1
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Ritter ME, DeSouza SA, Ogden HM, Michael TJ, Mullin AS. Transient IR spectroscopy of optically centrifuged CO 2 (R186-R282) and collision dynamics for the J = 244-282 states. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38766993 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Collisions of optically centrifuged CO2 molecules with J = 244-282 (Erot = 22 800-30 300 cm-1) are investigated with high-resolution transient IR absorption spectroscopy to reveal collisional and orientational phenomena of molecules with hyper-thermal rotational energies. The optical centrifuge is a non-resonant optical excitation technique that uses ultrafast, 800 nm chirped pulses to drive molecules to extreme rotational states through sequential Raman transitions. The extent of rotational excitation is controlled by tuning the optical bandwidth of the excitation pulses. Frequencies of 30 R-branch ν3 fundamental IR probe transitions are measured for the J = 186-282 states of CO2, expanding beyond previously reported IR transitions up to J = 128. The optically centrifuged molecules have oriented angular momentum and unidirectional rotation. Polarization-sensitive transient IR absorption of individual rotational states of optically centrifuged molecules and their collision products reveals information about collisional energy transfer, relaxation kinetics, and dynamics of rotation-to-translation energy transfer. The transient IR probe also measures the extent of polarization anisotropy. Rotational energy transfer for lower energy molecules is discussed in terms of statistical models and a comparison highlights the role of increasing energy gap with J and angular momentum of the optically centrifuged molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Ritter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | - Simone A DeSouza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | - Hannah M Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | - Tara J Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | - Amy S Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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2
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MacPhail-Bartley I, Wasserman WW, Milner AA, Milner V. Laser control of molecular rotation: Expanding the utility of an optical centrifuge. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:045122. [PMID: 32357749 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since its invention in 1999, the optical centrifuge has become a powerful tool for controlling molecular rotation and studying molecular dynamics and molecular properties at extreme levels of rotational excitation. This technique has been applied to a variety of molecular species, from simple linear molecules to symmetric and asymmetric tops, to molecular ions and chiral enantiomers. Properties of isolated ultrafast rotating molecules, the so-called molecular superrotors, have been investigated, as well as their collisions with one another and the interaction with external fields. The ability of an optical centrifuge to spin a particular molecule of interest depends on both the molecular structure and the parameters of the centrifuge laser pulse. An interplay between these two factors dictates the utility of an optical centrifuge in any specific application. Here, we discuss the strategy of assessing and adjusting the properties of the centrifuge to those of the molecular rotors and describe two practical examples of optical centrifuges with very different characteristics, implemented experimentally in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian MacPhail-Bartley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Walter W Wasserman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander A Milner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Valery Milner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z1, Canada
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3
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Ogden HM, Michael TJ, Murray MJ, Liu Q, Toro C, Mullin AS. The effect of CO rotation from shaped pulse polarization on reactions that form C2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14103-14110. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06917d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of CO rotational energy on bimolecular reactions to form electronically excited C2 is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Tara J. Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | | | - Qingnan Liu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Carlos Toro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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4
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Owens A, Yachmenev A, Yurchenko SN, Küpper J. Climbing the Rotational Ladder to Chirality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:193201. [PMID: 30468590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.193201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chirality is conventionally understood as space-inversion-symmetry breaking in the equilibrium structure of molecules. Less well known is that achiral molecules can be made chiral through extreme rotational excitation. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a clear strategy for generating rotationally induced chirality: An optical centrifuge rotationally excites the phosphine molecule (PH_{3}) into chiral cluster states that correspond to clockwise (R enantiomer) or anticlockwise (L enantiomer) rotation about axes almost coinciding with single P─H bonds. The application of a strong dc electric field during the centrifuge pulse favors the production of one rotating enantiomeric form over the other, creating dynamically chiral molecules with permanently oriented rotational angular momentum. This essential step toward characterizing rotationally induced chirality promises a fresh perspective on chirality as a fundamental aspect of nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Owens
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Yachmenev
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergei N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Owens A, Yachmenev A. RichMol: A general variational approach for rovibrational molecular dynamics in external electric fields. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Owens
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Yachmenev
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Schmiedt H, Schlemmer S, Yurchenko SN, Yachmenev A, Jensen P. A semi-classical approach to the calculation of highly excited rotational energies for asymmetric-top molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:1847-1856. [PMID: 28000807 PMCID: PMC5315013 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a new semi-classical method to compute highly excited rotational energy levels of an asymmetric-top molecule.
