1
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Synthesis, characterization, and activation of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for the removal of emerging organic contaminants through the adsorption-oriented process: A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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2
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Gonnet L, Borchers TH, Lennox CB, Vainauskas J, Teoh Y, Titi HM, Barrett CJ, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Friščić T. The " η-sweet-spot" ( ηmax) in liquid-assisted mechanochemistry: polymorph control and the role of a liquid additive as either a catalyst or an inhibitor in resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:128-149. [PMID: 36239309 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) offers a simple, efficient route for mechanochemical synthesis in the absence of milling media or bulk solvents. Here, we show the use of RAM to conduct the copper-catalysed coupling of sulfonamides and carbodiimides. This coupling was previously reported to take place only by mechanochemical ball milling, while in conventional solution environments it is not efficient, or does not take place at all. The results demonstrate RAM as a suitable methodology to conduct reactions previously accessed only by ball milling and provide a detailed, systematic overview of how the amount of liquid additive, measured by the ratio of liquid volume to weight of reactants (η, in μL mg-1), can affect the course of a mechanochemical reaction and the polymorphic composition of its product. Switching from ball milling to RAM allowed for the discovery of a new polymorph of the model sulfonylguanidine obtained by catalytic coupling of di(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide (DCC) and p-toluenesulfonamide, and the ability to control reaction temperature in RAM enabled in situ control of the polymorphic behaviour of this nascent product. We show that the reaction conversion for a given reaction time does not change monotonically but, instead, achieves a maximum for a well-defined η-value. This "η-sweet-spot" of conversion is herein designated ηmax. The herein explored reactions demonstrate sensitivity to η on the order of 0.01 μL mg-1, which corresponds to an amount of liquid additive below 5 mol% compared to the reactants, and is at least one to two orders of magnitude lower than the η-value typically considered in the design of liquid-assisted ball milling mechanochemical reactions. Such sensitivity suggests that strategies to optimise liquid-assisted mechanochemical reactions should systematically evaluate η-values at increments of 0.01 μL mg-1, or even finer. At η-values other than ηmax the reaction conversion drops off, demonstrating that the same liquid additive can act either as a catalyst or an inhibitor of a mechanochemical reaction, depending on the amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Gonnet
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Cameron B Lennox
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Jogirdas Vainauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada. .,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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Ranu B, Egorov I, Mukherjee A, Santra S, Kopchuk D, Kovalev I, Zyryanov G, Majee A, Chupakhin O, Liu Y. Mechanochemically Induced Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions under Ball Milling. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Egorov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Ural'skij federal'nyj universitet imeni pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B N El'cina RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Sougata Santra
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Dmitry Kopchuk
- Institute of Organic Synthesis UB RAS RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Grigory Zyryanov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | - Oleg Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B N Yeltsin RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Lukin S, Germann LS, Friščić T, Halasz I. Toward Mechanistic Understanding of Mechanochemical Reactions Using Real-Time In Situ Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1262-1277. [PMID: 35446551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rapid emergence of interest in mechanochemistry-chemical and materials reactivity achieved or sustained by the action of mechanical force-which has led to application of mechanochemistry to almost all areas of modern chemical and materials synthesis: from organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry to enzymatic reactions, formation of metal-organic frameworks, hybrid perovskites, and nanoparticle-based materials. The recent success of mechanochemistry by ball milling has also raised questions about the underlying mechanisms and has led to the realization that the rational development and effective harnessing of mechanochemical reactivity for cleaner and more efficient chemical manufacturing will critically depend on establishing a mechanistic understanding of these reactions. Despite their long history, the development of such a knowledge framework for mechanochemical reactions is still incomplete. This is in part due to the, until recently, unsurmountable challenge of directly observing transformations taking place in a rapidly oscillating or rotating milling vessel, with the sample being under the continuous impact of milling media. A transformative change in mechanistic studies of milling reactions was recently introduced through the first two methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring based on synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Introduced in 2013 and 2014, the two new techniques have inspired a period of tremendous method development, resulting also in new techniques for mechanistic mechanochemical studies that are based on temperature and/or pressure monitoring, extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS), and, latest, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The new technologies available for real-time monitoring have now inspired the development of experimental strategies and advanced data analysis approaches for the identification and quantification of short-lived reaction intermediates, the development of new mechanistic models, as well as the emergence of more complex monitoring methodologies based on two or three simultaneous monitoring approaches. The use of these new opportunities has, in less than a decade, enabled the first real-time observations of mechanochemical reaction kinetics and the first studies of how the presence of additives, or other means of modifying the mechanochemical reaction, influence reaction rates and pathways. These studies have revealed multistep reaction