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Hui Z, Deng H, Zhang X, Garrido C, Lirussi F, Ye XY, Xie T, Liu ZQ. Development and therapeutic potential of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107608. [PMID: 38981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of DNA damage response (DDR) combats various forms of DNA damage, ensuring genomic stability. Cancer cells' propensity for genomic instability offers therapeutic opportunities to selectively kill cancer cells by suppressing the DDR pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear serine/threonine kinase, is crucial for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Therefore, targeting DNA-PK is a promising cancer treatment strategy. This review elaborates on the structures of DNA-PK and its related large protein, as well as the development process of DNA-PK inhibitors, and recent advancements in their clinical application. We emphasize our analysis of the development process and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of DNA-PK inhibitors based on different scaffolds. We hope this review will provide practical information for researchers seeking to develop novel DNA-PK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Faculté de médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges François Leclerc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Université de Franche Comté, France, University Hospital of Besançon (CHU), France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China.
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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1971-2014. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Hong CR, Liew LP, Wong WW, Dickson BD, Cheng G, Shome A, Airey R, Jaiswal J, Lipert B, Jamieson SMF, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Identification of 6-Anilino Imidazo[4,5- c]pyridin-2-ones as Selective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Their Application as Radiosensitizers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12366-12385. [PMID: 39007759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The dominant role of non-homologous end-joining in the repair of radiation-induced double-strand breaks identifies DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) as an excellent target for the development of radiosensitizers. We report the discovery of a new class of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-one DNA-PK inhibitors. Structure-activity studies culminated in the identification of 78 as a nM DNA-PK inhibitor with excellent selectivity for DNA-PK compared to related phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI3K-like kinase (PIKK) families and the broader kinome, and displayed DNA-PK-dependent radiosensitization of HAP1 cells. Compound 78 demonstrated robust radiosensitization of a broad range of cancer cells in vitro, displayed high oral bioavailability, and sensitized colorectal carcinoma (HCT116/54C) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (UT-SCC-74B) tumor xenografts to radiation. Compound 78 also provided substantial tumor growth inhibition of HCT116/54C tumor xenografts in combination with radiation. Compound 78 represents a new, potent, and selective class of DNA-PK inhibitors with significant potential as radiosensitizers for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho R Hong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Way W Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Chemistry and Applied Physics, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Gary Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Avik Shome
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Airey
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jagdish Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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4
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DNA-PK in human malignant disorders: Mechanisms and implications for pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107617. [PMID: 32610116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-PK holoenzyme is a fundamental element of the DNA damage response machinery (DDR), which is responsible for cellular genomic stability. Consequently, and predictably, over the last decades since its identification and characterization, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies reported observations correlating aberrant DNA-PK status and activity with cancer onset, progression and responses to therapeutic modalities. Notably, various studies have established in recent years the role of DNA-PK outside the DDR network, corroborating its role as a pleiotropic complex involved in transcriptional programs that operate biologic processes as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, metabolism, nuclear receptors signaling and inflammatory responses. In particular tumor entities as prostate cancer, immense research efforts assisted mapping and describing the overall signaling networks regulated by DNA-PK that control metastasis and tumor progression. Correspondingly, DNA-PK emerges as an obvious therapeutic target in cancer and data pertaining to various pharmacological approaches have been published, largely in context of combination with DNA-damaging agents (DDAs) that act by inflicting DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Currently, new generation inhibitors are tested in clinical trials. Several excellent reviews have been published in recent years covering the biology of DNA-PK and its role in cancer. In the current article we are aiming to systematically describe the main findings on DNA-PK signaling in major cancer types, focusing on both preclinical and clinical reports and present a detailed current status of the DNA-PK inhibitors repertoire.
