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Bernstein DE, Piedad J, Hemsworth L, West A, Johnston ID, Dimov N, Inal JM, Vasdev N. Prostate cancer and microfluids. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:455-470. [PMID: 33934962 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems aim to detect sample matter quickly with high sensitivity and resolution, on a small scale. With its increased use in medicine, the field is showing significant promise in prostate cancer diagnosis and management due, in part, to its ability to offer point-of-care testing. This review highlights some of the research that has been undertaken in respect of prostate cancer and microfluidics. Firstly, this review considers the diagnosis of prostate cancer through use of microfluidic systems and analyses the detection of prostate specific antigen, proteins, and circulating tumor cells to highlight the scope of current advancements. Secondly, this review analyses progressions in the understanding of prostate cancer physiology and considers techniques used to aid treatment of prostate cancer, such as the creation of a micro-environment. Finally, this review highlights potential future roles of microfluidics in assisting prostate cancer, such as in exosomal analysis. In conclusion, this review shows the vast scope and application of microfluidic systems and how these systems will ensure advancements to future prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Ethan Bernstein
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - John Piedad
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Lara Hemsworth
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Alexander West
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ian D Johnston
- School of Physics, Engineering & Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Nikolay Dimov
- School of Physics, Engineering & Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jameel M Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, UK.
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2
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Li X, Zhou Y, Wickramaratne B, Yang Y, Pappas D. A comparison of transferrin-receptor and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule targeting for microfluidic separation of cancer cells. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:28. [PMID: 33909118 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic, flow cytometry, and immunomagnetic methods for cancer cell isolation have heavily relied on the Epithelial Cellular Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) for affinity separation. While EpCAM has been used extensively for circulating tumor cell isolation, it cannot be used to isolate non-epithelial cells. The human transferrin receptor (CD71) can also be used for cancer cell isolation and has the advantage that as an affinity target it can separate virtually any cancer cell type, regardless of disease origin. However, direct comparison of the capture ability of EpCAM and CD71 has not been reported previously. In this work, cell capture with both EpCAM and CD71 were studied using a novel higher-throughput herringbone cell separation microfluidic device. Five separation chip models were designed and the one with the highest capture efficiency (average 90 ± 10%) was chosen to compare antigen targets for cell capture. Multiple cancer cell lines including CCRF-CEM, PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 were tested for cell capture performance using both ligands (anti-CD71 and anti-EpCAM) in the optimized chip design. PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells were spiked into blood at concentrations ranging from 0.5%-10%. PC-3 cells were separated by anti-CD71 and anti-EpCAM with 32-37% and 31-50% capture purity respectively, while MDA-MB-231 were separated with 35-53% and 33-56% capture purity using anti-CD71 and anti-EpCAM for all concentrations. The enrichment factor for the lowest concentrations of cells in blood ranged from 66-74X. The resulting enrichment of cancer cells shows that anti-CD71 was found to be statistically similar to anti-EpCAM for epithelial cancer cells, while anti-CD71 can be further used for non-epithelial cells, where anti-EpCAM cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Bhagya Wickramaratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yijia Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Zheng L, Wang B, Sun Y, Dai B, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Sun Z, Zhuang S, Zhang D. An Oxygen-Concentration-Controllable Multiorgan Microfluidic Platform for Studying Hypoxia-Induced Lung Cancer-Liver Metastasis and Screening Drugs. ACS Sens 2021; 6:823-832. [PMID: 33657793 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various cancer metastasis models based on organ-on-a-chip platforms have been established to study molecular mechanisms and screen drugs. However, current platforms can neither reveal hypoxia-induced cancer metastasis mechanisms nor allow drug screening under a hypoxia environment on a multiorgan level. We have developed a three-dimensional-culture multiorgan microfluidic (3D-CMOM) platform in which the dissolved oxygen concentration can be precisely controlled. An organ-level lung cancer and liver linkage model was established under normoxic/hypoxic conditions. A transcriptomics analysis of the hypoxia-induced lung cancer cells (A549 cells) on the platform indicated that the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) pathway could elevate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors (Snail 1 and Snail 2), which could promote cancer metastasis. Then, protein detection demonstrated that HIF-1α and EMT transcription factor expression levels were positively correlated with the secretion of cancer metastasis damage factors alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) from liver cells. Furthermore, the cancer treatment effects of HIF-1α inhibitors (tirapazamine, SYP-5, and IDF-11774) were evaluated using the platform. The treatment effect of SYP-5 was enhanced under the hypoxic conditions with fewer side effects, similar to the findings of TPZ. We can envision its wide application in future investigations of cancer metastasis and screening of drugs under hypoxic conditions with the potential to replace animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zheng
