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Gao J, Huang X. Recent advances on glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the proteoglycan linkage region. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2021; 80:95-119. [PMID: 34872657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are an essential family of glycoproteins, which can play roles in many important biological events including cell proliferation, cancer development, and pathogen infections. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein with one or multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are covalently attached to serine residues of serine-glycine dipeptide within the core protein through a common tetrasaccharide linkage. In the past three decades, four key glycosyl transferases involved in the biosynthesis of PG linkage have been discovered and investigated. This review aims to provide an overview on progress made on these four enzymes, with foci on enzyme expression/purification, substrate specificity, activity determination, product characterization, and structure-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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2
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Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
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Song HB, He M, Cai ZP, Huang K, Flitsch SL, Liu L, Voglmeir J. UDP-Glucose 4-Epimerase and β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase from the Oyster Magallana gigas as Valuable Biocatalysts for the Production of Galactosylated Products. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1600. [PMID: 29844279 PMCID: PMC6032241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is a valuable building block in the enzymatic synthesis of galactose-containing glycoconjugates. UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reversible conversion of abundantly available UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose. Herein, we described the cloning, expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of an unstudied UGE from the oyster Magallana gigas (MgUGE). Activity tests of recombinantly expressed MgUGE, using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), mass spectrometry, and photometric assays, showed an optimal temperature of 16 °C, and reasonable thermal stability up to 37 °C. No metal ions were required for enzymatic activity. The simple nickel-affinity-purification procedure makes MgUGE a valuable biocatalyst for the synthesis of UDP-galactose from UDP-glucose. The biosynthetic potential of MgUGE was further exemplified in a coupled enzymatic reaction with an oyster-derived β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (MgGalT7), allowing the galactosylation of the model substrate para-nitrophenol xylose (pNP-xylose) using UDP-glucose as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Bo Song
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Department of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Meng He
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi-Peng Cai
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Cloning, purification and biochemical characterisation of a GH35 beta-1,3/beta-1,6-galactosidase from the mucin-degrading gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:255-263. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Dahbi S, Jacquinet JC, Bertin-Jung I, Robert A, Ramalanjaona N, Gulberti S, Fournel-Gigleux S, Lopin-Bon C. Synthesis of a library of variously modified 4-methylumbelliferyl xylosides and a structure-activity study of human β4GalT7. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9653-9669. [PMID: 29116283 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are complex macromolecules that are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently attached to a core protein through a tetrasaccharide linker. The biosynthesis of PGs is complex and involves a large number of glycosyltranferases. Here we present a structure-activity study of human β4GalT7, which transfers the first Gal residue onto a xyloside moiety of the linkage region. An efficient and regiocontrolled synthesis of a library of modified analogs of 4-methylumbelliferyl xyloside (XylMU) is reported herein. Hydroxyl groups at the position C-2, C-3 or C-4 have been epimerized and/or replaced by a hydrogen or a fluorine, while the anomeric oxygen was replaced by either a sulfur or a sulfone. The effect of these compounds on human β4GalT7 activity in vitro and on GAG biosynthesis in cellulo was then evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Dahbi
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067 Orléans, France.