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Separation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor atropisomers by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Chen Y. Recent Advances in Methylation: A Guide for Selecting Methylation Reagents. Chemistry 2018; 25:3405-3439. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
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Heppell JT, Islam MA, McAlpine SR, Al‐Rawi JMA. Functionalization of Quinazolin‐4‐ones Part 3: Synthesis, Structures Elucidation, DNA‐PK, PI3K, and Cytotoxicity of Novel 8‐Aryl‐2‐morpholino‐quinazolin‐4‐ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Heppell
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bendigo P.O. Box 199 Bendigo Victoria 3550 Australia
| | - Md. Amirul Islam
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jasim M. A. Al‐Rawi
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bendigo P.O. Box 199 Bendigo Victoria 3550 Australia
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Abstract
Atropisomerism is a dynamic type of axial chirality that is ubiquitous in medicinal chemistry. There are several examples of stable atropisomeric US FDA-approved drugs and experimental compounds, and in each case the atropisomers of these compounds possess drastically different biological activities. Rapidly interconverting atropisomerism is even more prevalent, and while such compounds are typically considered achiral, they bind their protein targets in an atroposelective fashion, with the nonrelevant atropisomer contributing little to the desired activities. It has been recently demonstrated that various properties of an interconverting atropisomer can be modulated through the synthesis of atropisomer stable and pure analogs. Herein we discuss examples of atropisomerism in drug discovery as well as challenges and opportunities moving forward.
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Saifuzzaman M, Morrison R, Zheng Z, Orive S, Hamilton J, Thompson PE, Al-rawi JM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-aryl-2-morpholino-7-O-substituted benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-4-ones against DNA-PK, PI3K, PDE3A enzymes and platelet aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5531-5536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Harnor SJ, Brennan A, Cano C. Targeting DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase for Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:895-900. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah J. Harnor
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Alfie Brennan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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Synthesis, structures elucidation, DNA-PK, PI3K and antiplatelet activity of a series of novel 7- or 8-(N-substituted)-2-morpholino-quinazolines. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Synthesis, structure elucidation, DNA-PK and PI3K and anti-cancer activity of 8- and 6-aryl-substituted-1-3-benzoxazines. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:326-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barrett KT, Miller SJ. Regioselective derivatizations of a tribrominated atropisomeric benzamide scaffold. Org Lett 2015; 17:580-3. [PMID: 25582814 PMCID: PMC4364386 DOI: 10.1021/ol503593y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric, tribrominated benzamides and subsequent regioselective transformations to afford derivatized, axially chiral molecules is reported. The enantioenriched tribromides were carried through sequential Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling and lithium-halogen exchange with high regioselectivity and enantioretention. A variety of complexity-generation functional group installations were performed to create a library of homochiral benzamides. The potential utility of these molecules is demonstrated by using a phosphino benzamide derivative as an asymmetric ligand in a Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Andrs M, Korabecny J, Jun D, Hodny Z, Bartek J, Kuca K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) inhibitors: importance of the morpholine ring. J Med Chem 2014; 58:41-71. [PMID: 25387153 DOI: 10.1021/jm501026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) are two related families of kinases that play key roles in regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, survival, and responses to diverse stresses including DNA damage. To design novel efficient strategies for treatment of cancer and other diseases, these kinases have been extensively studied. Despite their different nature, these two kinase families have related origin and share very similar kinase domains. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these kinases usually carry analogous structural motifs. The most common feature of these inhibitors is a critical hydrogen bond to morpholine oxygen, initially present in the early nonspecific PI3K and PIKK inhibitor 3 (LY294002), which served as a valuable chemical tool for development of many additional PI3K and PIKK inhibitors. While several PI3K pathway inhibitors have recently shown promising clinical responses, inhibitors of the DNA damage-related PIKKs remain thus far largely in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 81, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Tichy A, Durisova K, Salovska B, Pejchal J, Zarybnicka L, Vavrova J, Dye NA, Sinkorova Z. Radio-sensitization of human leukaemic MOLT-4 cells by DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, NU7441. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:83-92. [PMID: 24100951 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of pre-incubation with NU7441, a specific inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), on molecular mechanisms triggered by ionizing radiation (IR). The experimental design involved four groups of human T-lymphocyte leukaemic MOLT-4 cells: control, NU7441-treated (1 μM), IR-treated (1 Gy), and combination of NU7441 and IR. We used flow cytometry for apoptosis assessment, Western blotting and ELISA for detection of proteins involved in DNA repair signalling and epifluorescence microscopy for detection of IR-induced phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. We did not observe any major changes in the amount of DNA-PK subunits Ku70/80 caused by the combination of NU7441 and radiation. Their combination led to an increased phosphorylation of H2A.X, a hallmark of DNA damage. However, it did not prevent up-regulation of neither p53 (and its phosphorylation at Ser 15 and 392) nor p21. We observed a decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1, cdc25A phosphatase, cleavage of PARP and a significant increase in apoptosis in the group treated with combination. In conclusion, the combination of NU7441 with IR caused increased phosphorylation of H2A.X early after irradiation and subsequent induction of apoptosis. It was efficient in MOLT-4 cells in 10× lower concentration than the inhibitor NU7026. NU7441 proved as a potent radio-sensitizing agent, and it might provide a platform for development of new radio-sensitizers in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic,
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Mould E, Berry P, Jamieson D, Hill C, Cano C, Tan N, Elliott S, Durkacz B, Newell D, Willmore E. Identification of dual DNA-PK MDR1 inhibitors for the potentiation of cytotoxic drug activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:58-65. [PMID: 24418411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair is an attractive therapeutic approach to enhance the activity of DNA-damaging anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Similarly, blockade of the multidrug-resistance protein 1 (MDR1) can overcome efflux-mediated resistance. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is essential for the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway. NU7441 is a potent DNA-PK inhibitor (IC50=14nM) that is used widely to study the effects of DNA-PK inhibition in vitro. In growth inhibition studies, 1μM NU7441 sensitised vincristine-resistant CCRF-CEM VCR/R leukaemia cells (1200-fold resistant) to a range of MDR1 substrates, including doxorubicin (8-fold, p=0.03), vincristine (14-fold, p=0.01) and etoposide (63-fold, p=0.02), compared with 1.4-fold (p=0.02), 2.2-fold (p=0.04) and 3.6-fold (p=0.01) sensitisation, respectively, in parental CCRF-CEM cells. This difference in NU7441 sensitivity was confirmed in another two parental and MDR1-overexpressing cell line pairs. A doxorubicin fluorescence assay showed that in MDR1-overexpressing canine kidney MDCKII-MDR1 cells, 1μM NU7441 increased doxorubicin nuclear fluorescence 16-fold. NU7441 and 3 structurally related compounds (NU7742 (an NU7441 analogue that does not inhibit DNA-PK - IC50>10μM), DRN1 (DNA-PK-inhibitory atropisomeric NU7441 derivative - IC50=2nM) and DRN2 (DNA-PK non-inhibitory atropisomeric NU7441 derivative - IC50=7μM)) all increased intracellular vincristine accumulation in the CCRF-CEM VCR/R cells to a level similar to verapamil, as measured by LC-MS. This paper demonstrates that NU7441 is a dual DNA-PK and MDR1 inhibitor, and this extends the therapeutic potential of the compound when used in combination with MDR substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mould
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Philip Berry
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - David Jamieson
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Christopher Hill
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Celine Cano
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Niu Tan
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Sarah Elliott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Barbara Durkacz
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - David Newell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Zask A, Murphy J, Ellestad GA. Biological Stereoselectivity of Atropisomeric Natural Products and Drugs. Chirality 2013; 25:265-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arie Zask
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
| | - John Murphy
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
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18
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Detection and repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks: new developments in nonhomologous end joining. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 86:440-9. [PMID: 23433795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage can occur as a result of endogenous metabolic reactions and replication stress or from exogenous sources such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. DNA double strand breaks are the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage, and defects in their repair can result in genome instability, a hallmark of cancer. The major pathway for the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DSBs in human cells is nonhomologous end joining. Here we review recent advances on the mechanism of nonhomologous end joining, as well as new findings on its component proteins and regulation.
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