1
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Li M, Wang L, You C, Liu D, Zhang K, Zhu W. Azaacene containing iridium(III) phosphors: elaboration of the π-conjugation effect and application in highly efficient solution-processed near-infrared OLEDs. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16276-16284. [PMID: 37855254 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Azaacenes have attracted wide research interest due to their tremendous potential in organic electronics. However, near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting iridium(III) phosphors bearing azaacene derivatives are rarely investigated. In this contribution, two solution-processable heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes, namely DBPzIr and PPzIr, are rationally designed and synthesized, and they contain a rigid phenanthrene- or pyrene-fused diazaacene core and two peripheral groups of 4-tert-butyl-phenyl attached at the 12,13-positions in the core, respectively. The effects of the diazaacene core and appending groups on the optoelectronic properties of both complexes are systematically investigated. A dramatically red-shifted NIR emission peak at 789 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 14% is observed in PPzIr compared with the 746 nm emission with a PLQY of 40% in DBPzIr. Taking advantage of their photophysical properties, the solution-processed device doped with DBPzIr achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 8.00% with a radiance of 54 866 mW Sr-1 m-2 at 716 nm and the device doped with PPzIr exhibits a significantly red-shifted emission at 772 nm with an EQEmax of 3.53%. The achieved device performance is among the best values in the reported NIR-OLEDs based on iridium(III) complexes via a solution process at the same color gamut. Our study indicates that the reasonable collocation of the rigid diazaacene chelating core and flexible peripheral groups in the iridium(III) complex is of great significance in designing highly efficient NIR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Environment-Friendly Polymers, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
- Kunshan Bye Polymer Material Corporation, Ltd, Suzhou, 215300, P. R. China
| | - Caifa You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Environment-Friendly Polymers, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Denghui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Environment-Friendly Polymers, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Environment-Friendly Polymers, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
- Kunshan Bye Polymer Material Corporation, Ltd, Suzhou, 215300, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Key Laboratories of Environment-Friendly Polymers, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
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2
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Jayabharathi J, Thanikachalam V, Thilagavathy S. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices: Iridium based emitter materials – An overview. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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3
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Feng Z, Yu Y, Yang X, Wu Y, Zhou G, Wu Z. Unsymmetric Heteroleptic Ir(III) Complexes with 2-Phenylquinoline and Coumarin-Based Ligand Isomers for Tuning Character of Triplet Excited States and Achieving High Electroluminescent Efficiencies. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12362-12374. [PMID: 32799532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylquinoline (PQ) and four coumarin-based ligand isomers with ease of synthesis have been selected to construct the unsymmetric heteroleptic [Ir(C1∧N)(C2∧N)(acac)]-type complex phosphors for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Six unsymmetric heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes have been obtained by employing four coumarin-based ligand isomers (L-C5/L-C6/L-C7/L-C8) in the [Ir(PQ)(C∧N)(acac)] structure due to two different coordinating carbon atoms in ligands L-C6 and L-C7 to form C-Ir bond. Through adopting unsymmetric heteroleptic [Ir(C1∧N)(C2∧N)(acac)] structure, these Ir(III) complexes can not only achieve impressive absolute quantum yield Φp (ca. 0.5-1.0), higher than that of complex [Ir(PQ)2(acac)] (ca. 0.4), but also realize a dual modulation of both emission color from orange (AIrC6out, λ = 578 nm) to red (AIrC5, λ = 622 nm) and the character of the lowest triplet excited states (T1), showing both 3MLCT character and 3ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) character in