mechanisms, enabled the identification of autocatalysis, as well as identified molecules and materials that have previously not been known or have even been considered not possible to synthesize through conventional approaches. Mechanistic studies through in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy have highlighted the formation of supramolecular complexes (for example, cocrystals) as critical intermediates in organic and metal-organic synthesis and have also been combined with isotope labeling strategies to provide a deeper insight into mechanochemical reaction mechanisms and atomic and molecular dynamics under milling conditions. This Account provides an overview of this exciting, rapidly evolving field by presenting the development and concepts behind the new methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions, outlining key advances in mechanistic understanding of mechanochemistry, and presenting selected studies important for pushing forward the boundaries of measurement techniques, data analysis, and mapping of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luzia S. Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Lee JH, Kwak SY. Mechanochemically Synthesized Prussian Blue for Efficient Removal of Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3222-3229. [PMID: 35128235 PMCID: PMC8811768 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adsorptive removal of radioactive cesium [Cs(I)] is important for ensuring a clean aquatic environment. In this work, the adsorption of Cs(I) was carried out using Prussian blue (PB) prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy results indicated that PB had been successfully synthesized by mechanochemical synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, elemental analysis, and electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometry confirmed that several defects were formed, explaining the principal mechanism for the efficient adsorption over PB prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. The superior adsorption properties toward Cs(I) make PB prepared by mechanochemical synthesis an attractive candidate material for the efficient, economical, and eco-friendly processes for purifying radioactive wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeop Kwak
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Research
Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research, Seoul National
University, 1 Gwanak-ro,
Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Casali L, Feiler T, Heilmann M, Braga D, Emmerling F, Grepioni F. Too much water? Not enough? In situ monitoring of the mechanochemical reaction of copper salts with dicyandiamide. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ monitoring, via X-ray and Raman spectroscopy, of mechanochemical reactions between dicyandiamide and copper(ii) salts shows that the amount of added water and the milling frequency strongly impact on the products of the solid state synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Casali
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Torvid Feiler
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Heilmann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Braga
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabrizia Grepioni
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Sohrabi H, Javanbakht S, Oroojalian F, Rouhani F, Shaabani A, Majidi MR, Hashemzaei M, Hanifehpour Y, Mokhtarzadeh A, Morsali A. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks: Recent developments in synthesis, modifications and bioimaging applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130717. [PMID: 34020194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as eye-catching materials in recent years. They are widely used in numerous fields of chemistry thanks to their desirable properties. MOFs have a key role in the development of bioimaging platforms that are hopefully expected to effectually pave the way for accurate and selective detection and diagnosis of abnormalities. Recently, many types of MOFs have been employed for detection of RNA, DNA, enzyme activity and small-biomolecules, as well as for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), which are valuable methods for clinical analysis. The optimal performance of the MOF in the bio-imaging field depends on the core structure, synthesis method and modifications processes. In this review, we have attempted to present crucial parameters for designing and achieving an efficient MOF as bioimaging platforms, and provide a roadmap for researchers in this field. Moreover, the influence of modifications/fractionalizations on MOFs performance has been thoroughly discussed and challenging problems have been extensively addressed. Consideration is mainly focused on the principal concepts and applications that have been achieved to modify and synthesize advanced MOFs for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rouhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol. Iran
| | - Younes Hanifehpour
- Department of Chemistry, Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lukin S, Užarević K, Halasz I. Raman spectroscopy for real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3492-3521. [PMID: 34089023 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state milling has emerged as an alternative, sustainable approach for preparing virtually all classes of compounds and materials. In situ reaction monitoring is essential to understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions, but it has proved difficult to use standard analytical techniques to analyze the contents of the closed, rapidly moving reaction chamber (jar). Monitoring by Raman spectroscopy is an attractive choice, because it allows uninterrupted data collection from the outside of a translucent milling jar. It complements the already established in situ monitoring based on powder X-ray diffraction, which has limited accessibility to the wider research community, because it requires a synchrotron X-ray source. The Raman spectroscopy monitoring setup used in this protocol consists of an affordable, small portable spectrometer, a laser source and a Raman probe. Translucent reaction jars, most commonly made from a plastic material, enable interaction of the laser beam with the solid sample residing inside the closed reaction jar and collection of Raman-scattered photons while the ball mill is in operation. Acquired Raman spectra are analyzed using commercial or open-source software for data analysis (e.g., MATLAB, Octave, Python, R). Plotting the Raman spectra versus time enables qualitative analysis of reaction paths. This is demonstrated for an example reaction: the formation in the solid state of a cocrystal between nicotinamide and salicylic acid. A more rigorous data analysis can be achieved using multivariate analysis.
