1
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Leboucher H, Simon A, Rapacioli M. Structures and stabilities of PAH clusters solvated by water aggregates: The case of the pyrene dimer. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114308. [PMID: 36948831 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although clusters made of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and water monomers are relevant objects in both atmospheric and astrophysical science, little is known about their energetic and structural properties. In this work, we perform global explorations of the potential energy landscapes of neutral clusters made of two pyrene units and one to ten water molecules using a density-functional-based tight-binding (DFTB) potential followed by local optimizations at the density-functional theory level. We discuss the binding energies with respect to various dissociation channels. It shows that cohesion energies of the water clusters interacting with a pyrene dimer are larger than those of the pure water clusters, reaching for the largest clusters an asymptotic limit similar to that of pure water clusters and that, although the hexamer and octamer can be considered magic numbers for isolated water clusters, it is not the case anymore when they are interacting with a pyrene dimer. Ionization potentials are also computed by making use of the configuration interaction extension of DFTB, and we show that in cations, the charge is mostly carried by the pyrene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leboucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - A Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - M Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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2
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Zheng L, Cuny J, Zamith S, L'Hermite JM, Rapacioli M. Collision-induced dissociation of protonated uracil water clusters probed by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27404-27416. [PMID: 34859809 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03228c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation experiments of hydrated molecular species can provide a wealth of important information. However, they often need a theoretical support to extract chemical information. In the present article, in order to provide a detailed description of recent experimental measurements [Braud et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2019, 150, 014303], collision simulations between low-energy protonated uracil water clusters (H2O)1-7,11,12UH+ and an Ar atom were performed using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics formalism based on the self-consistent-charge density-functional based tight-binding method. The theoretical proportion of formed neutral vs. protonated uracil containing clusters, total fragmentation cross sections as well as the mass spectra of charged fragments are consistent with the experimental data which highlights the accuracy of the present simulations. They allow to probe which fragments are formed on the short time scale and rationalize the location of the excess proton on these fragments. We demonstrate that this latter property is highly influenced by the nature of the aggregate undergoing the collision. Analyses of the time evolution of the fragments populations and of their relative abundances demonstrate that, up to 7 water molecules, a direct dissociation mechanism occurs after collision whereas for 11 and 12 water molecules a statistical mechanism is more likely to participate. Although scarce in the literature, the present simulations appear as a useful tool to complement collision-induced dissociation experiments of hydrated molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zheng
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivié LCAR/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc L'Hermite
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivié LCAR/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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3
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Gaigeot MP. Some opinions on MD-based vibrational spectroscopy of gas phase molecules and their assembly: An overview of what has been achieved and where to go. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 260:119864. [PMID: 34052762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We hereby review molecular dynamics simulations for anharmonic gas phase spectroscopy and provide some of our opinions of where the field is heading. With these new directions, the theoretical IR/Raman spectroscopy of large (bio)-molecular systems will be more easily achievable over longer time-scale MD trajectories for an increase in accuracy of the MD-IR and MD-Raman calculated spectra. With the new directions presented here, the high throughput 'decoding' of experimental IR/Raman spectra into 3D-structures should thus be possible, hence advancing e.g. the field of MS-IR for structural characterization by spectroscopy. We also review the assignment of vibrational spectra in terms of anharmonic molecular modes from the MD trajectories, and especially introduce our recent developments based on Graph Theory algorithms. Graph Theory algorithmic is also introduced in this review for the identification of the molecular 3D-structures sampled over MD trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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4