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bo Wang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yunfan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Dai
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yule Zhang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhijin Yang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 300, Jungong Road, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Kara E, Rahman A, Aulisa E, Ghosh S. Tumor ablation due to inhomogeneous anisotropic diffusion in generic three-dimensional topologies. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:062425. [PMID: 33466110 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades computer-aided technologies have become prevalent in medicine, however, cancer drugs are often only tested on in vitro cell lines from biopsies. We derive a full three-dimensional model of inhomogeneous -anisotropic diffusion in a tumor region coupled to a binary population model, which simulates in vivo scenarios faster than traditional cell-line tests. The diffusion tensors are acquired using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging from a patient diagnosed with glioblastoma multiform. Then we numerically simulate the full model with finite element methods and produce drug concentration heat maps, apoptosis hotspots, and dose-response curves. Finally, predictions are made about optimal injection locations and volumes, which are presented in a form that can be employed by doctors and oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Kara
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Eugenio Aulisa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX
| | - Souparno Ghosh
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln NB
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Kobuszewska A, Jastrzębska E, Żukowski K, Brzózka Z. Simulation of hypoxia of myocardial cells in microfluidic systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15524. [PMID: 32968198 PMCID: PMC7511941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents a newly designed microfluidic system that allows simulation of myocardial hypoxia by biochemical method. The geometry of the microsystem was designed in such a way, that quantitative fluorescent measurements using a spectrofluorometric plate reader was possible. Biochemical simulation of hypoxia was carried out using potent mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler—Carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Two cardiac cell lines were used in the study—rat cardiomyoblasts (H9C2) and human cardiomyocytes. The effectiveness of biochemical simulation of hypoxia was studied using two fluorescent dyes: carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and Fluo-4. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and concentration of intracellular calcium ions were tested. The major novelty of this research was the applying the microfluidic system to create hypoxia conditions for cardiac cells using the biochemical approach. In further studies, the presented hypoxia model could be used to develop new methods of treatment of ischemic heart disease for example in cell therapy based on stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kobuszewska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Żukowski
- CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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SUN W, CHEN YQ, WANG MF, WANG YR, ZHANG M, ZHANG HY, HU P. Study on Drug Resistance to Tumor Cell in Oxygen Gradient and Co-culture Microfluidic Chip. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Enhanced structural maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes under a controlled microenvironment in a microfluidic system. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:273-286. [PMID: 31778832 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a fully developed human cardiac model in vitro hampers the progress of many biomedical research fields including pharmacology, developmental biology, and disease modeling. Currently, available methods may only differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into immature cardiomyocytes. To achieve cardiomyocyte maturation, appropriate modulation of cellular microenvironment is needed. This study aims to optimize a microfluidic system that enhances maturation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) through cyclic pulsatile hemodynamic forces. Human iPSC-CMs cultured in the microfluidic system show increased alignment and contractility and appear more rod-like shaped with increased cell size and increased sarcomere length when compared to static cultures. Increased complexity and density of the mitochondrial network in iPSC-CMs cultured in the microfluidic system are in line with expression of mitochondrial marker genes MT-CO1 and OPA1. Moreover, the optimized microfluidic system is capable of stably maintaining controlled oxygen levels and inducing hypoxia, revealed by increased expression of HIF1α and EGLN2 as well as changes in contraction parameters in iPSC-CMs. In summary, this microfluidic system boosts the structural maturation of iPSC-CM culture and could serve as an advanced in vitro cardiac model for biomedical research in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The availability of in vitro human cardiomyocytes generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opens the possibility to develop human in vitro heart models for disease modeling and drug testing. However, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes remain structurally and functionally immature, which hinders their application. In this manuscript, we present an optimized and complete microfluidic system that enhances maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes through physiological cyclic pulsatile hemodynamic forces. Furthermore, we improved our microfluidic system by using a closed microfluidic recirculation and oxygen exchangers to achieve and maintain low oxygen in the culture chambers, which is suitable for mimicking the hypoxic condition and studying the pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases in vitro. In the future, a variety of technologies including 3D tissue engineering could be integrated into our system, which may greatly extend the use of iPSC-derived cardiac models in drug development and disease modeling.
