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Kayal A, Ranjan Pradhan S, Kumar Prasad C, Das M, Srinivasan A. Dicarbatriphyrin(2.1.1) and its Carbacalix[1]Phyrin Analogue: Structure-Property Relationships and Application as a Fe(III) Chemosensor. Chem Asian J 2025; 20:e202401089. [PMID: 39374487 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202401089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of unsaturated or π-conjugated hydrocarbons, particularly within the macrocyclic framework, has garnered significant interest due to their fundamental properties and practical applications. This research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a novel stable dicarbatriphyrin(2.1.1) which was constructed by amending the [14]triphyrin(2.1.1) framework by, replacing two pyrrole rings with meta-connected phenyl rings and introducing an o-benzene bridge at the C2 position. The structural modification resulted in a saddle-shaped macrocyclic core with negative Gaussian curvature, as confirmed by crystal structure analysis. This unique molecular topology offers acumens into the structure-property relationships in the curved locally π-conjugated contracted porphyrinoids. The macrocycle exhibits fluorescent emission in solution, which is selectively quenched by Fe(III) ions, highlighting its potential as a chemosensor for Fe(III) cations. Additionally, the formation of carbacalix[1]phyrin(2.1.1), a phlorin analogue of dicarbatriphyrin(2.1.1), which exhibits a chair conformation in contrast to the saddle-shaped structure of its oxidized counterpart. Remarkably, the emergence of a mono-pyrrolic calixbenziphyrin marks an unprecedented advancement in the field of calixphyrin chemistry. Moreover, theoretical studies provide strong support for the experimental findings, reinforcing the conclusions drawn from the structural and functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrija Kayal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Sourav Ranjan Pradhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Chetan Kumar Prasad
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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Pradhan SR, Prasad CK, Das M, Srinivasan A. The (o-p-o)-Terphenyl Embedded Calix[2]phyrin(2.2.1.1.1) and Its Cu(II) Complex. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400135. [PMID: 38503696 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of a higher arene unit as a structural motif is unprecedented in calixphyrin chemistry. Herein, the syntheses, spectral and structural characterization of heretofore anonymous terphenylene unit (o-p-o) incorporated calixphyrin with fused sp2 meso carbons is reported. The explicitly tailored macrocyclic core is utilized to stabilize the Cu(II) metal ion. The molecular structures of the calixbenziphyrin and Cu(II) complex are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Moreover, theoretical supports uphold experimental conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ranjan Pradhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Chetan Kumar Prasad
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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Varak P, Ravikanth M. Near-infrared absorbing nonaromatic core-modified meta-benzicalixhexaphyrin(1. 1. 1.1.1.1)s. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2231-2240. [PMID: 38369870 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Stable nonaromatic core-modified m-benzicalixhexaphyrins containing one m-phenylene ring, four pyrrole rings and one heterocyclic ring such as furan, thiophene, selenophene and telluorophene connected via four meso-sp2 carbons and two meso-sp3 carbons in a macrocyclic framework were synthesized. The m-benzitripyrrane dicarbinol was condensed with 16-heterocycle tripyrranes under mild acid-catalyzed and inert conditions followed by open-air oxidation with DDQ to obtain macrocycles in 2-5% yields. The presence of two -OH groups in the cis-orientation at two different meso-sp3 carbons, which are adjacent to the m-phenylene ring of the macrocycle, was confirmed through detailed 1D and 2D NMR studies. NMR studies indicated that the heterocyclic ring present across the m-phenylene ring prefers to be in the inverted conformation in these macrocycles. The macrocycles exhibited two intense absorption bands in the lower wavelength region of 320-580 nm and one broad absorption band that extended from the visible to NIR region, and the protonated derivatives of such macrocycles showed significant bathochromic shifts to the NIR region. Additionally, the electrochemical studies indicated that the macrocycles underwent easier oxidation due to their electron-rich nature. DFT studies revealed that the macrocycles adopted highly distorted conformation, which was consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Varak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Palepu NR, Adinarayana B, Murugavel M, Garima K, Chitranshi S, Srinivasan A. 3-D Cryptand Like Normal and Doubly N-Confused Calixbenzophyrins: Synthesis and Structural Studies. Org Lett 2021; 23:2600-2603. [PMID: 33719465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3-D) cryptand-like normal and doubly-N-confused calixbenzophyrins embedded with phenyl rings in the macrocyclic skeleton are successfully synthesized from single starting materials. These structural isomers are characterized by spectral studies and unambiguously confirmed by crystal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Takiguchi A, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Synthesis of Hydroxyisooxophlorins by Oxidative Degradation of meso-Hydroxyporphyrins. Org Lett 2019; 21:3950-3953. [PMID: 31082248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyisooxophlorin is an oxidatively degraded porphyrin that contains one carbonyl carbon, one hydroxymethylene group, and two sp2-methine groups at its meso positions. Here we report that oxidation of a free-base meso-hydroxyporphyrin with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene in the presence of H2O afforded two regioisomers of hydroxyisooxophlorins, 10-hydroxy-10-iso-5-oxophlorin and 15-hydroxy-15-iso-5-oxophlorin, as major and minor products, respectively. We also examined the reaction mechanism, acid-mediated isomerization, metal complexation behavior, and physical properties of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Takiguchi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
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Singhal A. Functional Calixphyrins: Synthetic Strategies and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:21. [PMID: 29721703 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calixphyrins are hybrid macrocycles that contain both sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and hence bear analogy to both porphyrins and calixpyrroles. Due to the presence of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms, π-conjugation is disrupted in calixphyrins, which leads to conformational flexibility. Hence, these molecules find a use in anion binding, host-guest chemistry and metal-coordination chemistry. During the last decade, studies on calixphyrins have been a topic of wide interest to researchers. Various functionalities have been introduced to the structure of calixphyrins, leading to the development of expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins with diverse applications. This review outlines the detailed historical origin of the synthesis of calixphyrins with emphasis on current research and development in this area. The modular syntheses of normal calixphyrins, expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins are also discussed, along with their applicative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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Designing ‘Totem’C2-Symmetrical Iron Porphyrin Catalysts for Stereoselective Cyclopropanations. Chemistry 2016; 22:13599-612. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ishida M, Omagari T, Hirosawa R, Jono K, Sung YM, Yasutake Y, Uno H, Toganoh M, Nakanotani H, Fukatsu S, Kim D, Furuta H. Boron Difluoride Complexes of Expanded N-Confused Calix[n]phyrins That Demonstrate Unique Luminescent and Lasing Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omagari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ryuji Hirosawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keisuke Jono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Yuhsuke Yasutake
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hajime Nakanotani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Susumu Fukatsu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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Ishida M, Omagari T, Hirosawa R, Jono K, Sung YM, Yasutake Y, Uno H, Toganoh M, Nakanotani H, Fukatsu S, Kim D, Furuta H. Boron Difluoride Complexes of Expanded N-Confused Calix[n]phyrins That Demonstrate Unique Luminescent and Lasing Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12045-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omagari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ryuji Hirosawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keisuke Jono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Yuhsuke Yasutake
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hajime Nakanotani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Susumu Fukatsu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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