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Sebald MA, Gebauer J, Koch M. Diastereoselective synthesis of (±)-trichodiene and (±)-trichodiene-D 3 as analytical standards for the on-site quantification of trichothecenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9872-9879. [PMID: 34734618 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01778k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous Fusarium genus is responsible for the spoilage of vast amounts of cereals and fruits. Besides the economic damage, the danger to human and animal health by the concomitant exposure to mycotoxins represents a serious problem. A large number of Fusarium species produce a variety of different mycotoxins of which the class of trichothecenes are of particular importance due to their toxicity. Being identified as the common volatile precursor during the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, (-)-trichodiene (TD) is considered to be a biomarker for the respective mycotoxin content in food samples. We postulated that the development of a non-invasive, on-site GC-IMS method for the quantification of (-)-trichodiene supplemented with a stationary SIDA headspace GC-MS reference method would allow circumventing the laborious and expensive analyses of individual trichothecenes in large cereal samples. In this work we present the syntheses of the required native calibration standard and an isotope labeled (TD-D3) internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sebald
- HPC Standards GmbH, Am Wieseneck 7, D-04451 Cunnersdorf, Germany.
| | - Julian Gebauer
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Abteilung Analytische Chemie, Referenzmaterialien, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
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Loulier J, Lefort F, Stocki M, Asztemborska M, Szmigielski R, Siwek K, Grzywacz T, Hsiang T, Ślusarski S, Oszako T, Klisz M, Tarakowski R, Nowakowska JA. Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5749. [PMID: 33291490 PMCID: PMC7730677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes release volatiles into their environment which could be used for olfactory detection and identification of these organisms by electronic-nose (e-nose). The aim of this study was to survey volatile compound emission using an e-nose device and to identify released molecules through solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis to ultimately develop a detection system for fungi and fungi-like organisms. To this end, cultures of eight fungi (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria ostoyae, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma asperellum) and four oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, P. ramorum) were tested with the e-nose system and investigated by means of SPME-GC/MS. Strains of F. poae, R. solani and T. asperellum appeared to be the most odoriferous. All investigated fungal species (except R. solani) produced sesquiterpenes in variable amounts, in contrast to the tested oomycetes strains. Other molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and benzene derivatives were found in all samples. The results suggested that the major differences between respective VOC emission ranges of the tested species lie in sesquiterpene production, with fungi emitting some while oomycetes released none or smaller amounts of such molecules. Our e-nose system could discriminate between the odors emitted by P. ramorum, F. poae, T. asperellum and R. solani, which accounted for over 88% of the PCA variance. These preliminary results of fungal and oomycete detection make the e-nose device suitable for further sensor design as a potential tool for forest managers, other plant managers, as well as regulatory agencies such as quarantine services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Loulier
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - François Lefort
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - Marcin Stocki
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Siwek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Grzywacz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sławomir Ślusarski
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Rafał Tarakowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Anna Nowakowska
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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Dickschat JS, Celik E, Brock NL. Volatiles from three genome sequenced fungi from the genus Aspergillus. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:900-910. [PMID: 29765471 PMCID: PMC5942377 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatiles emitted by agar plate cultures of three genome sequenced fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus were analysed by GC-MS. All three strains produced terpenes for which a biosynthetic relationship is discussed. The obtained data were also correlated to genetic information about the encoded terpene synthases for each strain. Besides terpenes, a series of aromatic compounds and volatiles derived from fatty acid and branched amino acid metabolism were identified. Some of these compounds have not been described as fungal metabolites before. For the compound ethyl (E)-hept-4-enoate known from cantaloupe a structural revision to the Z stereoisomer is proposed. Ethyl (Z)-hept-4-enoate also occurs in Aspergillus clavatus and was identified by synthesis of an authentic standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ersin Celik
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nelson L Brock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (former address)