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Louisnard F, Geudtner G, Köster AM, Cuny J. Implementation of the parallel-tempering molecular dynamics method in deMon2k and application to the water hexamer. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Chakraborty S, Mulas G, Rapacioli M, Joblin C. Anharmonic Infrared Spectra of Thermally Excited Pyrene (C 16H 10): A Combined View of DFT-Based GVPT2 with AnharmonicCaOs, and Approximate DFT Molecular dynamics with DemonNano. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 378:111466. [PMID: 34257467 PMCID: PMC7611198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jms.2021.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of the Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs) in astronomical environments has opened interesting spectroscopic questions on the effect of anharmonicity on the infrared (IR) spectrum of hot polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related species in isolated conditions. The forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope will unveil unprecedented spatial and spectral details in the AIB spectrum; significant advancement is thus necessary now to model the infrared emission of PAHs, their presumed carriers, with enough detail to exploit the information content of the AIBs. This requires including anharmonicity in such models, and to do so systematically for all species included, requiring a difficult compromise between accuracy and efficiency. We performed a benchmark study to compare the performances of two methods in calculating anharmonic spectra, comparing them to available experimental data. One is a full quantum method, AnharmoniCaOs, relying on an ab initio potential, and the other relies on Molecular Dynamics simulations using a Density Functional based Tight Binding potential. The first one is found to be very accurate and detailed, but it becomes computationally very expensive for increasing temperature; the second is faster and can be used for arbitrarily high temperatures, but is less accurate. Still, its results can be used to model the evolution with temperature of isolated bands. We propose a new recipe to model anharmonic AIB emission using minimal assumptions on the general behaviour of band positions and widths with temperature, which can be defined by a small number of empirical parameters. Modelling accuracy will depend critically on these empirical parameters, allowing for an incremental improvement in model results, as better estimates become gradually available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadip Chakraborty
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Giacomo Mulas
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC), Université de Toulouse (UPS),CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, CNES, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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6
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Dontot L, Spiegelman F, Zamith S, Rapacioli M. Dependence upon charge of the vibrational spectra of small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon clusters: the example of pyrene. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. D, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2020; 74:216. [PMID: 33597829 PMCID: PMC7116754 DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2020-10081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectra are computed for neutral and cationic clusters of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon clusters, namely( C 16 H 10 ) n = 1 , 4 ( 0 / + ) , using the Density Functional based Tight Binding scheme combined with a Configuration Interaction scheme (DFTB-CI) in the double harmonic approximation. Cross-comparison is carried out with DFT and simple DFTB. Similarly to the monomer cation, the IR spectra of cluster cations are characterized by a depletion of the intensity of the CH stretch modes around 3000 cm-1, with a weak revival for n = 3 and 4. The in-plane CCC modes in the region 1400-2000 cm-1 are enhanced while the CH bending modes in the range 700-1000 cm-1 are significantly weakened with respect to the monomer cation, in particular for n = 2. Finally, soft modes corresponding to diedral fluctuations of the monomers within the central stack of the ion structure, possibly mixed with monomer folding, are also observed in the region 70-120 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Dontot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC), UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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7
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Cuny J, Cerda Calatayud J, Ansari N, Hassanali AA, Rapacioli M, Simon A. Simulation of Liquids with the Tight-Binding Density-Functional Approach and Improved Atomic Charges. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7421-7432. [PMID: 32696649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical description of liquids, especially liquid water, is an ongoing subject with important implications in various domains such as homogeneous catalysis; solvation of molecular, ionic, and biomolecular species; and reactivity. Various formalisms exist to describe liquids, each one displaying its own balance between accuracy and computational cost that defines its range of applications. The present article revisits the ability of the density-functional-based tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) approach to model liquids by focusing on liquid water and liquid benzene under ambient conditions. To do so, we benchmark a recent correction for the SCC-DFTB atomic charges that allows for a drastic improvement of the pair radial distribution functions of liquid water as compared to both experimental data and density-functional theory results performed in the generalized-gradient approximation. We also report the coupling of the deMonNano and i-PI codes to perform path-integral molecular dynamics. This allows us to rationalize the impact of nuclear quantum effects on the SCC-DFTB description of liquid water. This study evidences the rather good ability of SCC-DFTB to describe liquid water and liquid benzene. As the first example of application, we also present results for a benzene molecule solvated in water with the perspectives of further studies devoted to solvent/water interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jesus Cerda Calatayud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Narjes Ansari
