Surface-Dependent Activation of Model α-Al
2 O
3 -Supported P-Doped Hydrotreating Catalysts Prepared by Spin Coating.
Chemistry 2020;
26:14623-14638. [PMID:
32579726 DOI:
10.1002/chem.202001882]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Requirements for improved catalytic formulations is continuously driving research in hydrotreating (HDT) catalysis for biomass upgrading and heteroatom removal for cleaner fuels. The present work proposes a surface-science approach for the understanding of the genesis of the active (sulfide) phase in model P-doped MoS2 hydrotreating catalysts supported on α-Al2 O3 single crystals. This approach allows one to obtain a surface-dependent insight by varying the crystal orientations of the support. Model phosphorus-doped catalysts are prepared via spin-coating of Mo-P precursor solutions onto four α-Al2 O3 crystal orientations, C(0001), A(11 2 ‾ 0), M(10 1 ‾ 0) and R(1 1 ‾ 02) that exhibit different speciations of surface -OH. 31 P and 95 Mo liquid-state NMR are used to give a comprehensive description of the Mo and P speciation of the phospho-molybdic precursor solution. The speciation of the deposition solution is then correlated with the genesis of the active MoS2 phase. XPS quantification of the surface P/Mo ratio reveal a surface-dependent phosphate aggregation driven by the amount of free phosphates in solution. Phosphates aggregation decreases in the following order C(0001)≫M(10 1 ‾ 0)>A(11 2 ‾ 0), R(1 1 ‾ 02). This evolution can be rationalized by an increasing strength of phosphate/surface interactions on the different α-Al2 O3 surface orientations from the C(0001) to the R(1 1 ‾ 02) plane. Retardation of the sulfidation with temperature is observed for model catalysts with the highest phosphate dispersion on the surface (A(11 2 ‾ 0), R(1 1 ‾ 02)), suggesting that phosphorus strongly intervene in the genesis of the active phase through a close intimacy between phosphates and molybdates. The surface P/Mo ratio appears as a key descriptor to quantify this retarding effect. It is proposed that retardation of sulfidation is driven by two effects: i) a chemical inhibition through formation of hardly reducible mixed molybdo-phosphate structures and ii) a physical inhibition with phosphate clusters inhibiting the growth of MoS2 . The surface-dependent phosphorus doping on model α-Al2 O3 supports can be used as a guide for the rational design of more efficient HDT catalysts on industrial γ-Al2 O3 carrier.
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