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Munteanu AC, Uivarosi V. Ruthenium Complexes in the Fight against Pathogenic Microorganisms. An Extensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34199283 PMCID: PMC8232020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. Clearly, one can see the need to develop new, more effective, antimicrobial agents that go beyond the explored 'chemical space'. In this regard, their unique modes of action (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox activation, ligand exchange, depletion of substrates involved in vital cellular processes) render metal complexes as promising drug candidates. Several Ru (II/III) complexes have been included in, or are currently undergoing, clinical trials as anticancer agents. Based on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical properties and biological behavior, the interest in developing new ruthenium compounds as antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral drugs has risen. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Ru (II/III) frameworks as antimicrobial agents. Some aspects regarding the relationship between their chemical structure and mechanism of action, cellular localization, and/or metabolism of the ruthenium complexes in bacterial and eukaryotic cells are discussed as well. Regarding the antiviral activity, in light of current events related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ru (II/III) compounds used against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., BOLD-100) are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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van Hilst QVC, Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Findlay JA, Scottwell SØ, Giles GI, Brooks HJL, Crowley JD. Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Studies of some 2,6‐
bis
(1,2,3‐Triazol‐4‐yl)Pyridine Ruthenium(II) “Click” Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn V. C. van Hilst
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Roan A. S. Vasdev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - James A. Findlay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Synøve Ø. Scottwell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
| | - Gregory I. Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Heather J. L. Brooks
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
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Lin K, Zhao ZZ, Bo HB, Hao XJ, Wang JQ. Applications of Ruthenium Complex in Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 30510511 PMCID: PMC6252376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are a new generation of metal antitumor drugs that are currently of great interest in multidisciplinary research. In this review article, we introduce the applications of ruthenium complexes in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors. We focus on the actions of ruthenium complexes on DNA, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of cells, as well as signaling pathways that induce tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, we highlight the use of ruthenium complexes as specific tumor cell probes to dynamically monitor the active biological component of the microenvironment and as excellent photosensitizer, catalyst, and bioimaging agents for phototherapies that significantly enhance the diagnosis and therapeutic effect on tumors. Finally, the combinational use of ruthenium complexes with existing clinical antitumor drugs to synergistically treat tumors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ben Bo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Hao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jin-Quan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Ruthenium is seldom mentioned in microbiology texts, due to the fact that this metal has no known, essential roles in biological systems, nor is it generally considered toxic. Since the fortuitous discovery of cisplatin, first as an antimicrobial agent and then later employed widely as an anticancer agent, complexes of other platinum group metals, such as ruthenium, have attracted interest for their medicinal properties. Here, we review at length how ruthenium complexes have been investigated as potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic agents, in addition to their long and well-established roles as biological stains and inhibitors of calcium channels. Ruthenium complexes are also employed in a surprising number of biotechnological roles. It is in the employment of ruthenium complexes as antimicrobial agents and alternatives or adjuvants to more traditional antibiotics, that we expect to see the most striking developments in the future. Such novel contributions from organometallic chemistry are undoubtedly sorely needed to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis and the slow appearance on the market of new antibiotics.
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Alberti E, Zampakou M, Donghi D. Covalent and non-covalent binding of metal complexes to RNA. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:278-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kumar SV, Scottwell SØ, Waugh E, McAdam CJ, Hanton LR, Brooks HJL, Crowley JD. Antimicrobial Properties of Tris(homoleptic) Ruthenium(II) 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole “Click” Complexes against Pathogenic Bacteria, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9767-9777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar V. Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Synøve Ø. Scottwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emily Waugh
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C. John McAdam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyall R. Hanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Heather J. L. Brooks
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Li X, Gorle AK, Ainsworth TD, Heimann K, Woodward CE, Grant Collins J, Richard Keene F. RNA and DNA binding of inert oligonuclear ruthenium(ii) complexes in live eukaryotic cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3594-603. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligonuclear polypyridylruthenium(ii) complexes show selectivity for the nucleus of eukaryotic cells with a considerable preference for the RNA-rich nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Anil K. Gorle
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - Tracy D. Ainsworth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
| | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Marine & Environmental Sciences
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Defence Force Academy
- Canberra
| | - F. Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
- Department of Matter & Materials
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Peng J, Shao Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Liu H. Specific recognition of DNA bulge sites by in situ grown fluorescent Ag nanoclusters with high selectivity. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1534-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li F, Harry EJ, Bottomley AL, Edstein MD, Birrell GW, Woodward CE, Keene FR, Collins JG. Dinuclear ruthenium(ii) antimicrobial agents that selectively target polysomes in vivo. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Li F, Feterl M, Warner JM, Keene FR, Collins JG. Dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes: flow cytometry studies of their accumulation in bacteria and the effect on the bacterial membrane. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2825-33. [PMID: 23873648 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the energy dependency of and the contribution of the membrane potential to the cellular accumulation of the dinuclear complexes [{Ru(phen)2}2{μ-bbn}](4+) (Rubbn) and the mononuclear complexes [Ru(Me4phen)3](2+) and [Ru(phen)2(bb7)](2+) in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and to examine their effect on the bacterial membrane. METHODS The accumulation of the ruthenium complexes in bacteria was determined using flow cytometry at a range of temperatures. The cellular accumulation of the ruthenium complexes was also determined in cells that had been incubated with the metal complexes in the presence or absence of metabolic stimulators or inhibitors and/or commercial dyes to determine the membrane potential or membrane permeability. RESULTS The accumulation of ruthenium complexes in the two bacterial strains was shown to increase with increasing incubation temperature, with the relative increase in accumulation greater with E. coli, particularly for Rubb12 and Rubb16. No decrease in accumulation was observed for Rubb12 in ATP-inhibited cells. While carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) did depolarize the cell membrane, no reduction in the accumulation of Rubb12 was observed; however, all ruthenium complexes, when incubated with S. aureus at concentrations twice their MIC, depolarized the membrane to a similar extent to CCCP. Except for the mononuclear complex [Ru(Me4phen)3](2+), incubation of any of the other ruthenium complexes allowed a greater quantity of the membrane-impermeable dye TO-PRO-3 to be taken up by S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the potential new antimicrobial Rubbn complexes enter the cell in an energy-independent manner, depolarize the cell membrane and significantly permeabilize the cellular membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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