- The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Section, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 3 c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Facoltà di informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ali A Hassanali
- The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Section, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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8
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Spiegelman F, Tarrat N, Cuny J, Dontot L, Posenitskiy E, Martí C, Simon A, Rapacioli M. Density-functional tight-binding: basic concepts and applications to molecules and clusters. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2020; 5:1710252. [PMID: 33154977 PMCID: PMC7116320 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2019.1710252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to present an overview of the Density Functional based Tight Binding (DFTB) method and its applications. The paper introduces the basics of DFTB and its standard formulation up to second order. It also addresses methodological developments such as third order expansion, inclusion of non-covalent interactions, schemes to solve the self-interaction error, implementation of long-range short-range separation, treatment of excited states via the time-dependent DFTB scheme, inclusion of DFTB in hybrid high-level/low level schemes (DFT/DFTB or DFTB/MM), fragment decomposition of large systems, large scale potential energy landscape exploration with molecular dynamics in ground or excited states, non-adiabatic dynamics. A number of applications are reviewed, focusing on -(i)- the variety of systems that have been studied such as small molecules, large molecules and biomolecules, bare orfunctionalized clusters, supported or embedded systems, and -(ii)- properties and processes, such as vibrational spectroscopy, collisions, fragmentation, thermodynamics or non-adiabatic dynamics. Finally outlines and perspectives are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, UPR8011, Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Leo Dontot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evgeny Posenitskiy
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité LCAR/IRSAMC, UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carles Martí
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR5182, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon and CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
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9
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Braud I, Zamith S, Cuny J, Zheng L, L’Hermite JM. Size-dependent proton localization in hydrated uracil clusters: A joint experimental and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:014303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5044481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Braud
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC) UMR5589, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC) UMR5589, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC) UMR5626, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Linjie Zheng
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC) UMR5626, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc L’Hermite
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC) UMR5589, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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10
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Simon A, Rapacioli M, Michoulier E, Zheng L, Korchagina K, Cuny J. Contribution of the density-functional-based tight-binding scheme to the description of water clusters: methods, applications and extension to bulk systems. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1554903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - E. Michoulier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité LCAR/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - L. Zheng
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - K. Korchagina
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse and CNRS, Toulouse, France
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11
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Michoulier E, Ben Amor N, Rapacioli M, Noble JA, Mascetti J, Toubin C, Simon A. Theoretical determination of adsorption and ionisation energies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on water ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11941-11953. [PMID: 29667677 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In dense interstellar environments, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are likely to condense onto or integrate into water ice mantles covering dust grains. Understanding the role of ice in the photo-induced processes involving adsorbed PAHs is therefore a key issue in astrochemistry. This requires (i) the knowledge of PAH-ice interactions, i.e. PAH-ice adsorption energies and local structures at the PAH-ice interface, as well as (ii) the understanding of the fate of electrons in the PAH-ice system upon excitation. Regarding (i), in this work, we determined the lowest energy structures of PAH-ice systems for a variety of PAHs ranging from naphthalene to ovalene on three types of ice - crystalline (Ih and Ic) and amorphous (low density) - using an explicit description of the electrons and a finite-sized system. The electronic structure was determined using the Self Consistent Charge Density Functional based Tight Binding (SCC-DFTB) scheme with modified Mulliken charges in order to ensure a good description of the studied systems. Regarding (ii), the influence of the interaction with ice on the Vertical Ionisation Potentials (VIPs) of the series of PAHs was determined using the constrained SCC-DFTB scheme benchmarked against correlated wavefunction results for PAH-(H2O)n (n = 1-6, 13) clusters. The results show a deviation equal, at most, to ∼1.4 eV of the VIPs of PAHs adsorbed on ice with respect to the gas phase values. Our results are discussed in the light of experimental data and previous theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Michoulier