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Solares-Briones M, Coyote-Dotor G, Páez-Franco JC, Zermeño-Ortega MR, de la O Contreras CM, Canseco-González D, Avila-Sorrosa A, Morales-Morales D, Germán-Acacio JM. Mechanochemistry: A Green Approach in the Preparation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:790. [PMID: 34070646 PMCID: PMC8228148 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is considered an alternative attractive greener approach to prepare diverse molecular compounds and has become an important synthetic tool in different fields (e.g., physics, chemistry, and material science) since is considered an ecofriendly procedure that can be carried out under solvent free conditions or in the presence of minimal quantities of solvent (catalytic amounts). Being able to substitute, in many cases, classical solution reactions often requiring significant amounts of solvents. These sustainable methods have had an enormous impact on a great variety of chemistry fields, including catalysis, organic synthesis, metal complexes formation, preparation of multicomponent pharmaceutical solid forms, etc. In this sense, we are interested in highlighting the advantages of mechanochemical methods on the obtaining of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Hence, in this review, we describe and discuss the relevance of mechanochemical procedures in the formation of multicomponent solid forms focusing on pharmaceutical cocrystals. Additionally, at the end of this paper, we collect a chronological survey of the most representative scientific papers reporting the mechanochemical synthesis of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizraín Solares-Briones
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - Guadalupe Coyote-Dotor
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - José C. Páez-Franco
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - Miriam R. Zermeño-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario No. 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Apdo. Postal 1552, Chihuahua, C.P. 31125, Mexico; (M.R.Z.-O.); (C.M.d.l.OC.)
| | - Carmen Myriam de la O Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario No. 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Apdo. Postal 1552, Chihuahua, C.P. 31125, Mexico; (M.R.Z.-O.); (C.M.d.l.OC.)
| | - Daniel Canseco-González
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Texcoco de Mora, C.P. 56230, Mexico;
| | - Alcives Avila-Sorrosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - David Morales-Morales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan M. Germán-Acacio
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
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10
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Štrukil V. Highly Efficient Solid-State Hydrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate by Mechanochemical Milling and Vapor-Assisted Aging. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:330-338. [PMID: 32986929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant methodological and technological advancements in chemical recycling of synthetic polymers, an efficient and quantitative conversion of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into terephthalic acid (TPA) under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure still remains a challenge. In this respect, the application of mechanochemistry and multiple advantages offered by solid-state ball milling and vapor-assisted aging have remained insufficiently explored. To further expand their potential, the implementation of organic solvent-free milling as a superior methodology for successful alkaline depolymerization of waste PET (e. g., bottles and textile) into TPA monomer in near-quantitative yields was reported herein. The solid-state alkaline PET hydrolysis was also shown to proceed in excellent yields under aging conditions in humid environment or in the presence of alcohol vapors. Moreover, the performance of mechanochemical ball milling and aging in the gram-scale depolymerization of PET into TPA was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Štrukil
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Nemec V, Lisac K, Bedeković N, Fotović L, Stilinović V, Cinčić D. Crystal engineering strategies towards halogen-bonded metal–organic multi-component solids: salts, cocrystals and salt cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This highlight presents an overview of the current advances in the preparation of halogen bonded metal–organic multi-component solids, including salts and cocrystals comprising neutral and ionic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Nemec
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Katarina Lisac
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Nikola Bedeković
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Luka Fotović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Dominik Cinčić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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12
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Menuel S, Saitzek S, Monflier E, Hapiot F. Particle size effect in the mechanically assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin mesitylene sulfonate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2598-2606. [PMID: 33133291 PMCID: PMC7590618 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanically assisted synthesis of organic compounds has recently focused considerable attention as it may be unique in features to selectively direct the reaction pathway. In the continuation of our work on the synthesis of modified cyclodextrins (CDs) via mechanochemical activation, we sought to discriminate the contribution of supramolecular effects and grinding during the course of a reaction in the solid state. As such, we recently investigated the influence of the particle size of β-CD in the synthesis of β-CD mesitylene sulfonate (β-CDMts) in the solid state using a vibrating ball-mill. We were particularly interested in the role of the particle size on