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Wang T, Mohr KI, Stadler M, Dickschat JS. Volatiles from the tropical ascomycete Daldinia clavata (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales). Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:135-147. [PMID: 29441137 PMCID: PMC5789425 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatiles from the fungus Daldinia clavata were collected by use of a closed-loop stripping apparatus and analysed by GC–MS. A few compounds were readily identified by comparison of measured to library mass spectra and of retention indices to published data, while for other compounds a synthesis of references was required. For one of the main compounds, 5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyloctan-3-one, the relative and absolute configuration was determined by synthesis of all eight stereoisomers and gas chromatographic analysis using a homochiral stationary phase. Another identified new natural product is 6-nonyl-2H-pyran-2-one. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the synthetic volatiles are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin I Mohr
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Wirkstoffe, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Wirkstoffe, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Burkhardt I, Dickschat JS. The absolute configuration of isochamigrene: new insights into the cyclisation mechanism of trichodiene synthase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3540-3542. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01744a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of isochamigrene clarified its absolute configuration and biosynthetic relation to trichodiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017This review gives a comprehensive overview of the production of fungal volatiles, including the history of the discovery of the first compounds and their distribution in the various investigated strains, species and genera, as unravelled by modern analytical methods. Biosynthetic aspects and the accumulated knowledge about the bioactivity and biological functions of fungal volatiles are also covered. A total number of 325 compounds is presented in this review, with 247 cited references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Ohsato S, Fujimura M. Molecular and Genetic Studies ofFusariumTrichothecene Biosynthesis: Pathways, Genes, and Evolution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2105-23. [PMID: 17827683 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a large family of sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolites of Fusarium species (e.g., F. graminearum) and other molds. They are major mycotoxins that can cause serious problems when consumed via contaminated cereal grains. In the past 20 years, an outline of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been established based on the results of precursor feeding experiments and blocked mutant analyses. Following the isolation of the pathway gene Tri5 encoding the first committed enzyme trichodiene synthase, 10 biosynthesis genes (Tri genes; two regulatory genes, seven pathway genes, and one transporter gene) were functionally identified in the Tri5 gene cluster. At least three pathway genes, Tri101 (separated alone), and Tri1 and Tri16 (located in the Tri1-Tri16 two-gene cluster), were found outside of the Tri5 gene cluster. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathways of biosynthesis, the functions of cloned Tri genes, and the evolution of Tri genes, focusing on Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Plant & Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Shank RA, Foroud NA, Hazendonk P, Eudes F, Blackwell BA. Current and future experimental strategies for structural analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins--a prospectus. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1518-53. [PMID: 22295175 PMCID: PMC3268455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal toxins, such as those produced by members of the order Hypocreales, have widespread effects on cereal crops, resulting in yield losses and the potential for severe disease and mortality in humans and livestock. Among the most toxic are the trichothecenes. Trichothecenes have various detrimental effects on eukaryotic cells including an interference with protein production and the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis. However, these toxins can have a wide range of toxicity depending on the system. Major differences in the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of these mycotoxins are observed for individual members of the class, and variations in toxicity are observed among different species for each individual compound. Furthermore, while diverse toxicological effects are observed throughout the whole cellular system upon trichothecene exposure, the mechanism of toxicity is not well understood. In order to comprehend how these toxins interact with the cell, we must first have an advanced understanding of their structure and dynamics. The structural analysis of trichothecenes was a subject of major interest in the 1980s, and primarily focused on crystallographic and solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies. Recent advances in structural determination through solution- and solid-state NMR, as well as computation based molecular modeling is leading to a resurgent interest in the structure of these and other mycotoxins, with the focus shifting in the direction of structural dynamics. The purpose of this work is to first provide a brief overview of the structural data available on trichothecenes and a characterization of the methods commonly employed to obtain such information. A summary of the current understanding of the relationship between structure and known function of these compounds is also presented. Finally, a prospectus on the application of new emerging structural methods on these and other related systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A. Shank
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nora A. Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Paul Hazendonk
- University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr W, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (N.A.F.)
