal applications of (d)NMPS because H2S is a gasotransmitter involved in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krakowiak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 91-063, Poland.
| | - Danuta Piotrzkowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 91-063, Poland
| | - Beata Kocoń-Rębowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 91-063, Poland
| | - Renata Kaczmarek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 91-063, Poland
| | - Anna Maciaszek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 91-063, Poland
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9
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Otręba M, Budzikur D, Górecki Ł, Řlepokura KA. Adenosine hypodiphosphate ester, an analogue of ADP: analysis of the adenine-hypodiphosphate interaction mode in hypodiphosphate nucleotides and adenine salts. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:571-583. [PMID: 29726466 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618005089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plays a crucial role in cell biochemistry, especially in metabolic pathways and energy storage. ADP itself, as well as many of its analogues, such as adenosine hypodiphosphate (AhDP), has been studied extensively, in particular in terms of enzymatic activity. However, structural studies in the solid state, especially for AhDP, are still missing. An analogue of ADP, i.e. adenosine hypodiphosphate ester, has been synthesized and characterized in the crystalline form as two hydrated sodium salts of 2':3'-isopropylideneadenosine 5'-hypodiphosphate (H3AhDP, C13H19N5O9P2 for the neutral form), namely pentasodium tetrakis(2':3'-isopropylideneadenosine 5'-hypodiphosphate) tetracosahydrate, 5Na+·3C13H18N5O9P2-·C13H17N5O9P22-·24H2O or Na5(H2AhDP)3(HAhDP)·24H2O, (I), and sodium tetrakis(2':3'-isopropylideneadenosine 5'-hypodiphosphate) pentadecahydrate, Na+·C13H20N5O9P2+·2C13H18N5O9P2-·C13H19N5O9P2·15H2O or Na(H4AhDP)(H3AhDP)(H2AhDP)2·15H2O, (II). Crystal structure analyses of (I) and (II) reveal two nucleoside hypodiphosphate ions in the asymmetric units with different ionization states of the hypodiphosphate unit and adenine base. For all AhDP nucleotides, the same anti conformation about the N-glycosidic bond and similar puckering of the ribose ring have been found. AhDP geometry and interactions have been compared to ADP nucleotides deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database. The adenine-hypodiphosphate interactions, identified as defining nucleotide self-assembly, have been analysed in model systems, i.e. the adenine (Ade) salts of hypodiphosphoric acid, namely bis(adeninium) hypodiphosphate dihydrate, 2C5H6N5+·H2P2O62-·2H2O or (AdeH)2(H2P2O6)·2H2O, (III), and bis(adeninium) hypodiphosphate, 2C5H6N5+·H2P2O62- or (AdeH)2(H2P2O6), (IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Otręba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Daria Budzikur
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Górecki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A Řlepokura
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
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Baranowski MR, Nowicka A, Jemielity J, Kowalska J. A fluorescent HTS assay for phosphohydrolases based on nucleoside 5'-fluorophosphates: its application in screening for inhibitors of mRNA decapping scavenger and PDE-I. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:4595-604. [PMID: 27031609 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several nucleotide-specific phosphohydrolases can cleave P-F bonds in substrate analogues containing a fluorophosphate moiety to release fluoride ions. In this work, by employing a fluoride-sensitive molecular sensor, we harnessed this cleavage reaction to develop a fluorescence assay to screen for phosphohydrolase inhibitors. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and based on simple and synthetically available reagents. The assay was adapted to the high-throughput screening (HTS) format and its utility was demonstrated by screening an 'in-house' library of small nucleotides against two enzymes: DcpS, a metal-independent mRNA decapping pyrophosphatase of the histidine triad (HIT) family; and PDE-I, a divalent cation-dependent nuclease. Our screening results agreed with the known specificities of DcpS and PDE-I, and led to the selection of several inhibitors featuring low-micromolar IC50 values. For DcpS, we also verified the results by using an alternative method with the natural substrate. Notably, the assay presented here is the first fluorescence-based HTS-adaptable assay for DcpS, an established therapeutic target for spinal muscular atrophy. The assay should be useful for phosphohydrolase specificity profiling and inhibitor discovery, particularly in the context of DcpS and other HIT-family enzymes, which play key roles in maintaining cellular functions and have been linked to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Nowicka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland. and Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Guranowski A. Exogenous adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate behaves as a signal molecule in plants; it augments metabolism of phenylpropanoids and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:144-152. [PMID: 26079287 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells contain various congeners of the canonical nucleotides. Some of these accumulate in cells under stress and may function as signal molecules. Their cellular levels are enzymatically controlled. Previously, we demonstrated a signaling function for diadenosine polyphosphates and cyclic nucleotides in Arabidopsis thaliana and grape, Vitis vinifera. These compounds increased the expression of genes for and the specific activity of enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathways resulting in the accumulation of certain products of these pathways. Here, we show that adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate, whose level can be controlled by HIT-family proteins, induced similar effects. This natural nucleotide, when added to A. thaliana seedlings, activated the genes for phenylalanine:ammonia lyase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, cinnamoyl-coenzyme A:NADP oxidoreductase and isochorismate synthase, which