the kinetics of the reaction. In this study, we show that grinding β-CD reduces the particles size over time down to a limit of 167 nm. The granulometric composition remains rather invariant for grinding times over 1 h. Each type of β-CD particles reacted with mesitylenesulfonyl chloride (MtsCl) to produce β-CDMts. Contrary to what could be intuitively anticipated, smaller particles did not lead to the highest conversions. The impact of grinding on the conversion was limited. Interestingly, the proportion of β-CDMts mono-substituted on the primary face significantly increased over time when the reaction was carried out in the presence of KOH as a base. The data series were confronted with kinetics models to get insight in the way the reactions proceeded. The diversity of possible models suggests that multiple mechanochemical processes can account for the formation of β-CDMts in the solid state. Throughout the study, we found that the reactivity depended more upon diffusion phenomena in the crystalline parts of the material than on the increase in the surface area of the CD particles resulting from grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Menuel
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Sébastien Saitzek
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Eric Monflier
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Frédéric Hapiot
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-62300 Lens, France
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13
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Schiffmann JG, Emmerling F, Martins ICB, Van Wüllen L. In-situ reaction monitoring of a mechanochemical ball mill reaction with solid state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 109:101687. [PMID: 32905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach towards the in situ solid state NMR monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a ball mill. A miniaturized vibration ball mill is integrated into the measuring coil of a home-built solid state NMR probe, allowing for static solid state NMR measurements during the mechanochemical reaction within the vessel. The setup allows to quantitatively follow the product evolution of a prototypical mechanochemical reaction, the formation of zinc phenylphosphonate from zinc acetate and phenylphosphonic acid. MAS NMR investigations on the final reaction mixture confirmed a reaction yield of 89% in a typical example. Thus, NMR spectroscopy may in the future provide complementary information about reaction mechanisms of mechanochemical reactions and team up with other analytical methods which have been employed to follow reactions in situ, such as Raman spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gerrit Schiffmann
- Universität Augsburg, Institut für Physik, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inês C B Martins
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Van Wüllen
- Universität Augsburg, Institut für Physik, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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14
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Kianimehr A, Akhbari K, White J, Phuruangrat A. The mechanochemical conversion of potassium coordination polymer nanostructures to interpenetrated sodium coordination polymers with halogen bond, metal–carbon and metal–metal interactions. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new Na and K coordination polymers with halogen bond, metallophilic and hydrogen bonding interactions were synthesized. These two compounds were synthesized sonochemically and solid-state conversions of them to each other were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Kianimehr
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Jonathan White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Anukorn Phuruangrat
- Department of Materials Science and Technology
- Faculty of Science
- Prince of Songkla University
- Hat Yai
- Thailand
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15
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Martí-Rujas J. Structural elucidation of microcrystalline MOFs from powder X-ray diffraction. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13897-13916. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio powder XRD structure solution and MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milan
- Italy
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16
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Usefi S, Akhbari K, Phuruangrat A. Green conversion of a three‐dimensional organometallic coordination polymer to a three‐dimensional organometallic supramolecular polymer upon mechanochemical 2‐aminopyridine addition. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Usefi
- School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Anukorn Phuruangrat
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of SciencePrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
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17
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Haferkamp S, Paul A, Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Unexpected polymorphism during a catalyzed mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1141-1148. [PMID: 31164950 PMCID: PMC6541349 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation of a base-catalyzed, mechano-assisted Knoevenagel condensation of mono-fluorinated benzaldehyde derivatives (p-, m-, o-benzaldehyde) with malonodinitrile was investigated in situ and in real time. Upon milling, the para-substituted product was found to crystallize initially into two different polymorphic forms, depending on the quantity of catalyst used. For low catalyst concentrations, a mechanically metastable phase (monoclinic) was initially formed, converting to the mechanically stable phase (triclinic) upon further grinding. Instead, higher catalyst concentrations crystallize directly as the triclinic product. Inclusion of catalyst in the final product, as evidenced by mass spectrometric analysis, suggests this complex polymorphic pathway may be due to seeding effects. Multivariate analysis for the in situ Raman spectra supports this complex formation pathway, and offers a new approach to monitoring multi-phase reactions during ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haferkamp