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Rivera KR, Yokus MA, Erb PD, Pozdin VA, Daniele M. Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations. Analyst 2019; 144:3190-3215. [PMID: 30968094 PMCID: PMC6564678 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As microfabrication techniques and tissue engineering methods improve, microphysiological systems (MPS) are being engineered that recapitulate complex physiological and pathophysiological states to supplement and challenge traditional animal models. Although MPS provide unique microenvironments that transcend common 2D cell culture, without proper regulation of oxygen content, MPS often fail to provide the biomimetic environment necessary to activate and investigate fundamental pathways of cellular metabolism and sub-cellular level. Oxygen exists in the human body in various concentrations and partial pressures; moreover, it fluctuates dramatically depending on fasting, exercise, and sleep patterns. Regulating oxygen content inside MPS necessitates a sensitive biological sensor to quantify oxygen content in real-time. Measuring oxygen in a microdevice is a non-trivial requirement for studies focused on understanding how oxygen impacts cellular processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Quantifying oxygen inside a microdevice can be achieved via an array of technologies, with each method having benefits and limitations in terms of sensitivity, limits of detection, and invasiveness that must be considered and optimized. This article will review oxygen physiology in organ systems and offer comparisons of organ-specific MPS that do and do not consider oxygen microenvironments. Materials used in microphysiological models will also be analyzed in terms of their ability to control oxygen. Finally, oxygen sensor technologies are critically compared and evaluated for use in MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Sun W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Luo P, Zhang M, Zhang H, Hu P. Interaction study of cancer cells and fibroblasts on a spatially confined oxygen gradient microfluidic chip to investigate the tumor microenvironment. Analyst 2019; 143:5431-5437. [PMID: 30311621 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a single-layered microfluidic device for studying the interaction of cancer cells and fibroblasts in an oxygen gradient. This gradient can be established from 1.9% to 18.8% using a spatially confined oxygen scavenging chemical reaction. Due to the spatial design of the chip, only cancer cells can sustain low oxygen conditions when co-cultured with fibroblasts in the adjacent channels, simulating the cell-cell interactions of the hypoxic cancer cells and the surrounding fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment in vivo. Moreover, a cell migration assay is performed on the chip for studying the tumor invasion ability. The results show that the migration speed of B16 cells is increased by hypoxia and the co-culture with L929 cells. In addition, we use ELISA to quantify the migration-related cytokines transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the microfluidic system. Our results confirm interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts. This microfluidic device provides new insight for the investigation of tumor microenvironment and cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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10
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Sarkar S, Peng CC, Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Wu HM, Liu YH, Chen P, Tung YC. Study of oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids using microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30320-30329. [PMID: 35546825 PMCID: PMC9085395 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell spheroid culture using microfluidic devices provides a convenient in vitro model for studying tumour spheroid structures and internal microenvironments. Recent studies suggest that oxygen deprived zones inside solid tumors are responsible for stimulating local cytokines and endothelial vasculature proliferation during angiogenesis. In this work, we develop an integrated approach combining microfluidic devices and multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to study variations in oxygen tension within live spheroids of human osteosarcoma cells. Uniform shaped, size-controlled spheroids are grown and then harvested using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device. Fluorescence live imaging of the harvested spheroids is performed using MPLSM and a commercially available oxygen sensitive dye, Image-iT Red, to observe the oxygen tension variation within the spheroids and those co-cultured with monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oxygen tension variations are observed within the spheroids with diameters ranging from 90 ± 10 μm to 140 ± 10 μm. The fluorescence images show that the low-oxygenated cores diminish when spheroids are co-cultured with HUVEC monolayers for 6 hours to 8 hours. In the experiments, spheroids subjected to HUVEC conditioned medium treatment and with a cell adherent substrate are also measured and analyzed to study their significance on oxygen tension within the spheroids. The results show that the oxygenation within the spheroids is improved when the spheroids are cultured under those conditions. Our work presents an efficient method to study oxygen tension variation within live tumor spheroids under the influence of endothelial cells and conditioned medium. The method can be exploited for further investigation of tumor oxygen microenvironments during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Sarkar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Di-Yen Chueh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Wu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsuan Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program Taiwan
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
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Rivera KR, Pozdin VA, Young AT, Erb PD, Wisniewski NA, Magness ST, Daniele M. Integrated phosphorescence-based photonic biosensor (iPOB) for monitoring oxygen levels in 3D cell culture systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:131-140. [PMID: 30060990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, digestion, and many pathologies alter oxygen concentration in the blood and tissue. When designing culture systems to recapitulate the in vivo oxygen environment, it is important to integrate systems for monitoring and controlling oxygen concentration. Herein, we report the design and engineering of a system to remotely monitor and control oxygen concentration inside a device for 3D cell culture. We integrate a photonic oxygen biosensor into the 3D tissue scaffold and regulate oxygen concentration via the control of purging gas flow. The integrated phosphorescence-based oxygen biosensor employs the quenching of palladium-benzoporphyrin by molecular oxygen to transduce the local oxygen concentration in the 3D tissue scaffold. The system is validated by testing the effects of normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions on healthy and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, MCF-10A cells and BT474 cells, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, both cell types exhibited upregulation of downstream target genes for the hypoxia marker gene, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A). Lastly, by monitoring the real-time fluctuation of oxygen concentration, we illustrated the formation of hypoxic culture conditions due to limited diffusion of oxygen through 3D tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vladimir A Pozdin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ashlyn T Young