encode proteins catalyzing key reactions of phenylpropanoid pathways, and caused accumulation of lignins, anthocyanins and salicylic acid. Adenosine 5'-phosphofluoridate, a synthetic congener of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate, behaved similarly. The results allow us to postulate that adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate should be considered as a novel signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nuc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Novel reactivity of Fhit proteins: catalysts for fluorolysis of nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates and nucleoside 5'-phosphosulfates to generate nucleoside 5'-phosphorofluoridates. Biochem J 2015; 468:337-44. [PMID: 25826698 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fragile histidine triad (HIT) proteins (Fhits) occur in all eukaryotes but their function is largely unknown. Human Fhit is presumed to function as a tumour suppressor. Previously, we demonstrated that Fhits catalyse hydrolysis of not only dinucleoside triphosphates but also natural adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate (NH2-pA) and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (SO4-pA) as well as synthetic adenosine 5'-phosphorofluoridate (F-pA). In the present study, we describe an Fhit-catalysed displacement of the amino group of nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates (NH2-pNs) or the sulfate moiety of nucleoside 5'-phosphosulfates (SO4-pNs) by fluoride anion. This results in transient accumulation of the corresponding nucleoside 5'-phosphorofluoridates (F-pNs). Substrate specificity and kinetic characterization of the fluorolytic reactions catalysed by the human Fhit and other examples of involvement of fluoride in the biochemistry of nucleotides are described. Among other HIT proteins, human histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein (Hint1) catalysed fluorolysis of NH2-pA 20 times and human Hint2 40 times more slowly than human Fhit.
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Wojdyła-Mamoń AM, Guranowski A. Adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase activity is another inherent property of Fhit proteins. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00235. [PMID: 26181368 PMCID: PMC4613722 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fhits (fragile histidine triad proteins) occur in eukaryotes but their function is largely unknown, although human Fhit is believed to act as a tumour suppressor. Fhits also exhibit dinucleoside triphosphatase, adenylylsulfatase and nucleoside phosphoramidase activities that in each case yield nucleoside 5'-monophosphate as a product. Due to the dinucleoside triphosphatase activity, Fhits may also be involved in mRNA decapping. In the present study, we demonstrate Fhit-catalysed ammonolysis of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, which results in the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate. This reaction has previously been associated with adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.51). Our finding shows that the capacity to catalyse ammonolysis is another inherent property of Fhits. Basic kinetic parameters and substrate specificity of this reaction catalysed by human Fhit are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wojdyła-Mamoń
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Hydrogen sulfide in pharmacology and medicine – An update. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:647-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Baranowski MR, Nowicka A, Rydzik AM, Warminski M, Kasprzyk R, Wojtczak BA, Wojcik J, Claridge TDW, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Synthesis of fluorophosphate nucleotide analogues and their characterization as tools for ¹⁹F NMR studies. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3982-97. [PMID: 25816092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To broaden the scope of existing methods based on (19)F nucleotide labeling, we developed a new method for the synthesis of fluorophosphate (oligo)nucleotide analogues containing an O to F substitution at the terminal position of the (oligo)phosphate moiety and evaluated them as tools for (19)F NMR studies. Using three efficient and comprehensive synthetic approaches based on phosphorimidazolide chemistry and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, fluoromonophosphate, or fluorophosphate imidazolide as fluorine sources, we prepared over 30 fluorophosphate-containing nucleotides, varying in nucleobase type (A, G, C, U, m(7)G), phosphate chain length (from mono to tetra), and presence of additional phosphate modifications (thio, borano, imido, methylene). Using fluorophosphate imidazolide as fluorophosphorylating reagent for 5'-phosphorylated oligos we also synthesized oligonucleotide 5'-(2-fluorodiphosphates), which are potentially useful as (19)F NMR hybridization probes. The compounds were characterized by (19)F NMR and evaluated as (19)F NMR molecular probes. We found that fluorophosphate nucleotide analogues can be used to monitor activity of enzymes with various specificities and metal ion requirements, including human DcpS enzyme, a therapeutic target for spinal muscular atrophy. The compounds can also serve as reporter ligands for protein binding studies, as exemplified by studying interaction of fluorophosphate mRNA cap analogues with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek R Baranowski
- †Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- †Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,§Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Rydzik
- ‡Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Warminski
- †Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kasprzyk
- †Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Blazej A Wojtczak
- §Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojcik
- ∥Laboratory of Biological NMR, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- ‡Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- †Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- §Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Bełtowski J, Guranowski A, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Wolski A, Hałas K. Hydrogen-sulfide-mediated vasodilatory effect of nucleoside 5'-monophosphorothioates in perivascular adipose tissue. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:585-95. [PMID: 26120822 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is synthesized in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and induces vasorelaxation. We examined whether the sulfur-containing AMP and GMP analogs AMPS and GMPS can serve as the H2S donors in PVAT. H2S production by isolated rat periaortic adipose tissue (PAT) was measured with a polarographic sensor. In addition, phenylephrine-induced contractility of aortic rings with (+) or without (-) PAT was examined. Isolated PAT produced H2S from AMPS or GMPS in the presence of the P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP. Phenylephrine-induced contractility of PAT(+) rings was lower than of PAT(-) rings. AMPS or GMPS had no effect on the contractility of PAT(-) rings, but used together with BzATP reduced the contractility of PAT(+) rings when endogenous H2S production was inhibited with propargylglycine. A high-fat diet reduced endogenous H2S production by PAT. Interestingly, AMPS and GMPS were converted to H2S by PAT of obese rats, and reduced contractility of PAT(+) aortic rings isolated from these animals even in the absence of BzATP. We conclude that (i) AMPS and GMPS can be hydrolyzed to H2S by PAT when P2X7 receptors are activated, (ii) a high-fat diet impairs endogenous H2S production by PAT, (iii) AMPS and GMPS restore the anticontractile effects of PAT in obese animals without P2X7 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- a Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- b Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Wolski
- d Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hałas
- d Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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17
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Interactions of cellular histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 with nucleosides 5′-O-monophosphorothioate and their derivatives — Implication for desulfuration process in the cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Korhonen HJ, Conway LP, Hodgson DRW. Phosphate analogues in the dissection of mechanism. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:63-72. [PMID: 24879389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoryl group transfer is central to genetic replication, cellular signalling and many metabolic processes. Understanding the mechanisms of phosphorylation and phosphate ester and anhydride cleavage is key to efforts towards biotechnological and biomedical exploitation of phosphate-handling enzymes. Analogues of phosphate esters and anhydrides are indispensable tools, alongside protein mutagenesis and computational methods, for the dissection of phosphoryl transfer mechanisms. Hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable phosphate analogues have provided insight into the nature and sites of phosphoryl transfer processes. Kinetic isotope effects and crystallography using transition state analogues have painted more detailed pictures of transition states and how enzymes work to stabilise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Korhonen
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Louis P Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David R W Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Mountjoy Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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19
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Bełtowski J, Guranowski A, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Korolczuk A, Wojtak A. Nucleoside monophosphorothioates as the new hydrogen sulfide precursors with unique properties. Pharmacol Res 2014; 81:34-43. [PMID: 24508566 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the gasotransmitter enzymatically synthesized in mammalian tissues from l-cysteine. H2S donors are considered as the potential drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, neurological and inflammatory diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that synthetic nucleotide analogs, adenosine- and guanosine 5'-monophosphorothioates (AMPS and GMPS) can be converted to H2S and AMP or GMP, respectively, by purified histidine triad nucleotide-binding (Hint) proteins. We examined if AMPS and GMPS can be used as the H2S donors in intact biological systems. H2S production by isolated rat kidney glomeruli was measured by the specific polarographic sensor. H2S production was detected when glomeruli were incubated with AMPS or GMPS and ionotropic purinergic P2X7 receptor/channel agonist, BzATP. More H2S was generated from GMPS than from equimolar amount of AMPS. Nucleoside phosphorothioates together with BzATP relaxed angiotensin II-preconstricted glomeruli. In addition, infusion of AMPS or GMPS together with BzATP into the renal artery increased filtration fraction and glomerular filtration rate but had no effect on renal vascular resistance or renal blood flow. AMPS but not GMPS was converted to adenosine by isolated glomeruli, however, adenosine was not involved in AMPS-induced H2S synthesis because neither adenosine nor specific adenosine receptor agonists had any effect on H2S production. AMPS, but not GMPS, increased phosphorylation level of AMP-stimulated protein kinase (AMPK), but AMPK inhibitor, compound C, had no effect on AMPS-induced H2S production. In conclusion, nucleoside phosphorothioates are converted to H2S which relaxes isolated kidney glomeruli in vitro and increases glomerular filtration rate in vivo. AMPS and GMPS can be used as the H2S donors in experimental studies and possibly also as the H2S-releasing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Wojtak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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20
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P05 Nucleoside phosphorothioates as the new H2S donors. Nitric Oxide 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Guga P, Koziołkiewicz M. Phosphorothioate nucleotides and oligonucleotides - recent progress in synthesis and application. Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:1642-81. [PMID: 21922655 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Guga
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, PL-90-363 Łódź.
