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Lee H, Lee D. Assembling Molecular Clips To Build π-Stacks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302523. [PMID: 37658276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes an intimate stacking of aromatic motifs to construct functional structures, as demonstrated in protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, organized π-stacks of artificial molecules are difficult to build, primarily due to the weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive nature of van der Waals forces. To overcome these challenges, chemists have invented ingenious architectural designs to construct π-stacked supramolecular assemblies using clip-like molecules. This Concept article focuses on molecular clips that enable precise spatial control over assembly patterns, beyond the scope of simple host-guest chemistry. Different design strategies are analyzed and compared that leverage non-covalent interactions to create multi-layer π-stacks. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of spine units as they play a crucial role in controlling the (i) spacing, (ii) orientation, and (iii) conformational pre-organization of linked aromatics to achieve long-range spatial ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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2
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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Associated dimeric structures of molecular tweezers bearing naphthalimide and adamantane units in the solid state. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Jang HJ, Lee S, An BJ, Song G, Jeon HG, Jeong KS. Tweezer-type binding cavity formed by the helical folding of a carbazole-pyridine oligomer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1410-1413. [PMID: 34994755 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06569f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised a new aromatic foldamer based on the carbazole-pyridine oligomers that adopt helical conformations via dipole-dipole interactions and π-stacking between two ethynyl bond-linked monomers. This foldamer scaffold has been further modified into a synthetic receptor with a tweezer-type binding cavity outside the helical backbone upon folding, in contrast to most aromatic foldamers with internal binding cavities. The tweezer-type cavity is composed of two parallel pyrenyl planes, allowing for the intercalation of a naphthalenediimide guest via π-stacking and CH⋯O interactions, as demonstrated using its 1H NMR spectra and X-ray crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Jun An
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Geun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Peng X, Wang L, Chen S. Donor–acceptor charge transfer assemblies based on naphthalene diimides(NDIs). J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Liang Y, Sun Y, Fu X, Lin Y, Meng Z, Meng Y, Niu J, Lai Y, Sun Y. The effect of π-Conjugation on the self-assembly of micelles and controlled cargo release. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:525-532. [PMID: 32037890 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1725028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we presented a novel micelle self-assembled from amphiphiles with π-conjugated moieties (OEG-DPH). The π-conjugated structural integrity of the micelles enabled stable encapsulation of Nile Red (NR, model drug). The self-assembly behaviour of the amphiphiles and the release profile of NR loaded micelles were investigated. Spherical core-shell structured NR loaded micelles with low CMC of 57 μg/mL and the efficient intracellular delivery process was monitored. This research provided a way to fabricate stable polymeric micelles and develop a practical nanocarrier for therapeutics delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yalin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoheng Fu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, No.971 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiping Niu
- Department of Nursing, Henan Vocational College of Nursing, Anyang, China
| | - Yusi Lai
- Department of Marketing, Sichuan Kelun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Han J, Gong H, Jiang S, Gao Y, Nie J, Sun F. Effect of Imidazolium Monomer Structure on Properties of Imidazolium‐Functionalized Self‐Healing UV‐Cured Polymers for Flexible Electronic Devices. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Han
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Gong
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Shengling Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- Anqing Research Institute Beijing University of Chemical Technology Anqing 246000 P. R. China
| | - Fang Sun
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- Anqing Research Institute Beijing University of Chemical Technology Anqing 246000 P. R. China
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8
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Hyodo T, Kawahata M, Hikami Y, Komatsu A, Tominaga M, Yamaguchi K. Cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes in dispersive force oriented inclusion crystals by a functionalized acyclic host molecule. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01990h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexation of alicyclic compounds with a functionalized acyclic host gave inclusion crystals. Guest molecules were enclathrated within the cavity of the cyclic dimer of host molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hyodo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Yuya Hikami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Ai Komatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Masahide Tominaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus
- Tokushima Bunri University
- Sanuki
- Japan
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9
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Chen L, Lim KJC, Babra TS, Taylor JO, PiŽl M, Evans R, Chippindale AM, Hartl F, Colquhoun HM, Greenland BW. A macrocyclic receptor containing two viologen species connected by conjugated terphenyl groups. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5006-5015. [PMID: 29946600 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A macrocyclic receptor molecule containing two viologen species connected by conjugated terphenyl groups has been designed and synthesised. The single-crystal X-ray structure shows that the two viologen residues have a transannular NN separation of ca. 7.4 Å. Thus, the internal cavity dimensions are suitable for the inclusion of π-electron-rich species. The macrocycle is redox active, and can accept electrons from suitable donor species including triethylamine, resulting in a dramatic colour change from pale yellow to dark green as a consequence of the formation of a paramagnetic bis(radical cationic) species. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the macrocycle can undergo two sequential and reversible reduction processes (E1/2 = -0.65 and -0.97 V vs. Fc/Fc+). DFT and TD-DFT studies accurately replicate the structure of the tetracationic macrocycle and the electronic absorption spectra of the three major redox states of the system. These calculations also showed that during electrochemical reduction, the unpaired electron density of the radical cations remained relatively localised within the heterocyclic rings. The ability of the macrocycle to form supramolecular complexes was confirmed by the formation of a pseudorotaxane with a guest molecule containing a π-electron-rich 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene derivative. Threading and dethreading of the pseudorotaxane was fast on the NMR timescale, and the complex exhibited an association constant of 150 M-1 (±30 M-1) as calculated from 1H NMR titration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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10