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Paul
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Li S, Huskić I, Novendra N, Titi HM, Navrotsky A, Friščić T. Mechanochemical Synthesis, Accelerated Aging, and Thermodynamic Stability of the Organic Mineral Paceite and Its Cadmium Analogue. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5486-5495. [PMID: 31459711 PMCID: PMC6649266 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of ball milling mechanochemistry for rapid, simple, and materials-efficient synthesis of the organic mineral paceite CaCu(OAc)4·6H2O (where OAc- is the acetate ion), composed of coordination polymer chains containing alternating Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions, as well as its cadmium-based analogue CaCd(OAc)4·6H2O. While the synthesis of paceite in aqueous solutions requires a high excess of the copper precursor, mechanochemistry permits the use of stoichiometric amounts of reagents, as well as the use of poorly soluble and readily accessible calcium carbonate or hydroxide reactants. As established by thermochemical measurements, enthalpies of formation of both synthetic paceite and its cadmium analogue relevant to the mechanochemical reactions are highly exothermic. Reactions can also be conducted using accelerated aging, a synthetic technique that mimics geological processes of mineral weathering. Accelerated aging reactivity involving copper(II) acetate monohydrate (hoganite) and calcium carbonate (calcite) provides a potential explanation of how complex organic minerals like paceite could form in a geological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Igor Huskić
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Novendra Novendra
- Peter
A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and NEAT ORU, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United
States
| | - Hatem M. Titi
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Navrotsky
- Peter
A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and NEAT ORU, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United
States
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
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19
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Li H, Famulari A, Xin L, Zhou H, Zhang P, Guo F. Stoichiometry mechanosynthesis and interconversion of metal salts containing [CuCl 3(H 2O)] − and [Cu 2Cl 8] 4−. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00911f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanochemical interconversion of two salts was achieved by the addition of an appropriate amount of one of the corresponding components (HL or CuCl2·2H2O), and the progress of dynamic interconversion was revealed by PXRD, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimca. “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milan
- Italy
| | - Lianxin Xin
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang
- China
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20
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Lou X, Shen M, Li C, Chen Q, Hu B. Reduction of the 13C cross-polarization experimental time for pharmaceutical samples with long T 1 by ball milling in solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2018; 94:20-25. [PMID: 30125796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical samples have notably long 1H T1 (proton spin-lattice relaxation time), leading to lengthy experiments lasting several days in solid-state NMR studies. In this work, we propose the use of ball milling on the pharmaceutical samples to reduce the 1H T1, which also leads to enhanced sensitivity in {1H}-13C Cross-Polarization (CP) experiments due to reduced particle sizes and increased surface areas of the samples. Experimentally, we determined that depending on the substrates and milling time, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of a 1D 13C CP spectrum can be increased by a factor of 3-6, which means that the experimental time can be shortened by a factor of 9-36. Furthermore, the application of simple ball-milling within a short time avoids the amorphization of the studied samples such that no signal due to amorphous state is observed in the 13C CP spectrum. This simple ball milling method used for sensitivity enhancement can be further applied in the SS-NMR studies of pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Bingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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21
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de Oliveira YS, Oliveira AC, Ayala AP. Mechanochemically induced solid state transformations: The case of raloxifene hydrochloride. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 114:146-154. [PMID: 29198613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene hydrochloride is a benzothiophene derivative mainly used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but exhibits a low bioavailability hindered by its poor water solubility. In this study, a mechanochemical approach based on neat and liquid-assisted grinding was applied to produce new solid forms of raloxifene hydrochloride. The solids obtained were characterized by several solid-state techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. These results showed that depending on the processing conditions solvated or amorphous forms can be produced. The thermal stability of the new forms was also investigated showing that the new forms convert back into the raw material form, as observed by Raman spectroscopy, which was successfully used to discriminate amorphous and crystalline forms, as well as, to monitor in situ the recrystallization process. Furthermore, the solubility of the new forms was evaluated, showing the clear advantage of the amorphous form, when compared with the currently marketed salt.