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick D Erb
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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12
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Morshed A, Dutta P. Mathematical Model for Tissue-Level Hypoxic Response in Microfluidic Environment. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2654664. [PMID: 28916839 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Availability of essential species like oxygen is critical in shaping the dynamics of tumor growth. When the intracellular oxygen level falls below normal, it initiates major cascades in cellular dynamics leading to tumor cell survival. In a cellular block with cells growing away from the blood vessel, the scenario can be aggravated for the cells further inside the block. In this study, the dynamics of intracellular species inside a colony of tumor cells are investigated by varying the cell-block thickness and cell types in a microfluidic cell culture device. The oxygen transport across the cell block is modeled through diffusion, while ascorbate (AS) transport from the extracellular medium is addressed by a concentration-dependent uptake model. The extracellular and intracellular descriptions were coupled through the consumption and traffic of species from the microchannel to the cell block. Our model shows that the onset of hypoxia is possible in HeLa cell within minutes depending on the cell location, although the nutrient supply inside the channel is maintained in normoxic levels. This eventually leads to total oxygen deprivation inside the cell block in the extreme case, representing the development of a necrotic core that maintains a dynamic balance with growing cells and scarce supply. The numerical model reveals that species concentration and hypoxic response are different for HeLa and HelaS3 cells. Results also indicate that the long-term hypoxic response from a microfluidic cellular block stays within 5% of the values of a tissue with the basal layer. The hybrid model can be very useful in designing microfluidic experiments to satisfactorily predict the tissue-level response in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Morshed
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 e-mail:
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- Fellow ASME School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 e-mail:
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13
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Wang H, Huwaimel B, Verma K, Miller J, Germain TM, Kinarivala N, Pappas D, Brookes PS, Trippier PC. Synthesis and Antineoplastic Evaluation of Mitochondrial Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Inhibitors Derived from Atpenin A5. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1033-1044. [PMID: 28523727 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex II (CII) is an emerging target for numerous human diseases. Sixteen analogues of the CII inhibitor natural product atpenin A5 were prepared to evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the C5 pyridine side chain. The side chain ketone moiety was determined to be pharmacophoric, engendering a bioactive conformation. One analogue, 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxypyridin-3-yl)hexan-1-one (16 c), was found to have a CII IC50 value of 64 nm, to retain selectivity for CII over mitochondrial complex I (>156-fold), and to possess a ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) of 5.62, desirable metrics for a lead compound. This derivative and other highly potent CII inhibitors show potent and selective anti-proliferative activity in multiple human prostate cancer cell lines under both normoxia and hypoxia, acting to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Bader Huwaimel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Kshitij Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - James Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Todd M Germain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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Morshed A, Dutta P. Hypoxic behavior in cells under controlled microfluidic environment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:759-771. [PMID: 28111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depleted oxygen levels, known as hypoxia, causes considerable changes in the cellular metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) act as the major protagonist in orchestrating manifold hypoxic responses by escaping cellular degradation mechanisms. These complex and dynamic intracellular responses are significantly dependent on the extracellular environment. In this study, we present a detailed model of a hypoxic cellular microenvironment in a microfluidic setting involving HIF hydroxylation. METHODS We have modeled the induction of hypoxia in a microfluidic chip by an unsteady permeation of oxygen from the microchannel through a porous polydimethylsiloxane channel wall. Extracellular and intracellular interactions were modeled with two different mathematical descriptions. Intracellular space is directly coupled to the extracellular environment through uptake and consumption of oxygen and ascorbate similar to cells in vivo. RESULTS Our results indicate a sharp switch in HIF hydroxylation behavior with changing prolyl hydroxylase levels from 0.1 to 4.0μM. Furthermore, we studied the effects of extracellular ascorbate concentration, using a new model, to predict its accumulation inside the cell over a relevant physiological range. In different hypoxic conditions, the cellular environment showed a significant dependence on oxygen levels in resulting intracellular response. CONCLUSIONS Change in hydroxylation behavior and nutrient supplementation can have significant potential in designing novel therapeutic interventions in cancer and ischemia/reperfusion injuries. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The hybrid mathematical model can effectively predict intracellular behavior due to external influences providing valuable directions in designing future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Morshed
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, United States
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, United States.
