1
|
Dunaev AM, Motalov VB, Kudin LS. The Composition of Saturated Vapor over 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Ionic Liquid: A Multi-Technique Study of the Vaporization Process. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23111478. [PMID: 34828176 PMCID: PMC8625100 DOI: 10.3390/e23111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multi-technique approach based on Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry, gas phase chromatography, mass spectrometry, NMR and IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and quantum-chemical calculations was used to study the evaporation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4). The saturated vapor over BMImBF4 was shown to have a complex composition which consisted of the neutral ion pairs (NIPs) [BMIm+][BF4-], imidazole-2-ylidene C8N2H14BF3, 1-methylimidazole C4N2H6, 1-butene C4H8, hydrogen fluoride HF, and boron trifluoride BF3. The vapor composition strongly depends on the evaporation conditions, shifting from congruent evaporation in the form of NIP under Langmuir conditions (open surface) to primary evaporation in the form of decomposition products under equilibrium conditions (Knudsen cell). Decomposition into imidazole-2-ylidene and HF is preferred. The vapor composition of BMImBF4 is temperature-depended as well: the fraction ratio of [BMIm+][BF4-] NIPs to decomposition products decreased by about a factor of three in the temperature range from 450 K to 510 K.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ohaion-Raz T, Attia S, Kostyria N, Ben-Eliyahu Y. The thermal decomposition of Samarium-Thiocyanate-Based ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Shuang Men, Yujuan Jin. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Imidazolium-Based Zwitterions: The Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Effect. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Clarke CJ, Puttick S, Sanderson TJ, Taylor AW, Bourne RA, Lovelock KRJ, Licence P. Thermal stability of dialkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids: ex situ bulk heating to complement in situ mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16786-16800. [PMID: 29888367 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition (TD) products of the ionic liquids (ILs) [CnC1Im][BF4] and [CnC1Im][PF6] ([CnC1Im]+ = 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BF4]- = tetrafluoroborate, and [PF6]- = hexafluorophosphate) were prepared, ex situ, by bulk heating experiments in a bespoke setup. The respective products, CnC1(C3N2H2)BF3 and CnC1(C3N2H2)PF5 (1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-trifluoroborate and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-pentafluorophosphate), were then vaporized and analyzed by direct insertion mass spectrometry (DIMS) in order to identify their characteristic MS signals. During IL DIMS experiments we were subsequently able, in situ, to identify and monitor signals due to both IL vaporization and IL thermal decomposition. These decomposition products have not been observed in situ during previous analytical vaporization studies of similar ILs. The ex situ preparation of TD products is therefore perfectly complimentary to in situ thermal stability measurements. Experimental parameters such as sample surface area to volume ratios are consequently very important for ILs that show competitive vaporization and thermal decomposition. We have explained these experimental factors in terms of Langmuir evaporation and Knudsen effusion-like conditions, allowing us to draw together observations from previous studies to make sense of the literature on IL thermal stability. Hence, the design of experimental setups are crucial and previously overlooked experimental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coby J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lovelock KRJ. Quantifying intermolecular interactions of ionic liquids using cohesive energy densities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171223. [PMID: 29308254 PMCID: PMC5750021 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For ionic liquids (ILs), both the large number of possible cation + anion combinations and their ionic nature provide a unique challenge for understanding intermolecular interactions. Cohesive energy density, ced, is used to quantify the strength of intermolecular interactions for molecular liquids, and is determined using the enthalpy of vaporization. A critical analysis of the experimental challenges and data to obtain ced for ILs is provided. For ILs there are two methods to judge the strength of intermolecular interactions, due to the presence of multiple constituents in the vapour phase of ILs. Firstly, cedIP, where the ionic vapour constituent is neutral ion pairs, the major constituent of the IL vapour. Secondly, cedC+A, where the ionic vapour constituents are isolated ions. A cedIP dataset is presented for 64 ILs. For the first time an experimental cedC+A, a measure of the strength of the total intermolecular interaction for an IL, is presented. cedC+A is significantly larger for ILs than ced for most molecular liquids, reflecting the need to break all of the relatively strong electrostatic interactions present in ILs. However, the van der Waals interactions contribute significantly to IL volatility due to the very strong electrostatic interaction in the neutral ion pair ionic vapour. An excellent linear correlation is found between cedIP and the inverse of the molecular volume. A good linear correlation is found between IL cedIP and IL Gordon parameter (which are dependent primarily on surface tension). ced values obtained through indirect methods gave similar magnitude values to cedIP. These findings show that cedIP is very important for understanding IL intermolecular interactions, in spite of cedIP not being a measure of the total intermolecular interactions of an IL. In the outlook section, remaining challenges for understanding IL intermolecular interactions are outlined.