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9
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zamir LO, Huang L. Synthesis of [16-14C]trichodiene the precursor to trichothecenes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580311110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Harris LJ, Desjardins AE, Plattner RD, Nicholson P, Butler G, Young JC, Weston G, Proctor RH, Hohn TM. Possible Role of Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Virulence of Fusarium graminearum on Maize. PLANT DISEASE 1999; 83:954-960. [PMID: 30841080 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene-producing and -nonproducing Fusarium graminearum strains were tested for their ability to cause Gibberella ear rot in field trials at two locations-Ottawa, Ontario, and Peoria, Illinois-in 1996. Maize ears were inoculated with wild-type or transgenic F. graminearum strains in which the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway had been disabled by the specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene and with a derivative revertant strain in which trichothecene production had been restored through recombination. A silk channel inoculation method was employed at both locations. In addition, a kernel puncture inoculation method was used at the Ontario location. Harvested maize ears were analyzed for visual disease severity, grain yield, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, and fungal biomass by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or ergosterol quantitation. There was a significant correlation (r= 0.86) between data obtained from the two different methods of quantifying fungal biomass. The trichothecene-nonproducing strains were still pathogenic but appeared less virulent on maize than the trichothecene-producing progenitor and revertant strains, as assayed by most parameters. This suggests that the trichothecenes may act as virulence factors to enhance the spread of F. graminearum on maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Harris
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - A E Desjardins
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - R D Plattner
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - P Nicholson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - G Butler
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - J C Young
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - G Weston
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - R H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
| | - T M Hohn
- Mycotoxin Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, IL 61604
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Zamir LO, Nikolakakis A, Huang L, St-Pierre P, Sauriol F, Sparace S, Mamer O. Biosynthesis of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol. Identification of the two oxygenation steps after trichodiene. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:12269-77. [PMID: 10212195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first two oxygenation steps post-trichodiene in the biosyntheses of the trichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol were investigated. The plausible intermediates 2-hydroxytrichodiene (2alpha- and 2beta-) and 12,13-epoxytrichodiene and the dioxygenated compounds 12,13-epoxy-9,10-trichoene-2-ol (2alpha- and 2beta-) were prepared specifically labeled with stable isotopes. They were then fed separately and/or together to Fusarium culmorum cultures, and the derived trichothecenes were isolated, purified, and analyzed. The stable isotopes enable easy localization of the labels in the products by 2H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. We found that 2alpha-hydroxytrichodiene is the first oxygenated step in the biosynthesis of both 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol. The stereoisomer 2beta-hydroxytrichodiene and 12,13-epoxytrichodiene are not biosynthetic intermediates and have not been isolated as metabolites. We also demonstrated that the dioxygenated 12, 13-epoxy-9,10-trichoene-2alpha-ol is a biosynthetic precursor to trichothecenes as had been suggested in a preliminary work. Its stereoisomer was not found in the pathway. A further confirmation of our results was the isolation of both oxygenated trichodiene derivatives 2alpha-hydroxytrichodiene and 12,13-epoxy-9, 10-trichoene-2alpha-ol as natural metabolites in F. culmorum cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Zamir
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3Z 2K6, Canada.
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Zamir LO, Devor KA, Nikolakakis A, Nadeau Y, Sauriol F. Structures of new metabolites from species : An apotrichothecene and oxygenated trichodienes. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zamir L, Devor K, Sauriol F. Biosynthesis of the trichothecene 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Identification of the oxygenation steps after isotrichodermin. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Gledhill L, Hesketh AR, Bycroft BW, Dewick PM, Gilbert J. Biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins: cell-free epoxidation of a trichodiene derivative. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Biosynthesis of Fusarium culmorum trichothecenes. The roles of isotrichodermin and 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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McCormick SP, Taylor SL, Plattner RD, Beremand MN. Bioconversion of possible T-2 toxin precursors by a mutant strain of Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL 3299. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:702-6. [PMID: 2317042 PMCID: PMC183409 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.3.702-706.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid cultures of a mutant strain of Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL 3299 that accumulates trichodiene rather than T-2 toxin converted tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,11 alpha-triol, trichotriol (tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,9 alpha-triol), tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,9 beta-triol, 3 alpha-hydroxytrichothecene, and 3 alpha-acetoxytrichothecene to T-2 toxin. Other possible oxygenated precursors of T-2 toxin, including trichodiol (tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,9 alpha-diol), trichothecene, 4 alpha-hydroxytrichothecene, and 15-hydroxytrichothecene, were not metabolized. The results indicate that in the biosynthesis of T-2 toxin by F. sporotrichioides, (i) oxygenation at C-3 occurs prior to the second cyclization, (ii) this second cyclization involves two steps that may be nonenzymatic, and (iii) oxidation at C-3 precedes that at C-4 or C-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P McCormick
- Northern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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