their T1 states. AIrC5, AIrC7out, and AIrC7in show MLCT character from Ir(III) center to ligand L-C5 or L-C7 and ILCT character in ligand L-C5 or L-C7 in their T1 states, while AIrC6out, AIrC6in, and AIrC8 show MLCT character from Ir(III) center to ligand PQ and ILCT character in ligand PQ in their T1 states. Moreover, the color-tuning mechanism and the lowest triplet state characters are investigated in detail. AIrC6in and AIrC8 were selected as emitters to evaluate the electroluminescent (EL) performance due to their high ΦP of nearly up to unity. Optimal orange-emitting device B2 based on AIrC8 can give a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 23.9%, a maximum current efficiency (ηL) of 70.9 cd A-1, and a maximum power efficiency (ηP) of 60.7 lm W-1. All these impressive results can definitely demonstrate the effectiveness of our simple approach for tuning character of the triplet excited states and achieving high-performance Ir-based phosphors in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yue Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Escudero
- Department of ChemistryKU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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5
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Criscuolo V, Prontera CT, Pavone M, Crescenzi O, Maglione MG, Tassini P, Lettieri S, Maddalena P, Borriello C, Minarini C, Manini P. Luminescent cis-Iridium(III) Complex Based on a Bis(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline) Platform Featuring an Unusual cis Orientation of the C ∧N Ligands: From a Theoretical Approach to a Deep Red LEEC Device. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2009-2018. [PMID: 31459452 PMCID: PMC6648618 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By pursuing the strategy of manipulating natural compounds to obtain functional materials, in this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of a luminescent cationic iridium complex (cis-1), designed starting from the catecholic neurotransmitter dopamine, exhibiting the unusual cis arrangement of the C∧N ligands. Through an integrated experimental and theoretical approach, it was possible to delineate the optoelectronic properties of cis-1. In detail, (a) a series of absorption maxima in the range 300-400 nm was assigned to metal-to-ligand charge transfer and weak and broad absorption maxima at longer wavelengths (400-500 nm) were ascribable to spin-forbidden transitions with a mixed character; (b) there was an intense red phosphorescence with emission set in the range 580-710 nm; and (c) a highest occupied molecular orbital was mainly localized on the metal and the 2-phenylpiridine ligand and a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital was localized on the N∧N ligand, with a ΔH-L set at 2.20 eV. This investigation allowed the design of light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEEC) devices endowed with good performance. The poor literature reporting on the use of cis-iridium(III) complexes in LEECs prompted us to investigate the role played by the selected cathode and the thickness of the emitting layer, as well as the doping effect exerted by ionic liquids on the performance of the devices. All the devices exhibited a deep red emission, in some cases, quite near the pure color (devices #1, #4, and #8), expanding the panorama of the iridium-based red-to-near-infrared LEEC devices. The characteristics of the devices, such as the brightness reaching values of 162 cd/m2 for device #7, suggested that the performances of cis-1 are comparable to those of trans isomers, opening new perspective toward designing a new set of luminescent materials for optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Criscuolo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela T. Prontera
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria G. Maglione
- Laboratory
of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO), ENEA—C.R. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Tassini
- Laboratory
of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO), ENEA—C.R. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Lettieri
- National
Research Council, Institute for Applied
Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello” (CNR-ISASI), Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Borriello
- Laboratory
of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO), ENEA—C.R. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Minarini
- Laboratory
of Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO), ENEA—C.R. Portici, Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics “E.