- Lab. Chim. & Phys. Quant. LCPQ IRSAMC, Univ. Toulouse [UPS] UPS & CNRS, UMR5626, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Korchagina KA, Spiegelman F, Cuny J. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Collision-Induced Reaction of H with CO on Small Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9485-9494. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia A. Korchagina
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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13
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Simon A, Noble JA, Rouaut G, Moudens A, Aupetit C, Iftner C, Mascetti J. Formation of coronene:water complexes: FTIR study in argon matrices and theoretical characterisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:8516-8529. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08559h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronene preferentially forms σ-type rather than π-type complexes with water in low temperature argon matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ)
- IRSAMC
- UMR 5626 CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09
- France
| | - J. A. Noble
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM)
- Université de Bordeaux
- UMR 5255 CNRS
- 33405 Talence cedex
- France
| | - G. Rouaut
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ)
- IRSAMC
- UMR 5626 CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09
- France
| | - A. Moudens
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM)
- Université de Bordeaux
- UMR 5255 CNRS
- 33405 Talence cedex
- France
| | - C. Aupetit
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM)
- Université de Bordeaux
- UMR 5255 CNRS
- 33405 Talence cedex
- France
| | - C. Iftner
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ)
- IRSAMC
- UMR 5626 CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09
- France
| | - J. Mascetti
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM)
- Université de Bordeaux
- UMR 5255 CNRS
- 33405 Talence cedex
- France
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14
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Korchagina K, Simon A, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, L’Hermite JM, Braud I, Zamith S, Cuny J. Theoretical investigation of the solid–liquid phase transition in protonated water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27288-27298. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04863g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations provide an atomistic scale description of the phase transition in protonated water clusters (H2O)nH+(n= 20–23) and an interpretation to recent nano-calorimetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Korchagina
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Jean-Marc L’Hermite
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Isabelle Braud
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ/IRSAMC)
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS
- F-31062 Toulouse
- France
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15
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Korchagina KA, Simon A, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, Cuny J. Structural Characterization of Sulfur-Containing Water Clusters Using a Density-Functional Based Tight-Binding Approach. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9089-9100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia A. Korchagina
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et
Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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16
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Pascal S, Denis-Quanquin S, Appaix F, Duperray A, Grichine A, Le Guennic B, Jacquemin D, Cuny J, Chi SH, Perry JW, van der Sanden B, Monnereau C, Andraud C, Maury O. Keto-polymethines: a versatile class of dyes with outstanding spectroscopic properties for in cellulo and in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging. Chem Sci 2016; 8:381-394. [PMID: 28451183 PMCID: PMC5365052 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of keto-heptamethine derivatives has been expanded to various new symmetrical and asymmetrical structures, including an unprecedented di-anionic keto-polymethine. The spectroscopic behavior of these new dyes has been systematically and thoroughly investigated, revealing that the formation of hydrogen bond interactions with protic solvents is responsible for a dramatic enhancement of the fluorescence quantum yield in the far-red spectral region. The existence of these strong hydrogen-bond interactions was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. These bis-dipolar polymethines exhibit large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections (σ2 in GM) in the near-infrared, making them ideal candidates for NIR-to-NIR two-photon microscopy imaging applications. We demonstrate that the molecular engineering of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance enables targeting of different cellular components, such as cytoplasm or cell membranes. Addition of appropriate substituents provides the molecule with high-water-solubility, affording efficient two-photon probes for angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- ENS Lyon , Université de Lyon 1 , CNRS Laboratoire de chimie de l'ENS Lyon , UMR 5182 CNRS, 46 allée d'Italie , 69364 Lyon , France . ;
| | - Sandrine Denis-Quanquin
- ENS Lyon , Université de Lyon 1 , CNRS Laboratoire de chimie de l'ENS Lyon , UMR 5182 CNRS, 46 allée d'Italie , 69364 Lyon , France . ;
| | - Florence Appaix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences , GIN, Inserm , U836 , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Alain Duperray