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Jones JW, Price TL, Huang F, Zakharov L, Rheingold AL, Slebodnick C, Gibson HW. Pseudocryptand Hosts for Paraquats and Diquats. J Org Chem 2018; 83:823-834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Terry L. Price
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Lev Zakharov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Carla Slebodnick
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Harry W. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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11
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Ramanathan N, Sankaran K, Sundararajan K. Nitrogen: A New Class of π-Bonding Partner in Hetero π-Stacking Interaction. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9081-9091. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Ramanathan
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, ‡Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Sankaran
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, ‡Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Sundararajan
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, ‡Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Mondal SI, Sen S, Hazra A, Patwari GN. π-Stacked Dimers of Fluorophenylacetylenes: Role of Dipole Moment. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3383-3391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohidul Islam Mondal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Saumik Sen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Anirban Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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13
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Döhler D, Peterlik H, Binder WH. A dual crosslinked self-healing system: Supramolecular and covalent network formation of four-arm star polymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Hart LR, Harries JL, Greenland BW, Colquhoun HM, Hayes W. Supramolecular approach to new inkjet printing inks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8906-14. [PMID: 25839743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electronically complementary, low molecular weight polymers that self-assemble through tunable π-π stacking interactions to form extended supramolecular polymer networks have been developed for inkjet printing applications and successfully deposited using three different printing techniques. Sequential overprinting of the complementary components results in supramolecular network formation through complexation of π-electron rich pyrenyl or perylenyl chain-ends in one component with π-electron deficient naphthalene diimide residues in a chain-folding polyimide. The complementary π-π stacked polymer blends generate strongly colored materials as a result of charge-transfer absorption bands in the visible spectrum, potentially negating the need for pigments or dyes in the ink formulation. Indeed, the final color of the deposited material can be tailored by varying the end-groups of the π-electron rich polymer component. Piezoelectric printing techniques were employed in a proof of concept study to allow characterization of the materials deposited, and a thermal inkjet printer adapted with imaging software enabled in situ analysis of the ink drops as they formed and of their physical properties. Finally, continuous inkjet printing allowed greater volumes of material to be deposited, on a variety of different substrate surfaces, and demonstrated the utility and versatility of this novel type of ink for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis R Hart
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | | | - Barnaby W Greenland
- §The Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Howard M Colquhoun
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Wayne Hayes
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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15
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Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymers Based on Supramolecular Interactions: State of the Art and Future Directions. SELF-HEALING MATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Hart LR, Harries JL, Greenland BW, Colquhoun HM, Hayes W. Molecular design of a discrete chain-folding polyimide for controlled inkjet deposition of supramolecular polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00622h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the generation of a well-defined polyimide to afford coloured supramolecular polymer assemblies with electronically complementary pyrenyl terminated polymers which can be inkjet printed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis R. Hart
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
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17
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Kundu A, Sen S, Patwari GN. The propargylbenzene dimer: C–H⋯π assisted π–π stacking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9090-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The infrared spectrum of a size-selected propargylbenzene dimer suggests the formation of a π-stacked dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
| | - Saumik Sen
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
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18
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13010-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. “Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Vaiyapuri R, Greenland BW, Colquhoun HM, Elliott JM, Hayes W. Evolution of supramolecular healable composites: a minireview. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Vaiyapuri
- Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6 AD UK
| | - Barnaby W Greenland
- Reading School of Pharmacy; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6 AD UK
| | - Howard M Colquhoun
- Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6 AD UK
| | - Joanne M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6 AD UK