Pancini”, University of Naples Federico
II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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6
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Arroliga-Rocha S, Escudero D. Facial and Meridional Isomers of Tris(bidentate) Ir(III) Complexes: Unravelling Their Different Excited State Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12106-12112. [PMID: 30222324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of tris(bidentate) Ir(III) complexes as light active components in phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) is currently the state-of-the-art technology to attain long-lasting and highly performing devices. Still, further improvements of their operational lifetimes are required for their practical use in lighting and displays. Facial/meridional stereoisomerism of the tris(bidentate) Ir(III) architectures strongly influences their emissive properties and thereto their PhOLEDs performances and operational device stabilities. This work underpins at the first-principles level the different excited state reactivities of facial and meridional stereoisomers of a series of tris(bidentate) Ir(III) complexes, which is found to originate in the presence of distinct triplet metal-centered (3MC) deactivation pathways. These deactivation pathways are herein presented for the first time for the meridional isomers. Finally, we propose some phosphor design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvio Arroliga-Rocha
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS no. 6320, BP 92208, Université de Nantes , 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes , Cedex 3, France
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS no. 6320, BP 92208, Université de Nantes , 2, Rue de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes , Cedex 3, France
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7
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Comprehensive spectroscopic studies of cis and trans isomers of red-phosphorescent heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Wei W, Lima SA, Djurovich PI, Bossi A, Whited MT, Thompson ME. Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent isomeric iridium complexes with a rigid cyclometalating ligand. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Orwat B, Witkowska E, Kownacki I, Oh MJ, Hoffmann M, Kubicki M, Grzelak I, Marciniec B, Glowacki I, Luszczynska B, Wiosna-Salyga G, Ulanski J, Ledwon P, Lapkowski M. Microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of new ionic iridium complexes of [Ir(bzq) 2(N^N)] +A - type and their selected electroluminescent properties. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9210-9226. [PMID: 28678255 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridium C,N-cyclometalated complexes with an ionic structure are considered to be promising candidates for application in host/guest solid-state phosphorescent single-layer devices because the employment of such dopants offers the possibility of reducing their concentration in organic matrices as well as allows obtaining organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with interesting emission parameters. We report herein a methodology enabling the synthesis of cyclometalated ionic iridium(iii) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+A- according to a three-component one-pot strategy involving the acceleration of the reaction via microwave irradiation. The developed protocol allowed efficient synthesis of a series of new cationic iridium(iii) coordination derivatives, which were isolated and spectroscopically characterized, while the structures of two of them were determined by the X-ray method. Moreover, the iridium(iii) derivatives were subjected to the cyclic voltammetry studies in order to determine the energies of the HOMO and LUMO levels as well as to estimate their electrochemical properties and to predict some electronic properties. Additionally, the ONIOM calculation scheme that was used to predict HOMO-LUMO gaps for the studied Ir(iii) complexes showed a good correlation between the experimental and calculated values. In order to determine the influence of the structure and nature of the ancillary ligand on the location of the maximum emission band, the photophysical properties of the synthesized iridium complexes were characterized. Finally, the selected compounds were used as emitters for the construction of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on a poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PVK/PBD) matrix. The highest luminance, above 10 000 cd m-2, was recorded for the device containing only 1.0 wt% of [Ir(bzq)2(1,10-phenanthroline)]+PF6- in the PVK/PBD. The fabricated PLEDs exhibit current efficiency in the range of 1.0 to 2.2 cd A-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Orwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, St. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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10
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Yang Z, Zhao Y, Wang C, Song Q, Pang Q. A water-soluble and highly phosphorescent cyclometallated iridium complex with versatile sensing capability. Talanta 2017; 166:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Urinda S, Das G, Pramanik A, Sarkar P. Quantum chemical investigation on the Ir(iii) complexes with an isomeric triazine-based imidazolium carbene ligand for efficient blue OLEDs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29629-29640. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03299d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ir(iii) complexes of isomeric triazine-based imidazolium carbene with phenylpyridine or bipyridine as an ancillary ligand show blue phosphorescence with high quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Urinda
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Goutam Das
- G.S.S.S.T
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Anup Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Pranab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
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12
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Setzer T, Lennartz C, Dreuw A. A theoretical study on the mechanistic highlights behind the Brønsted-acid dependent mer–fac isomerization of homoleptic carbenic iridium complexes for PhOLEDs. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7194-7209. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strongly acid-dependent mer–fac isomerization reaction of homoleptic carbenic iridium complexes used in PhOLEDs has been investigated quantum chemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Setzer
- BASF SE
- ROM/CQ – B009
- 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein
- Germany
| | | | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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13
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Tuning the phosphorescence and quantum efficiency of heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes based on pyridine-tetrazole as an ancillary ligand: An overview from quantum chemical investigations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Li K, Ming Tong GS, Wan Q, Cheng G, Tong WY, Ang WH, Kwong WL, Che CM. Highly phosphorescent platinum(ii) emitters: photophysics, materials and biological applications. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1653-1673. [PMID: 30155012 PMCID: PMC6090519 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural effects of ligands on the emission properties of Pt(ii) complexes and promising applications of luminescent Pt(ii) complexes in various areas are discussed.
