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Ban E, Kim A. PicoGreen Assay for Nucleic Acid Quantification - Applications, Challenges, and Solutions. Anal Biochem 2024:115577. [PMID: 38789006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Various analytical methods and reagents have been employed for nucleic acid analysis in cells, biological fluids, and formulations. Standard techniques like gel electrophoresis and qRT-PCR are widely used for qualitative and quantitative nucleic acid analysis. However, these methods can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, with limitations such as inapplicability to small RNA at low concentrations and high costs associated with qRT-PCR reagents and instruments. As an alternative, PicoGreen (PG) has emerged as a valuable method for the quantitative analysis of nucleic acids. PG, a fluorescent dye, enables the quantitation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or double-stranded RNA, including miRNA mimic and siRNA, in solution. It is also applicable to DNA and RNA analysis within cells using techniques like FACS and fluorescence microscopy. Despite its advantages, PG's fluorescence intensity is affected by various experimental conditions, such as pH, salts, and chemical reagents. This review explores the recent applications of PG as a rapid, cost-effective, robust, and accurate assay tool for nucleic acid quantification. We also address the limitations of PG and discuss approaches to overcome these challenges, recognizing the expanding range of its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Ban
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Aeri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
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2
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Transfection of autologous host cells in vivo using gene activated collagen scaffolds incorporating star-polypeptides. J Control Release 2019; 304:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yao L, Daly W, Newland B, Yao S, Wang W, Chen BKK, Madigan N, Windebank A, Pandit A. Improved axonal regeneration of transected spinal cord mediated by multichannel collagen conduits functionalized with neurotrophin-3 gene. Gene Ther 2013; 20:1149-57. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Levine RM, Pearce TR, Adil M, Kokkoli E. Preparation and characterization of liposome-encapsulated plasmid DNA for gene delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9208-9215. [PMID: 23837701 DOI: 10.1021/la400859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The success of common nonviral gene delivery vehicles, lipoplexes and polyplexes, is limited by the toxicity and instability of these charged molecules. Stealth liposomes could provide a stable, safe alternative to cationic DNA complexes for effective gene delivery. DNA encapsulations in three stealth liposomal formulations prepared by thin film, reverse phase evaporation, and asymmetric liposome formation were compared, and the thin film method was found to produce the highest yields of encapsulated DNA. A DNA quantification method appropriate for DNA encapsulated within liposomes was also developed and verified for accuracy. The effect of initial lipid and DNA concentrations on the encapsulation yield and fraction of DNA-filled liposomes was evaluated. Higher encapsulation yields were achieved by higher lipid contents, while a higher fraction of DNA-filled liposomes was produced by either lower lipid content or higher DNA concentration. Control of these parameters allows for the design of gene delivery nanoparticles with high DNA encapsulation yields or higher fraction of DNA-filled liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Levine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Newland B, Abu-Rub M, Naughton M, Zheng Y, Pinoncely AV, Collin E, Dowd E, Wang W, Pandit A. GDNF gene delivery via a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate based cyclized knot polymer for neuronal cell applications. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:540-6. [PMID: 23391146 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral genetic therapeutic intervention strategies for neurological disorders hold great promise, but a lack of vector efficacy, coupled with vector toxicity, continue to hinder progress. Here we report the application of a newly developed class of polymer, distinctly different from conventional branched polymers, as a transfection agent for the delivery of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) encoding gene. This new 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) based cyclized knot polymer was studied for neuronal cell transfection applications, in comparison to branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). While showing a similar transfection profile over multiple cell types, the cyclized knot polymer showed far lower toxicity. In addition, transfection of Neu7 astrocytes with the GDNF encoding gene was able to cause neurite outgrowth when cocultured with dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). The cyclized knot polymer assessed here (PD-E 8%PEG), synthesized via a simple one-pot reaction, was shown to have great potential for neuronal gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Newland
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M. Abu-Rub
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M. Naughton
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Y. Zheng
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - A. V. Pinoncely
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Collin
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Dowd
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - W. Wang
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - A. Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), ‡Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Layek B, Singh J. Caproic acid grafted chitosan cationic nanocomplexes for enhanced gene delivery: Effect of degree of substitution. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:182-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Newland B, Dowd E, Pandit A. Biomaterial approaches to gene therapies for neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:556-576. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Newland B, Moloney TC, Fontana G, Browne S, Abu-Rub MT, Dowd E, Pandit AS. The neurotoxicity of gene vectors and its amelioration by packaging with collagen hollow spheres. Biomaterials 2012; 34:2130-41. [PMID: 23245921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years there have been several reports on the use of nonviral vectors to facilitate gene transfer in the mammalian brain. Whilst a large emphasis has been placed on vector transfection efficiency, the study of the adverse effects upon the brain, caused by the vectors themselves, remains completely overshadowed. To this end, a study was undertaken to study the tissue response to three commercially available transfection agents in the brain of adult Sprague Dawley rats. The response to these transfection agents was compared to adeno-associated viral vector (AAV), PBS and naked DNA. Furthermore, the use of a collagen hollow sphere (CHS) sustained delivery system was analysed for its ability to reduce striatal toxicity of the most predominantly studied polymer vector, polyethyleneimine (PEI). The size of the gross tissue loss at the injection site was analysed after immunohistochemical staining and was used as an indication of acute toxicity. Polymeric vectors showed similar levels of acute brain toxicity as seen with AAV, and CHS were able to significantly reduce the toxicity of the PEI vector. In addition; the host response to the vectors was measured in terms of reactive astrocytes and microglial cell recruitment. To understand whether this gross tissue loss was caused by the direct toxicity of the vectors themselves an in vitro study on primary astrocytes was conducted. All vectors reduced the viability of the cells which is brought about by direct necrosis and apoptosis. The CHS delivery system reduced cell necrosis in the early stages of post administration. In conclusion, whilst polymeric gene vectors cause acute necrosis, administration in the brain causes adverse effects no worse than that of an AAV vector. Furthermore, packaging the PEI vector with CHS reduces surface charge and direct toxicity without elevating the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Newland
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, IDA Business Park, Dangan, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Browne S, Fontana G, Rodriguez BJ, Pandit A. A Protective Extracellular Matrix-Based Gene Delivery Reservoir Fabricated by Electrostatic Charge Manipulation. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3099-106. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Browne
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gianluca Fontana
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Newland B, Zheng Y, Jin Y, Abu-Rub M, Cao H, Wang W, Pandit A. Single Cyclized Molecule Versus Single Branched Molecule: A Simple and Efficient 3D “Knot” Polymer Structure for Nonviral Gene Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4782-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Newland
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yu Zheng
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yao Jin
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Abu-Rub
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of
Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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