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading RG6 6 AD UK
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21
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Cao D, Hong M, Blackburn AK, Liu Z, Holcroft JM, Stoddart JF. Two-point halogen bonding between 3,6-dihalopyromellitic diimides. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of several 3,6-dihalopyromellitic diimides have been achieved. Two-point intermolecular halogen–oxygen interactions—reminiscent of carboxylic acid dimers—are observed in the solid-state superstructures of (i) these molecules and (ii) their charge-transfer complexes with electron-rich naphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
| | | | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston, USA
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22
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Hart LR, Hunter JH, Nguyen NA, Harries JL, Greenland BW, Mackay ME, Colquhoun HM, Hayes W. Multivalency in healable supramolecular polymers: the effect of supramolecular cross-link density on the mechanical properties and healing of non-covalent polymer networks. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of healable supramolecular polymer blends correlate to non-covalent “crosslink density”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis R. Hart
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading, UK
| | | | - Ngoc A. Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E. Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
| | | | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading, UK
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23
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Hutin M, Sprafke JK, Odell B, Anderson HL, Claridge TDW. A discrete three-layer stack aggregate of a linear porphyrin tetramer: solution-phase structure elucidation by NMR and X-ray scattering. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12798-807. [PMID: 23909839 DOI: 10.1021/ja406015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Formation of stacked aggregates can dramatically alter the properties of aromatic π-systems, yet the solution-phase structure elucidation of these aggregates is often impossible because broad distributions of species are formed, giving uninformative spectroscopic data. Here, we show that a butadiyne-linked zinc porphyrin tetramer forms a remarkably well-defined aggregate, consisting of exactly three molecules, in a parallel stacked arrangement (in chloroform at room temperature; concentration 1 mM-0.1 μM). The aggregate has a mass of 14.7 kDa. Unlike most previously reported aggregates, it gives sharp NMR resonances and aggregation is in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. The structure was elucidated using a range of NMR techniques, including diffusion-editing, (1)H-(29)Si HMBC, (1)H-(1)H COSY, TOCSY and NOESY, and (1)H-(13)C edited HSQC spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the (1)H-(1)H COSY spectrum revealed many long-range residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), and detailed analysis of magnetic field-induced (1)H-(13)C RDCs provided further evidence for the structural model. The size and shape of the aggregate is supported by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. It adopts a geometry that maximizes van der Waals contact between the porphyrins, while avoiding clashes between side chains. The need for interdigitation of the side chains prevents formation of stacks consisting of more than three layers. Although a detailed analysis has only been carried out for one compound (the tetramer), comparison with the NMR spectra of other oligomers indicates that they form similar three-layer stacks. In all cases, aggregation can be prevented by addition of pyridine, although at low pyridine concentrations, disaggregation takes many hours to reach equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hutin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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24
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Patterson JP, Kelley EG, Murphy RP, Moughton AO, Robin M, Lu A, Colombani O, Chassenieux C, Cheung D, Sullivan MO, Epps TH, O’Reilly RK. Structural characterization of amphiphilic homopolymer micelles using light scattering, SANS, and cryo-TEM. Macromolecules 2013; 46:6319-6325. [PMID: 24058209 PMCID: PMC3777398 DOI: 10.1021/ma4007544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the aqueous solution self-assembly of a series of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymers end-functionalized with a hydrophobic sulfur-carbon-sulfur (SCS) pincer ligand. Although the hydrophobic ligand accounted for <5 wt% of the overall homopolymer mass, the polymers self-assembled into well-defined spherical micelles in aqueous solution, and these micelles are potential precursors to solution-assembled nanoreactors for small molecule catalysis applications. The micelle structural details were investigated using light scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Radial density profiles extracted from the cryo-TEM micrographs suggested that the PNIPAM chains formed a diffuse corona with a radially decreasing corona density profile and provided valuable a priori information about the micelle structure for SANS data modeling. SANS analysis indicated a similar profile in which the corona surrounded a small hydrophobic core containing the pincer ligand. The similarity between the SANS and cryo-TEM results demonstrated that detailed information about the micelle density profile can be obtained directly from cryo-TEM and highlighted the complementary use of scattering and cryo-TEM in the structural characterization of solution-assemblies, such as the SCS pincer-functionalized homopolymers described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan P. Murphy
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Adam O. Moughton
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robin
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Annhelen Lu
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Colombani
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, IMMM UMR CNRS 6283, Département PCI, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - Christophe Chassenieux
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, IMMM UMR CNRS 6283, Département PCI, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - David Cheung
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Roberts DA, Schmidt TW, Crossley MJ, Perrier S. Tunable Self-Assembly of Triazole-Linked Porphyrin-Polymer Conjugates. Chemistry 2013; 19:12759-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Vaiyapuri R, Greenland BW, Colquhoun HM, Elliott JM, Hayes W. Molecular recognition between functionalized gold nanoparticles and healable, supramolecular polymer blends – a route to property enhancement. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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