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15
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Germain T, Ansari M, Pappas D. Observation of reversible, rapid changes in drug susceptibility of hypoxic tumor cells in a microfluidic device. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:179-84. [PMID: 27566353 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major stimulus for increased drug resistance and for survival of tumor cells. Work from our group and others has shown that hypoxia increases resistance to anti-cancer compounds, radiation, and other damage-pathway cytotoxic agents. In this work we utilize a microfluidic culture system capable of rapid switching of local oxygen concentrations to determine changes in drug resistance in prostate cancer cells. We observed rapid adaptation to hypoxia, with drug resistance to 2 μM staurosporine established within 30 min of hypoxia. Annexin-V/Sytox Green apoptosis assays over 9 h showed 78.0% viability, compared to 84.5% viability in control cells (normoxic cells with no staurosporine). Normoxic cells exposed to the same staurosporine concentration had a viability of 48.6% after 9 h. Hypoxia adaptation was rapid and reversible, with Hypoxic cells treated with 20% oxygen for 30 min responding to staurosporine with 51.6% viability after drug treatment for 9 h. Induction of apoptosis through the receptor-mediated pathway, which bypasses anti-apoptosis mechanisms induced by hypoxia, resulted in 39.4 ± 7% cell viability. The rapid reversibility indicates co-treatment of oxygen with anti-cancer compounds may be a potential therapeutic target.
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16
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Pappas D. Microfluidics and cancer analysis: cell separation, cell/tissue culture, cell mechanics, and integrated analysis systems. Analyst 2016; 141:525-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the growing number of tools available for cancer studies, microfluidic systems have emerged as a promising analytical tool to elucidate cancer cell and tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- USA
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17
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Eribol P, Uguz AK, Ulgen KO. Screening applications in drug discovery based on microfluidic technology. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011502. [PMID: 26865904 PMCID: PMC4733079 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has been the focus of interest for the last two decades for all the advantages such as low chemical consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, better control of mass and heat transfer, downsizing a bench-top laboratory to a chip, i.e., lab-on-a-chip, and many others it has offered. Microfluidic technology quickly found applications in the pharmaceutical industry, which demands working with leading edge scientific and technological breakthroughs, as drug screening and commercialization are very long and expensive processes and require many tests due to unpredictable results. This review paper is on drug candidate screening methods with microfluidic technology and focuses specifically on fabrication techniques and materials for the microchip, types of flow such as continuous or discrete and their advantages, determination of kinetic parameters and their comparison with conventional systems, assessment of toxicities and cytotoxicities, concentration generations for high throughput, and the computational methods that were employed. An important conclusion of this review is that even though microfluidic technology has been in this field for around 20 years there is still room for research and development, as this cutting edge technology requires ingenuity to design and find solutions for each individual case. Recent extensions of these microsystems are microengineered organs-on-chips and organ arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eribol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K O Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Acosta MA, Jiang X, Huang PK, Cutler KB, Grant CS, Walker GM, Gamcsik MP. A microfluidic device to study cancer metastasis under chronic and intermittent hypoxia. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:054117. [PMID: 25584114 PMCID: PMC4290574 DOI: 10.1063/1.4898788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells must traverse a microenvironment ranging from extremely hypoxic, within the tumor, to highly oxygenated, within the host's vasculature. Tumor hypoxia can be further characterized by regions of both chronic and intermittent hypoxia. We present the design and characterization of a microfluidic device that can simultaneously mimic the oxygenation conditions observed within the tumor and model the cell migration and intravasation processes. This device can generate spatial oxygen gradients of chronic hypoxia and produce dynamically changing hypoxic microenvironments in long-term culture of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Acosta
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , 4206D Engineering Building III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
| | - Xiao Jiang
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , 4206D Engineering Building III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
| | - Pin-Kang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Kyle B Cutler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine , 1002 Health Services Road, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Christine S Grant
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , 4206D Engineering Building III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
| | - Glenn M Walker
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , 4206D Engineering Building III, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
| | - Michael P Gamcsik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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