In recent years a blossoming interest in the synthesis, photophysics and application of phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes, particularly on their uses in bioimaging, photocatalysis and phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), has been witnessed. The superior performance of phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes in these applications is linked to their diverse spectroscopic and photophysical properties, which can be systematically modulated by appropriate choices of auxiliary ligands. Meanwhile, an important criterion for the practical application of phosphorescent metal complexes is their stability which is crucial for biological utilization and industrial OLED applications. Taking both the luminescence properties and stability into consideration, chelating ligands having rigid scaffolds and with strong σ-donor atoms are advantageous for the construction of highly robust phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes. The square-planar coordination geometry endows Pt(ii) complexes with the intriguing spectroscopic and photophysical properties associated with their intermolecular interactions in both the ground and excited states. In this article, we discuss the design and synthesis of phosphorescent Pt(ii) complexes with elaboration on the effects of ligands on the structure and luminescence properties. Based on their photophysical and emission properties, we intend to shed light on the great promise of highly robust phosphorescent Pt(ii) emitters in an array of applications from molecular materials to biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen 518053 , China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen 518053 , China
| | - Wai-Yip Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Wai-Hung Ang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Wai-Lun Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China . .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen 518053 , China
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15
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Song MX, Li Y, Xu D, Deng RP, Bai FQ, Qin ZK. New exploration towards dinuclear iridium(ii) complexes materials under chlorine-bridged precursor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10577g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important precursor for synthesizing Iridium complex, two similar chlorine-bridged dinuclear complexes, which are bright, were studied by experiment and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Song
- College of Information Technology
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Duo Xu
- College of Information Technology
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Ping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Zheng-Kun Qin
- College of Information Technology
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Liao JL, Chi Y, Sie ZT, Ku CH, Chang CH, Fox MA, Low PJ, Tseng MR, Lee GH. Ir(III)-Based Phosphors with Bipyrazolate Ancillaries; Rational Design, Photophysics, and Applications in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10811-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Low Carbon Energy Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yun Chi
- Department
of Chemistry and Low Carbon Energy Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Ting Sie
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Ku
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Mark A. Fox
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, U.K
| | - Paul J. Low
- School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meu-Rurng Tseng
- Material
and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation
Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Scholz S, Kondakov D, Lüssem B, Leo K. Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8449-503. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400704v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scholz
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Photonische Mikrosysteme, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01199 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Kondakov
- DuPont Displays Inc., 4417 Lancaster
Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Björn Lüssem
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Geng Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang Q, Zhang R. Improved Device Lifetime In Organic Light Emitting Devices By Using a Solution-Processed Mixing Single Layer Structure. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2015. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.28.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenduo Geng
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
| | - Yuping Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinxiang University
| | - Xinwei Yang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
| | - Ruxu Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
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19
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Moore SA, Davies DL, Karim MM, Nagle JK, Wolf MO, Patrick BO. Photophysical behaviour of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with phosphino(terthiophene) ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:12354-63. [PMID: 23856816 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six new Ir(III) complexes containing the 3'-phosphino-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (PT3) ligand in three different coordination modes are reported. The electronic properties of the complexes are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, absorption, emission and time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopies and DFT/TDDFT calculations. The electrochemical and photophysical behaviour of the complexes was found to be dominated by the PT3 ligand. For the complexes in which the PT3 ligand is coordinated in a bidentate P,S or P,C mode, the lowest energy absorption band is attributed to π-π* PT3 localized transitions consistent with observations from DFT calculations. Emission quantum yields are low in all cases (<0.07) and emission lifetimes are short (<50 ns). Intersystem crossing leads to a long-lived triplet state ((3)L) also localized on the PT3 group. In the complex where the PT3 ligand is coordinated only via the phosphine, TDDFT calculations suggest that there is some MLCT (and Cl-PT3 CT) character in the lowest energy transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada
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20
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Mesto E, Scordari F, Lacalamita M, De Cola L, Ragni R, Farinola GM. The correct assignment of stereochemistry in di-μ-dichlorido-bis{bis[2-(5-benzylsulfonyl)-3-fluoro-2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2N,C1]iridium(III)} toluene monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:480-2. [DOI: 10.1107/s010827011300663x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The title complex, [Ir2(C18H13FNO2S)4Cl2]·C7H8, was crystallized from dichloromethane solution under a toluene atmosphere. It is a dimeric complex in which each of the two IrIIIcentres is octahedrally coordinated by two bridging chloride ligands and by two chelating cyclometalated 2-(4-benzylsulfonyl-2-fluorophenyl)pyridine ligands. The crystal structure analysis unequivocally establishes thetransdisposition of the two cyclometalated ligands bound to each IrIIIcentre, contrary to our previous hypothesis of acisdisposition. The latter was based on the1H NMR spectra of a series of dimeric benzylsulfonyl-functionalized dichloride-bridged iridium complexes, including the compound described in the present work [Ragniet al.(2009).Chem. Eur. J.15, 136–148]. The toluene solvent molecules, embedded in cavities in the crystal structure, are highly disordered and could not be modelled successfully; their contribution was removed from the refinement using the SQUEEZE routine in the programPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155].
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21
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Zhou Y, Li W, Liu Y, Zhou M. Acid-Induced Degradation and Ancillary Ligand Replacement of Biscyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Chempluschem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Brulatti P, Gildea RJ, Howard JAK, Fattori V, Cocchi M, Williams JAG. Luminescent iridium(III) complexes with N^C^N-coordinated terdentate ligands: dual tuning of the emission energy and application to organic light-emitting devices. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3813-26. [PMID: 22400487 DOI: 10.1021/ic202756w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A family of complexes (1a-3a and 1b-3b) was prepared, having the structure Ir(N^C^N)(N^C)Cl. Here, N^C(∧)N represents a terdentate, cyclometallating ligand derived from 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene incorporating CH(3) (1a,b), F (2a,b), or CF(3) (3a,b) substituents at the 4 and 6 positions of the benzene ring, and N^C is 2-phenylpyridine (series a) or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (series b). The complexes are formed using a stepwise procedure that relies on the initial introduction of the terdentate ligand to form a dichloro-bridged iridium dimer, followed by cleavage with the N^C ligand. (1)H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the isomer that is exclusively formed in each case is that in which the pyridyl ring of the N^C ligand is trans to the cyclometallating aryl ring of the N^C^N ligand. This conclusion is unequivocally confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis for two of the complexes (1b and 3a). All of the complexes are highly luminescent in degassed solution at room temperature, emitting in the green (1a,b), blue-green (2a,b), and orange-red (3a,b) regions. The bidentate ligand offers independent fine-tuning of the emission energy: for each pair, the "b" complex is blue-shifted relative to the analogous "a" complex. These trends in the excited-state energies are rationalized in terms of the relative magnitudes of the effects of the substituents on the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals, convincingly supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Luminescence quantum yields are high, up to 0.7 in solution and close to unity in a PMMA matrix for the green-emitting complexes. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) employing this family of complexes as phosphorescent emitters have been prepared. They display high efficiencies, at least comparable, and in some cases superior, to similar devices using the well-known tris-bidentate complexes such as fac-Ir(ppy)(3). The combination of terdentate and bidentate ligands is seen to offer a versatile approach to tuning of the photophysical properties of iridium-based emitters for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Brulatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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23
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Baranoff E, Curchod BFE, Frey J, Scopelliti R, Kessler F, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Acid-Induced Degradation of Phosphorescent Dopants for OLEDs and Its Application to the Synthesis of Tris-heteroleptic Iridium(III) Bis-cyclometalated Complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:215-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202162q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Baranoff
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Basile F. E. Curchod
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Julien Frey
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Florian Kessler
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Ivano Tavernelli