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Chatron-Colliet A, Brusa C, Bertin-Jung I, Gulberti S, Ramalanjaona N, Fournel-Gigleux S, Brézillon S, Muzard M, Plantier-Royon R, Rémond C, Wegrowski Y. 'Click'-xylosides as initiators of the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: Comparison of mono-xylosides with xylobiosides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:319-326. [PMID: 27618481 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Different mono-xylosides and their corresponding xylobiosides obtained by a chemo-enzymatic approach featuring various substituents attached to a triazole ring were probed as priming agents for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis in the xylosyltransferase-deficient pgsA-745 Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Xylosides containing a hydrophobic aglycone moiety were the most efficient priming agents. Mono-xylosides induced higher GAG biosynthesis in comparison with their corresponding xylobiosides. The influence of the degree of polymerization of the carbohydrate part on the priming activity was investigated through different experiments. We demonstrated that in case of mono-xylosides, the cellular uptake as well as the affinity and the catalytic efficiency of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 were higher than for xylobiosides. Altogether, these results indicate that hydrophobicity of the aglycone and degree of polymerization of glycone moiety were critical factors for an optimal priming activity for GAG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Chatron-Colliet
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Charlotte Brusa
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Bertin-Jung
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Gulberti
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Fournel-Gigleux
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Yanusz Wegrowski
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
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Brusa C, Muzard M, Rémond C, Plantier-Royon R. β-Xylopyranosides: synthesis and applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, β-xylopyranosides have attracted interest due to the development of biomass-derived molecules. This review focuses on general routes for the preparation of β-xylopyranosides by chemical and enzymatic pathways and their main uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brusa
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
| | - Caroline Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- UMR 614
- Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement
- France
- INRA
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR)
- CNRS UMR 7312
- UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles
- F-51687 Reims Cedex 2
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8
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Siegbahn A, Manner S, Persson A, Tykesson E, Holmqvist K, Ochocinska A, Rönnols J, Sundin A, Mani K, Westergren-Thorsson G, Widmalm G, Ellervik U. Rules for priming and inhibition of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis; probing the β4GalT7 active site. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is the optimal substrate for β4GalT7, an essential enzyme in GAG biosynthesis, but analogs act as effective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siegbahn
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Manner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
| | - Emil Tykesson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Holmqvist
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Agata Ochocinska
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jerk Rönnols
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Tsutsui Y, Ramakrishnan B, Qasba PK. Crystal structures of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 enzyme reveal conformational changes and substrate binding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31963-70. [PMID: 24052259 PMCID: PMC3814792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7) enzyme is involved in proteoglycan synthesis. In the presence of a manganese ion, it transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to xylose on a proteoglycan acceptor substrate. We present here the crystal structures of human β4GalT7 in open and closed conformations. A comparison of these crystal structures shows that, upon manganese and UDP or UDP-Gal binding, the enzyme undergoes conformational changes involving a small and a long loop. We also present the crystal structures of Drosophila wild-type β4GalT7 and D211N β4GalT7 mutant enzymes in the closed conformation in the presence of the acceptor substrate xylobiose and the donor substrate UDP-Gal, respectively. To understand the catalytic mechanism, we have crystallized the ternary complex of D211N β4GalT7 mutant enzyme in the presence of manganese with the donor and the acceptor substrates together in the same crystal structure. The galactose moiety of the bound UDP-Gal molecule forms seven hydrogen bonds with the protein molecule. The nonreducing end of the xylose moiety of xylobiose binds to the hydrophobic acceptor sugar binding pocket created by the conformational changes, whereas its extended xylose moiety forms hydrophobic interactions with a Tyr residue. In the ternary complex crystal structure, the nucleophile O4 oxygen atom of the xylose molecule is found in close proximity to the C1 and O5 atoms of the galactose moiety. This is the first time that a Michaelis complex of a glycosyltransferase has been described, and it clearly suggests an SN2 type catalytic mechanism for the β4GalT7 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tsutsui
- From the Structural Glycobiology Section and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- From the Structural Glycobiology Section and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Pradman K. Qasba
- From the Structural Glycobiology Section and Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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Breton C, Fournel-Gigleux S, Palcic MM. Recent structures, evolution and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:540-9. [PMID: 22819665 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular glycome assembly requires the coordinated action of a large number of glycosyltransferases that catalyse the transfer of a sugar residue from a donor to specific acceptor molecules. This enzyme family is very ancient, encompassing all three domains of life. There has been considerable recent progress in structural glycobiology with the determination of crystal structures of several important glycosyltransferase members, showing novel folds and variations around a common α/β scaffold. Structural, kinetic and inhibitor data have led to the emergence of various scenarios with respect to their evolutionary history and reaction mechanisms thus highlighting the different solutions that nature has selected to catalyse glycosyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Breton
- CERMAV-CNRS, University of Grenoble 1, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France.
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