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22
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Irreversible replacement of sodium with thallium in sodium coordination polymer nanostructures by solid-state mechanochemical cation exchange process. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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24
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Fischer F, Wenzel KJ, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Quantitative determination of activation energies in mechanochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:23320-5. [PMID: 27498986 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions often result in 100% yields of single products, making purifying procedures obsolete. Mechanochemistry is also a sustainable and eco-friendly method. The ever increasing interest in this method is contrasted by a lack in mechanistic understanding of the mechanochemical reactivity and selectivity. Recent in situ investigations provided direct insight into formation pathways. However, the currently available theories do not predict temperature T as an influential factor. Here, we report the first determination of an apparent activation energy for a mechanochemical reaction. In a temperature-dependent in situ study the cocrystallisation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide was investigated as a model system. These experiments provide a pivotal step towards a comprehensive understanding of milling reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Wenzel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Rademann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, R.-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Julien PA, Malvestiti I, Friščić T. The effect of milling frequency on a mechanochemical organic reaction monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2160-2168. [PMID: 29114323 PMCID: PMC5669241 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the first in situ and real-time study of the effect of milling frequency on the course of a mechanochemical organic reaction conducted using a vibratory shaker (mixer) ball mill. The use of in situ Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical synthesis of a 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline derivative revealed a pronounced dependence of chemical reactivity on small variations in milling frequency. In particular, in situ measurements revealed the establishment of two different regimes of reaction kinetics at different frequencies, providing tentative insight into processes of mechanical activation in organic mechanochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivani Malvestiti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Do JL, Friščić T. Mechanochemistry: A Force of Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:13-19. [PMID: 28149948 PMCID: PMC5269651 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a reawakening of solid-state approaches to chemical synthesis, driven by the search for new, cleaner synthetic methodologies. Mechanochemistry, i.e., chemical transformations initiated or sustained by mechanical force, has been advancing particularly rapidly, from a laboratory curiosity to a widely applicable technique that not only enables a cleaner route to chemical transformations but offers completely new opportunities in making and screening for molecules and materials. This Outlook provides a brief overview of the recent achievements and opportunities created by mechanochemistry, including access to materials, molecular targets, and synthetic strategies that are hard or even impossible to access by conventional means.
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27
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Advances in Solid-State Transformations of Coordination Bonds: From the Ball Mill to the Aging Chamber. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010144. [PMID: 28106754 PMCID: PMC6155591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the formation of coordination bonds is pivotal to the development of a plethora of functional metal-organic materials, ranging from coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to metallodrugs. The interest in and commercialization of such materials has created a need for more efficient, environmentally-friendly routes for making coordination bonds. Solid-state coordination chemistry is a versatile greener alternative to conventional synthesis, offering quantitative yields, enhanced stoichiometric and topological selectivity, access to a wider range of precursors, as well as to molecules and materials not readily accessible in solution or solvothermally. With a focus on mechanochemical, thermochemical and “accelerated aging” approaches to coordination polymers, including pharmaceutically-relevant materials and microporous MOFs, this review highlights the recent advances in solid-state coordination chemistry and techniques for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
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28
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Moradi Z, Akhbari K, Costantino F, Phuruangrat A. Solid-state conversion of a three-dimensional sodium(I) coordination polymer with micro trigon morphology to two-dimensional silver(I) coordination polymer nanostructures. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Motokawa T, Makino M, Yamamoto K, Takase H, Nagano S, Enomoto-Rogers Y, Iwata T, Kawaguchi T, Sakaguchi M. Chemical surface modification of aluminum oxide nanoparticles with graft copolymer of aluminum oxide and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) mechanochemically synthesized in vacuum at low temperature. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Similar to what occurs in biological systems; irreversible replacement of potassium with thallium in coordination polymer nanostructures. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Temperature progression in a mixer ball mill. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-016-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Brede FA, Heine J, Sextl G, Müller-Buschbaum K. Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3d Transition-Metal-1,2,4-Triazole Complexes as Precursors for Microwave-Assisted and Thermal Conversion to Coordination Polymers with a High Influence on the Dielectric Properties. Chemistry 2016; 22:2708-18. [PMID: 26797710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [MCl2 (TzH)4] (M=Mn (1), Fe (2); TzH=1,2,4-1H-triazole) and [ZnCl2 (TzH)2] (3) have been obtained by mechanochemical reactions of the corresponding divalent metal chloride and 1,2,4-1H-triazole. They were successfully used as precursors for the formation of coordination polymers either by a microwave-assisted reaction or by thermal conversion. For manganese, the conversion directly yielded 1∞ [MnCl2 TzH] (4), whereas for the iron-containing precursor, 1∞ [FeCl2 TzH] (6), was formed via the intermediate coordination polymer 1∞ [FeCl(TzH)2]Cl (5). For cobalt, the isotypic polymer 1∞ [CoCl(TzH)2]Cl (7) was obtained, but exclusively by a microwave-induced reaction directly from CoCl2 . The crystal structures were resolved from single crystals and powders. The dielectric properties were determined and revealed large differences in permittivity between the precursor complexes and the rigid chain-like coordination polymers. Whereas the monomeric complexes exhibit very different dielectric behaviour, depending on the transition metal, from "low-k" to "high-k" with the permittivity ranging from 4.3 to >100 for frequencies of up to 1000 Hz, the coordination polymers and complexes with strong intermolecular interactions are all close to "low-k" materials with very low dielectric constants up to 50 °C. Therefore, the conversion procedures can be used to deliberately influence the dielectric properties from complex to polymer and for different 3d transition-metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Brede
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724
| | - Johanna Heine
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.,Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Institut für Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller-Buschbaum
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany), Fax: (+49) 931-31-88724.