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22
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Romanowska J, Sobkowski M, Szymańska-Michalak A, Kołodziej K, Dąbrowska A, Lipniacki A, Piasek A, Pietrusiewicz ZM, Figlerowicz M, Guranowski A, Boryski J, Stawiński J, Kraszewski A. Aryl H-Phosphonates 17: (N-Aryl)phosphoramidates of Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogues and Their Synthesis, Selected Properties, and Anti-HIV Activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6482-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Romanowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Sobkowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Krystian Kołodziej
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Lipniacki
- National Institute of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Piasek
- National Institute of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia M. Pietrusiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Life Science University, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawiński
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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23
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Murai T, Tonomura Y, Takenaka T. Phosphorofluoridic acid ammonium salts and acids: Synthesis, NMR properties, and application as acid catalysts. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Ozga M, Dolot R, Janicka M, Kaczmarek R, Krakowiak A. Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT-1) phosphoramidase transforms nucleoside 5'-O-phosphorothioates to nucleoside 5'-O-phosphates. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40809-18. [PMID: 20940308 PMCID: PMC3003382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside 5'-O-phosphorothioates are formed in vivo as primary products of hydrolysis of oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate)s (PS-oligos) that are applied as antisense therapeutic molecules. The biodistribution of PS-oligos and their pharmacokinetics have been widely reported, but little is known about their subsequent decay inside the organism. We suggest that the enzyme responsible for nucleoside 5'-O-monophosphorothioate ((d)NMPS) metabolism could be histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (Hint-1), a phosphoramidase belonging to the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily that is present in all forms of life. An additional, but usually ignored, activity of Hint-1 is its ability to catalyze the conversion of adenosine 5'-O-monophosphorothioate (AMPS) to 5'-O-monophosphate (AMP). By mutagenetic and biochemical studies, we defined the active site of Hint-1 and the kinetic parameters of the desulfuration reaction (P-S bond cleavage). Additionally, crystallographic analysis (resolution from 1.08 to 1.37 Å) of three engineered cysteine mutants showed the high similarity of their structures, which were not very different from the structure of WT Hint-1. Moreover, we found that not only AMPS but also other ribonucleoside and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside phosphorothioates are desulfurated by Hint-1 at the following relative rates: GMPS > AMPS > dGMPS ≥ CMPS > UMPS > dAMPS ≫ dCMPS > TMPS, and during the reaction, hydrogen sulfide, which is thought to be the third gaseous mediator, was released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ozga
- From the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Rafal Dolot
- From the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Magdalena Janicka
- From the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Renata Kaczmarek
- From the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krakowiak
- From the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz 90-363, Poland
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25
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Błaziak D, Guga P, Jagiełło A, Korczyński D, Maciaszek A, Nowicka A, Pietkiewicz A, Stec WJ. Stereoselective formation of a P-P bond in the reaction of 2-alkoxy-2-thio-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholanes with O,O-dialkyl H-phosphonates and H-thiophosphonates. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5505-10. [PMID: 20944857 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the formation of organohypophosphates containing a P-P bond under mild conditions, based on the DBU-assisted reaction of 2-alkoxy-2-thio-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholanes with O,O-dialkyl H-phosphonates or H-thiophosphonates, has been elaborated. The resulting triesters of P(1)-thio- and P(1),P(2)-dithiohypophosphoric acids, respectively, having O-methyl or O-ethyl groups, can be selectively dealkylated to form the corresponding di- or monoesters. Appropriately protected 2'-deoxyguanosine-3'-O-(2-thio-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane) was converted into the corresponding P(1)-thio- and P(1),P(2)-dithiohypophosphate esters in a highly stereoselective manner (98%+ and 90%+, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Błaziak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
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