- Inserm , Institut Albert Bonniot , U823 , F-38000 Grenoble , France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , IAB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Inserm , Institut Albert Bonniot , U823 , F-38000 Grenoble , France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , IAB , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes , UMR 6226 CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc , 35042 Rennes Cedex , France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM , CNRS 6230 , Université; de Nantes , 2 Rue de la Houssiniére, BP 92208 , 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 , France.,Institut Universitaire de France , 103 Bvd Michelet , 75005 Paris Cedex 5 , France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ) , Université de Toulouse III [UPS] and CNRS , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - San-Hui Chi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , GA 30332-0400 , USA
| | - Joseph W Perry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , GA 30332-0400 , USA
| | - Boudewijn van der Sanden
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences , GIN, Inserm , U836 , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- ENS Lyon , Université de Lyon 1 , CNRS Laboratoire de chimie de l'ENS Lyon , UMR 5182 CNRS, 46 allée d'Italie , 69364 Lyon , France . ;
| | - Chantal Andraud
- ENS Lyon , Université de Lyon 1 , CNRS Laboratoire de chimie de l'ENS Lyon , UMR 5182 CNRS, 46 allée d'Italie , 69364 Lyon , France . ;
| | - Olivier Maury
- ENS Lyon , Université de Lyon 1 , CNRS Laboratoire de chimie de l'ENS Lyon , UMR 5182 CNRS, 46 allée d'Italie , 69364 Lyon , France . ;
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17
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Rapacioli M, Simon A, Marshall CCM, Cuny J, Kokkin D, Spiegelman F, Joblin C. Cationic Methylene-Pyrene Isomers and Isomerization Pathways: Finite Temperature Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12845-54. [PMID: 26600076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides spectral characterizations of the two isomers of the 1-methylenepyrene cation, namely, the 1-pyrenemethylium and a pyrene-like isomer owing a tropylium cycle. Both are possible photodissociation products of the 1-methylpyrene cation and were proposed as potential contributors to the diffuse interstellar bands. In that respect, vibrational and electronic spectra are computed for the optimized structures at the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD-)DFT levels. Finite temperature effects on these spectra are estimated from molecular dynamics simulations within the density functional-based tight-binding (DFTB) and TD-DFTB frameworks, these methods being first benchmarked against DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The computed spectra allow discrimination of the two isomers. When the temperature increases, bands are observed to redshift and merge. The isomerization mechanism is investigated with the metadynamics technique, a biased dynamics scheme allowing to probe reaction mechanisms with high energy barriers by investigating the free energy surface at various temperatures. Four pathways with similar barrier heights (3.5-4 eV) are found, showing that the interconversion process would only occur in interstellar clouds under photoactivation. The present study opens the way to simulations on larger methyl- and methylenePAHs of astrophysical interest and their experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS , 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS , 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte C M Marshall
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP , 31400 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, IRAP , 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS , 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Damian Kokkin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP , 31400 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, IRAP , 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS , 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Joblin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP , 31400 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, IRAP , 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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18
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Oliveira LFL, Cuny J, Morinière M, Dontot L, Simon A, Spiegelman F, Rapacioli M. Phase changes of the water hexamer and octamer in the gas phase and adsorbed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17079-89. [PMID: 26067775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate thermodynamic properties of small water clusters adsorbed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are relevant systems in the context of astrophysical and atmospheric chemistry. We present heat capacity curves computed from parallel-tempering molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations that were performed using the self-consistent-charge density-functional based tight-binding method. These curves are characteristic of the phase changes occurring in the aggregates and provide useful information on the evolution of the interaction between the water molecules and the PAHs as a function of temperature. After benchmarking our approach on the water hexamer and octamer in the gas phase, we present some results for these same clusters adsorbed on coronene and circumcoronene. When compared to the curves obtained for the isolated water clusters, the phase change temperature significantly decreases for the (H2O)8-PAH clusters whereas it depends on the nature of the PAH in the case of the hexamer. We analyse these differences as connected to the relative energies of the optimized characteristic isomers and to their dynamical behavior. We also evidence the population changes of the various cluster isomers as a function of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando L Oliveira
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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19