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33
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Moeinian M, Akhbari K, Kawata S, Ishikawa R. Solid state conversion of a double helix thallium(i) coordination polymer to a corrugated tape silver(i) polymer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible solid-state conversion of TlI coordination polymer with double helix chain structure to corrugated tape silver(i) polymer has been observed upon mechanochemical reaction of [Tl(μ2-dcpa)]n (1) with AgNO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moeinian
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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34
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Abstract
Two halogen bonded cocrystals ofN-bromosuccinimide and 4,4′-bipyridine, with stoichiometric ratios 1 : 1 and 2 : 1, have been synthesized and characterized. We present the first mechanochemical cocrystallization ofN-bromosuccinimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Mavračić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dominik Cinčić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kaitner
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Glavinović M, Qi F, Katsenis AD, Friščić T, Lumb JP. Redox-promoted associative assembly of metal-organic materials. Chem Sci 2016; 7:707-712. [PMID: 28791114 PMCID: PMC5530005 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02214b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop an associative synthesis of metal-organic materials that combines solid-state metal oxidation and coordination-driven self-assembly into a one-step, waste-free transformation. The methodology hinges on the unique reactivity of ortho-quinones, which we introduce as versatile oxidants for mechanochemical synthesis. Our strategy opens a previously unexplored route to paramagnetic metal-organic materials from elementary metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glavinović
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +514-398-4889
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +514-398-4889
| | - Athanassios D Katsenis
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +514-398-4889
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +514-398-4889
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada . ; ; ; Tel: +514-398-4889
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Užarević K, Halasz I, Friščić T. Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Reactions: A New Playground for All Chemists. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4129-40. [PMID: 26722788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We provide a brief overview of the first techniques for direct, real-time observation of mechanochemical reactions by milling. Whereas mechanisms and kinetics of solid-state reactions induced by temperature or pressure have been extensively investigated, transformations of materials under continuous impact in a milling assembly remain largely unexplored and based on ex situ studies. The recent introduction and development of techniques for in situ monitoring of milling reactions by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy has enabled the first direct insight into milling mechanochemistry, opening a new area for studies of chemical reactivity. So far, these techniques have revealed rapid, multistep reaction mechanisms and metastable intermediates that are impossible or difficult to observe or isolate in solution and have highlighted shortcomings of ex situ mechanistic studies. These pioneering advances also highlight the low level of mechanistic understanding and future challenges in developing a clear mechanistic picture of physicochemical transformations by milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Užarević
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Menuel S, Doumert B, Saitzek S, Ponchel A, Delevoye L, Monflier E, Hapiot F. Selective Secondary Face Modification of Cyclodextrins by Mechanosynthesis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6259-66. [PMID: 26000615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) were modified on their secondary face by mechanosynthesis at room temperature using a laboratory-scale ball-mill. Mono-2-tosylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs were obtained in good yield from mixtures of native α-, β-, and γ-CDs, respectively, N-tosylimidazole, and an inorganic base, with each of them being in the solid state. The yields appeared to be dependent upon the nature of the base and the reaction time. A kinetic monitoring by (1)H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the highest yields in mono-2-tosyl-CDs were measured using KOH as a base in very short reaction times (up to 65% in 80 s). Mono-(2,3-manno-epoxide) α-, β-, and γ-CDs were subsequently synthesized by ball-milling a mixture of monotosylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs, respectively, and KOH. The characterization of the modified CDs was carried out by X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, solid-state NMR, and diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DR UV-vis) spectroscopies. Clues to the supramolecular arrangement of the molecules in the solid state provide information on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Menuel
- †Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Doumert
- ‡Fédération M.E. Chevreul, CNRS FR2638, Université de Lille, Cité Scientifique, Bâtiment C4 - BP 90108, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Saitzek
- †Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex, France
| | - Anne Ponchel
- †Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Delevoye
- §Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, Université de Lille, Cité Scientifique, Bâtiment C7 - BP 90108, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Eric Monflier
- †Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Hapiot
- †Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS, CNRS UMR 8181, Université d'Artois, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex, France