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Md. Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces and ‡Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering,
School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
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24
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A computational approach to the electronic and optical properties of Ru(II) and Ir(III) polypyridyl complexes: Applications to DSC, OLED and NLO. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Andreiadis ES, Imbert D, Pécaut J, Calborean A, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Demadrille R, Mazzanti M. Phosphorescent Binuclear Iridium Complexes Based on Terpyridine–Carboxylate: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8197-206. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200704s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen S. Andreiadis
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Daniel Imbert
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Adrian Calborean
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, UMR5819-SPrAM, CEA-CNRS-University Grenoble I, INAC, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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26
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Wang Z, Lou Y, Naka S, Okada H. Direct comparison of solution- and vacuum-processed small molecular organic light-emitting devices with a mixed single layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2496-2503. [PMID: 21667985 DOI: 10.1021/am2003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It will be interesting and valuable information can be achieved if a direct comparison between organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated by vacuum evaporated method (vac) and solution-based manufacturing processes (sol) was realized. Small molecular OLEDs with a mixed organic layer structure (MOLOLEDs) make it possible for direct comparison between devices with the same materials but fabricated by the two processing methods. This article shows a direct comparison of the luminescence characteristics, charge conduction, and device physics between MOLOLEDs fabricated by vac- and sol-processing techniques. It gives an elementary explain how the organic/metal interfaces influence the charge conduction and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokui Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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27
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Fernández-Hernández JM, Yang CH, Beltrán JI, Lemaur V, Polo F, Fröhlich R, Cornil J, De Cola L. Control of the mutual arrangement of cyclometalated ligands in cationic iridium(III) complexes. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and electroluminescence of the different isomers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10543-58. [PMID: 21598947 DOI: 10.1021/ja201691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic control of the mutual arrangement of the cyclometalated ligands (C^N) in Ir(III) dimers, [Ir(C^N)(2)Cl](2), and cationic bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, [Ir(C^N)(2)(L^L)](+) (L^L = neutral ligand), is described for the first time. Using 1-benzyl-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (HdfptrBz) as a cyclometalating ligand, two different Ir(III) dimers, [Ir(dfptrBz)(2)Cl](2), are synthesized depending on the reaction conditions. At 80 °C, the dimer with an unusual mutual cis-C,C and cis-N,N configuration of the C^N ligands is isolated. In contrast, at higher temperature (140 °C), the geometrical isomer with the common cis-C,C and trans-N,N arrangement of the C^N ligand is obtained. In both cases, an asymmetric bridge, formed by a chloro ligand and two adjacent nitrogens of the triazole ring of one of the cyclometalated ligands, is observed. The dimers are cleaved in coordinating solvents to give the solvento complexes [Ir(dfptrBz)(2)Cl(S)] (S = DMSO or acetonitrile), which maintain the C^N arrangement of the parent dimers. Controlling the C^N ligand arrangement in the dimers allows for the preparation of the first example of geometrical isomers of a cationic bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) complex. Thus, N,N-trans-[Ir(dfptrBz)(2)(dmbpy)](+) (dmbpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), with cis-C,C and trans-N,N arrangement of the C^N ligands, as well as N,N-cis-[Ir(dfptrBz)(2)(dmbpy)](+), with cis-C,C and cis-N,N C^N ligand orientation, are synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, both isomers show significantly different photophysical and electroluminescent properties, depending on the mutual arrangement of the C^N ligands. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations give insight into the observed photophysical experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Fernández-Hernández
- Physikalisches Institut, Mendelstrasse 7, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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28
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Baranoff E, Jung I, Scopelliti R, Solari E, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Room-temperature combinatorial screening of cyclometallated iridium(iii) complexes for a step towards molecular control of colour purity. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6860-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01697g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Jou JH, Wang WB, Shen SM, Kumar S, Lai IM, Shyue JJ, Lengvinaite S, Zostautiene R, Grazulevicius JV, Grigalevicius S, Chen SZ, Wu CC. Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diode with an oligomeric host having high triplet-energy and high electron mobility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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