We report a new semi-classical method to compute highly excited rotational energy levels of an asymmetric-top molecule. The method forgoes the idea of a full quantum mechanical treatment of the ro-vibrational motion of the molecule. Instead, it employs a semi-classical Green's function approach to describe the rotational motion, while retaining a quantum mechanical description of the vibrations. Similar approaches have existed for some time, but the method proposed here has two novel features. First, inspired by the path integral method, periodic orbits in the phase space and tunneling paths are naturally obtained by means of molecular symmetry analysis. Second, the rigorous variational method is employed for the first time to describe the molecular vibrations. In addition, we present a new robust approach to generating rotational energy surfaces for vibrationally excited states; this is done in a fully quantum-mechanical, variational manner. The semi-classical approach of the present work is applied to calculating the energies of very highly excited rotational states and it reduces dramatically the computing time as well as the storage and memory requirements when compared to the fullly quantum-mechanical variational approach. Test calculations for excited states of SO2 yield semi-classical energies in very good agreement with the available experimental data and the results of fully quantum-mechanical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schmiedt
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlemmer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Sergey N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Andrey Yachmenev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Per Jensen
- Theoretische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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7
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Murray MJ, Ogden HM, Mullin AS. Anisotropic kinetic energy release and gyroscopic behavior of CO2super rotors from an optical centrifuge. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:154309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hannah M. Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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8
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Floß J, Brumer P. Laser-induced molecular alignment in the presence of chaotic rotational dynamics. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:124313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Floß
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Brumer
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Murray MJ, Ogden HM, Toro C, Liu Q, Mullin AS. Impulsive Collision Dynamics of CO Super Rotors from an Optical Centrifuge. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3692-3700. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Hannah M. Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Carlos Toro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Qingnan Liu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8320 Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD USA
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10
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Steinitz U, Khodorkovsky Y, Hartmann J, Averbukh IS. Dynamics and Hydrodynamics of Molecular Superrotors. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3795-3810. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Steinitz
- AMOS and Department of Chemical Physics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl St. Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yuri Khodorkovsky
- AMOS and Department of Chemical Physics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl St. Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Jean‐Michel Hartmann
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS (UMR 7583) Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace 94010 Créteil Cedex France
| | - Ilya Sh. Averbukh
- AMOS and Department of Chemical Physics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl St. Rehovot 76100 Israel
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11
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Murray MJ, Ogden HM, Toro C, Liu Q, Burns DA, Alexander MH, Mullin AS. State-Specific Collision Dynamics of Molecular Super Rotors with Oriented Angular Momentum. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12471-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hannah M. Ogden
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Carlos Toro
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qingnan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David A. Burns
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Millard H. Alexander
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Floß J, Averbukh IS. Anderson wall and BLOCH oscillations in molecular rotation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:043002. [PMID: 25105614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.043002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe a universal behavior of linear molecules excited by a periodic train of short laser pulses under quantum resonance conditions. In a rigid rotor, the resonance causes an unlimited ballistic growth of the angular momentum. We show that the centrifugal distortion of rotating molecules eventually halts the growth, by causing Anderson localization beyond a critical value of the angular momentum--the Anderson wall. Its position solely depends on the molecular rotational constants and lies in the range of a few tens of ℏ. Below the wall, rotational excitation oscillates with the number of pulses due to a mechanism similar to Bloch oscillations in crystalline solids. We suggest optical experiments capable of observing the rotational Anderson wall and Bloch oscillations at near-ambient conditions with the help of existing laser technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Floß
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilya Sh Averbukh
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Zahedpour S, Wahlstrand JK, Milchberg HM. Quantum control of molecular gas hydrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:143601. [PMID: 24765959 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that strong impulsive gas heating or heating suppression at standard temperature and pressure can occur from coherent rotational excitation or deexcitation of molecular gases using a sequence of nonionizing laser pulses. For the case of excitation, subsequent collisional decoherence of the ensemble leads to gas heating significantly exceeding that from plasma absorption under the same laser focusing conditions. In both cases, the macroscopic hydrodynamics of the gas can be finely controlled with ∼40 fs temporal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahedpour
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J K Wahlstrand
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H M Milchberg
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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14
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Korobenko A, Milner AA, Milner V. Direct observation, study, and control of molecular superrotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:113004. [PMID: 24702361 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extremely fast rotating molecules whose rotational energy is comparable with the molecular bond strength are known as "superrotors." It has been speculated that superrotors may exhibit a number of unique properties, yet only indirect evidence of these molecular objects has been reported to date. Here we demonstrate the first direct observation of molecular superrotors by detecting coherent unidirectional molecular rotation with extreme frequencies exceeding 10 THz. The technique of an "optical centrifuge" is used to control the degree of rotational excitation in an ultrabroad range of rotational quantum numbers, reaching as high as N = 95 in oxygen and N = 60 in nitrogen. State-resolved detection enables us to determine the shape of the excited rotational wave packet and quantify the effect of centrifugal distortion on the rotational spectrum. Femtosecond time resolution reveals coherent rotational dynamics with increasing coherence times at higher angular momentum. We demonstrate that molecular superrotors can be created and observed in dense samples under normal conditions where the effects of ultrafast rotation on many-body interactions, intermolecular collisions, and chemical reactions can be readily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Korobenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Alexander A Milner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Valery Milner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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15
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Korobenko A, Milner AA, Hepburn JW, Milner V. Rotational spectroscopy with an optical centrifuge. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:4071-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lemeshko
- a ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
| | - Roman V. Krems
- c Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , 93106 , USA
- d Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , BC V6T 1Z1, Vancouver , Canada
| | - John M. Doyle
- b Physics Department , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA
| | - Sabre Kais
- e Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , 47907 , USA
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17
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Toro C, Liu Q, Echebiri GO, Mullin AS. Inhibited rotational quenching in oriented ultra-high rotational states of CO2. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.813591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Toro
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , 20742 , USA
| | - Qingnan Liu
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , 20742 , USA
| | - Geraldine O. Echebiri
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , 20742 , USA
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , 20742 , USA
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Abstract
We review the frontiers of spectroscopy from a historical perspective, starting with the development of atomic spectroscopy about 150 years ago, followed by some comments on selected previous Faraday Discussions. As the spectrum of frontiers at the Faraday Discussion 150 is very broad, we give only a brief survey providing a map of the various frontiers approached today. This is followed by an exemplary discussion of one particular frontier towards the spectroscopic detection of symmetry violations in fundamental physics. In particular the understanding of parity violation in chiral molecules has recently made great progress. We briefly describe the advances made in recent decades as well as the current status of theory and experiments in this exciting field of research. We conclude with an outlook on open questions and frontiers of the future in spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quack
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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