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Halasz I, Friščić T, Kimber SAJ, Užarević K, Puškarić A, Mottillo C, Julien P, Strukil V, Honkimäki V, Dinnebier RE. Quantitative in situ and real-time monitoring of mechanochemical reactions. Faraday Discuss 2015; 170:203-21. [PMID: 25408067 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An experimental technique for in situ and real-time monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a shaker ball mill was recently described, which utilises highly penetrating X-ray radiation available at the ID15B beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Herein, we describe the first attempts to perform such reaction monitoring in a quantitative fashion, by introducing an internal X-ray diffraction standard. The use of silicon as an internal standard resolved the issue with variations of the amount of the sample in the X-ray beam due to the non-uniform distribution of the sample in the reaction jar and allowed, via Rietveld analysis, the first quantitative estimate of the amorphous phase content in a mechanochemical reaction as it is being milled. We also highlight problems associated with the non-ideal mixing of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tröbs L, Emmerling F. Mechanochemical synthesis and characterisation of cocrystals and metal organic compounds. Faraday Discuss 2015; 170:109-19. [PMID: 25408947 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of two model compounds, a metal organic framework (H2Im)[Bi(1,4-bdc)2] (bdc = benzene dicarboxylate, H2Im = imidazole cation)) and a cocrystal (carbamazepine : indometacin 1 : 1) were followed ex situ using a combination of two analytical methods. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy data were evaluated for the synthesis of the metal organic framework. The XRD measurements and REM images were analysed for the synthesis of the cocrystal. The measurements revealed that both model compounds were synthesised within minutes. The metal organic framework (H2Im)[Bi(1,4-bdc)2] is synthesised via an intermediate structure. The cocrystal carbamazepine : indometacin 1 : 1 is formed within a few seconds. The crystallite size decreases during the further milling treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tröbs
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Brede FA, Mandel K, Schneider M, Sextl G, Müller-Buschbaum K. Mechanochemical surface functionalisation of superparamagnetic microparticles with in situ formed crystalline metal-complexes: a fast novel core–shell particle formation method. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8687-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01961c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An innovative mechanochemical method is reported for the in situ formation of crystalline metal-complexes on the surface of superparamagnetic nanocomposite microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Brede
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- 97074 Wuerzburg
- Germany
| | - K. Mandel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC
- 97082 Wuerzburg
- Germany
| | - M. Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC
- 97082 Wuerzburg
- Germany
- Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis
- University of Wuerzburg
| | - G. Sextl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC
- 97082 Wuerzburg
- Germany
- Department of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis
- University of Wuerzburg
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Batzdorf L, Fischer F, Wilke M, Wenzel KJ, Emmerling F. Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1799-802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Batzdorf L, Fischer F, Wilke M, Wenzel KJ, Emmerling F. Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bhattacharjee S, Jang MS, Kwon HJ, Ahn WS. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Catalytic/Adsorption Applications. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-014-9169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tan D, Mottillo C, Katsenis AD, Štrukil V, Friščić T. Development of CN Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tan D, Mottillo C, Katsenis AD, Štrukil V, Friščić T. Development of CN Coupling Using Mechanochemistry: Catalytic Coupling of Arylsulfonamides and Carbodiimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9321-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hashemi L, Morsali A. Solid state and sonochemical syntheses of nano lead(II) chloride and bromide coordination polymers from its nitrate analog via mechanochemical crystal to crystal transformations. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1417-1423. [PMID: 24433975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversible crystal-to-crystal transformations of 3D lead(II) coordination polymers with the ligand 2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene (4-bpdh), from nitrate analoge [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)2(H2O)]n (1) to [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)(Br)]n (2), [Pb(4-bpdh)(Br)2]n (3), [Pb(4-bpdh)(NO3)(Cl)]n (4) and [Pb(4-bpdh)(Cl)2]n (5) by solid state anion-replacement processes under mechanochemical reactions, have been studied. The reversible solid state structural transformations of compounds 1-5, by anion-replacement processes under mechanochemical reaction, have been verified by PXRD measurements. Nanoparticles of compounds were synthesized by sonochemical process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The SEM images showed that morphology change occurs during solid state anion-replacements of nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, TarbiatModares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, TarbiatModares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Hernández JG, Butler IS, Friščić T. Multi-step and multi-component organometallic synthesis in one pot using orthogonal mechanochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gracin D, Štrukil V, Friščić T, Halasz I, Užarević K. Laboratory Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Milling Reactions by Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Gracin D, Štrukil V, Friščić T, Halasz I, Užarević K. Laboratory Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Milling Reactions by Raman Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6193-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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