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Simon A, Iftner C, Mascetti J, Spiegelman F. Water clusters in an argon matrix: infrared spectra from molecular dynamics simulations with a self-consistent charge density functional-based tight binding/force-field potential. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2449-67. [PMID: 25650885 DOI: 10.1021/jp508533k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present theoretical study aims at investigating the effects of an argon matrix on the structures, energetics, dynamics, and infrared (IR) spectra of small water clusters (H2O)n (n = 1-6). The potential energy surface is obtained from a hybrid self-consistent charge density functional-based tight binding/force-field approach (SCC-DFTB/FF) in which the water clusters are treated at the SCC-DFTB level and the matrix is modeled at the FF level by a cluster consisting of ∼340 Ar atoms with a face centered cubic (fcc) structure, namely (H2O)n/Ar. With respect to a pure FF scheme, this allows a quantum description of the molecular system embedded in the matrix, along with all-atom geometry optimization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the (H2O)n/Ar system. Finite-temperature IR spectra are derived from the MD simulations. The SCC-DFTB/FF scheme is first benchmarked on (H2O)Arn clusters against correlated wave function results and DFT calculations performed in the present work, and against FF data available in the literature. Regarding (H2O)n/Ar systems, the geometries of the water clusters are found to adapt to the fcc environment, possibly leading to intermolecular distortion and matrix perturbation. Several energetical quantities are estimated to characterize the water clusters in the matrix. In the particular case of the water hexamer, substitution and insertion energies for the prism, bag, and cage are found to be lower than that for the 6-member ring isomer. Finite-temperature MD simulations show that the water monomer has a quasifree rotation motion at 13 K, in agreement with experimental data. In the case of the water dimer, the only large-amplitude motion is a distortion-rotation intermolecular motion, whereas only vibration motions around the nuclei equilibrium positions are observed for clusters with larger sizes. Regarding the IR spectra, we find that the matrix environment leads to redshifts of the stretching modes and almost no shift of the bending modes. This is in agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, in the case of the water monomer and dimer, the magnitudes of the computed shifts are in fair agreement with the experimental values. The complex case of the water hexamer, which presents several low-energy isomers, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Simon
- †Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Iftner
- †Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Joëlle Mascetti
- ‡Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux and CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- †Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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20
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Janjić GV, Malkov SN, Zivković MV, Zarić SD. What are preferred water-aromatic interactions in proteins and crystal structures of small molecules? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:23549-53. [PMID: 25271703 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00929k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of water molecules around aromatic rings in the protein structures and crystal structures of small molecules shows quite a small number of the strongest OH-π interactions, a larger number of parallel interactions, and the largest number of the weakest CH-O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran V Janjić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 473, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Nishimura Y, Lee YP, Irle S, Witek HA. Critical interpretation of CH– and OH– stretching regions for infrared spectra of methanol clusters (CH3OH)n (n = 2–5) using self-consistent-charge density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:094303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4893952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Henryk A. Witek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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22
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Iftner C, Simon A, Korchagina K, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F. A density functional tight binding/force field approach to the interaction of molecules with rare gas clusters: Application to (C6H6)+/0Arn clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4861431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Simon A, Spiegelman F. Conformational dynamics and finite-temperature infrared spectra of the water octamer adsorbed on coronene. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Simon A, Spiegelman F. Water clusters adsorbed on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Energetics and conformational dynamics. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:194309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4805015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Barone V, Carnimeo I, Scalmani G. Computational Spectroscopy of Large Systems in Solution: The DFTB/PCM and TD-DFTB/PCM Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:2052-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ct301050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Edificio
C - Polo Fibonacci Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Carnimeo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, Edificio
C - Polo Fibonacci Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian, Inc., 340 Quinnipiac
Street Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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