Collapse
|
6
|
Böttcher T, Röschenthaler GV. Highly reactive carbenes as ligands for main group element fluorides. Syntheses and applications. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Kuusik I, Tarkanovskaja M, Kruusma J, Reedo V, Välbe R, Lõhmus A, Kisand V, Lust E, Kukk E, Nõmmiste E. Near threshold photodissociation study of EMIMBF4 vapor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodissociation of the [EMIM][BF4] ionic liquid vapors following excitation with light in the vacuum ultraviolet region was studied at different liquid temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kuusik
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | | | - J. Kruusma
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - V. Reedo
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - R. Välbe
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - A. Lõhmus
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - V. Kisand
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - E. Lust
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - E. Kukk
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Turku
- FIN-20014 Turku
- Finland
| | - E. Nõmmiste
- Institute of Physics
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chambreau SD, Schenk AC, Sheppard AJ, Yandek GR, Vaghjiani GL, Maciejewski J, Koh CJ, Golan A, Leone SR. Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with Cyano-Functionalized Anions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11119-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5095855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chambreau
- ERC,
Inc., and ‡Propellants Branch, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - John Maciejewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Christine J. Koh
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amir Golan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lovelock KRJ, Armstrong JP, Licence P, Jones RG. Vaporisation and thermal decomposition of dialkylimidazolium halide ion ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1339-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
10
|
Tadesse H, Blake AJ, Champness NR, Warren JE, Rizkallah PJ, Licence P. Supramolecular architectures of symmetrical dicationic ionic liquid based systems. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Kolychev EL, Theuergarten E, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in FLP Chemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 334:121-55. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Danopoulos AA, Braunstein P, Stylianides N, Wesolek M. Aminolysis of Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]iron and -cobalt as a Versatile Route to N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200951m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A. Danopoulos
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Institut
de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Institut
de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Neoklis Stylianides
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Institut
de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Marcel Wesolek
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination, Institut
de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siemeling U, Färber C, Bruhn C, Fürmeier S, Schulz T, Kurlemann M, Tripp S. Group 10 Metal Complexes of a Ferrocene‐Based N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: Syntheses, Structures and Catalytic Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sven Fürmeier
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Tim Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Kurlemann
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sandra Tripp
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Curran DP, Solovyev A, Makhlouf Brahmi M, Fensterbank L, Malacria M, Lacôte E. Synthesis and reactions of N-heterocyclic carbene boranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10294-317. [PMID: 21898724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Boranes are widely used Lewis acids and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are popular Lewis bases, so it is remarkable how little was known about their derived complexes until recently. NHC-boranes are typically readily accessible and many are so stable that they can be treated like organic compounds rather than complexes. They do not exhibit "borane chemistry", but instead are proving to have a rich chemistry of their own as reactants, as reagents, as initiators, and as catalysts. They have significant potential for use in organic synthesis and in polymer chemistry. They can be used to easily make unusual complexes with a broad spectrum of functional groups not usually seen in organoboron chemistry. Many of their reactions occur through new classes of reactive intermediates including borenium cations, boryl radicals, and even boryl anions. This Review provides comprehensive coverage of the synthesis, characterization, and reactions of NHC-boranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Curran DP, Solovyev A, Makhlouf Brahmi M, Fensterbank L, Malacria M, Lacôte E. Komplexe von N-heterocyclischen Carbenen mit Boranen: Synthese und Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
Deyko A, Lovelock KRJ, Licence P, Jones RG. The vapour of imidazolium-based ionic liquids: a mass spectrometry study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16841-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|