Detection of the ovarian cancer biomarker CA-125 using chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer to graphene quantum dots

Biosensing of single-nucleotide polymorphism: Technological advances and their transformative applications on health

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important genetic changes related to many diseases such as breast cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and β-thalassemia. Because of the increased interest in biosensor technologies, there has been a notable surge in the creation of new techniques to identify these changes in recent years. These new methods are highly accurate and sensitive, cost-effective and fast, making them ideal for use in clinical analysis. The non-invasive nature of biosensing techniques further enhances their integration into clinical protocols and point-of-care diagnostics. Several electrochemical, optical, and mass-based biosensors are carefully examined in this extensive review; each is distinguished by unique sensing platforms and techniques. This review presents in-depth discussions of linear dynamic ranges, detection limits, and real-world applications of contemporary research in the diagnosis of biological substrate disorders.

Nanotechnology-based biomedical devices in the cancer diagnostics and therapy

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics by introducing advanced biomedical devices. These nanotechnology-based devices exhibit remarkable capabilities in detecting and treating various cancers, addressing the limitations of traditional approaches, such as limited specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to explore the advancements in nanotechnology-driven biomedical devices, emphasizing their role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Through a comprehensive analysis, we evaluate various nanotechnology-based devices across different cancer types, detailing their diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness. The review also discusses FDA-approved nanotechnology products, patents, and regulatory trends, highlighting the innovation and clinical impact in oncology. Nanotechnology-based devices, including nanobots, smart pills, and multifunctional nanoparticles, enable precise targeting and treatment, reducing adverse effects on healthy tissues. Devices such as DNA-based nanorobots, quantum dots, and biodegradable stents offer noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic options, showing high efficacy in preclinical and clinical settings. FDA-approved products underscore the acceptance of these technologies. Nanotechnology-based biomedical devices offer a promising future for oncology, with the potential to revolutionize cancer care through early detection, targeted treatment, and minimal side effects. Continued research and technological improvements are essential to fully realize their potential in personalized cancer therapy.

Enhanced Stability and Sensitivity for CA-125 Detection Under Microfluidic Shear Flow Using Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Biosensor

The microfluidic-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool has garnered significant interest in recent years, offering rapid and cost-effective disease detection. There is a growing trend toward integrating microfluidic platforms with biosensors, aligning lab-on-a-chip technologies with POC diagnostic devices. Despite numerous efforts to incorporate biosensors into microfluidic systems, researchers have performed very limited investigations on the stability of biomarker detection when biosensors operate under microfluidic shear flow conditions. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a widely employed material in capacitive biosensors for antibody immobilization and sensitivity enhancement. However, AuNPs have limitations in providing stable detection of biomarkers within microfluidic shear flow due to their agglomeration nature. This study addresses these limitations by employing 2 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an intermediate biofunctional layer to immobilize CA-125 antibodies on gold-interdigitated electrodes for the stable and accurate detection of CA-125 antigens. The stabilities and sensitivities of AuNPs and PEG-coated biosensors are evaluated under both static drop and microfluidic shear flow conditions for CA-125 antigen detection. The experimental results demonstrate a capacitive signal response (5660 pF at 10 kHz) 2.2 times higher using the PEG-coated biosensor than the signal (2551 pF at 10 kHz) measured by the AuNP-coated biosensor in the detection of CA-125 antigen-antibody conjugation under static drop conditions, indicating the higher sensitivity of the PEG-coated biosensor. Additionally, the PEG-coated biosensor exhibits better consistency for the CA-125 antigen detection between static drop and microfluidic shear flow conditions (Cp decrease in percentage (ΔCp%↓) = 2.9% at 10 kHz) compared to the electrical signals measured using the AuNP-coated biosensor (ΔCp%↓ = 32.4% at 10 kHz), which suggests that the PEG-coated biosensor demonstrates higher stability for CA-125 antigen detection under microfluidic shear flow conditions. With these significant improvements brought by the PEG-coated biosensor, especially under microfluidic conditions, a substantial hurdle in developing electrical biosensors for POC diagnostic applications has been overcome, expediting further advancements in the field.

Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance for the detection of ovarian cancer biomarkers: a thorough review

Early detection of ovarian cancer (OC) is crucial for effective management and treatment, as well as reducing mortality rates. However, the current diagnostic methods for OC are time-consuming and have low accuracy. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors offer a promising alternative to conventional techniques, as they enable rapid and less invasive screening of various circulating indicators. These biosensors are widely used for biomolecular interaction analysis and detecting tumor markers, and they are currently being investigated as a rapid diagnostic tool for early-stage cancer detection. Our main focus is on the fundamental concepts and performance characteristics of SPR biosensors. We also discuss the latest advancements in SPR biosensors that enhance their sensitivity and enable high-throughput quantification of OC biomarkers, including CA125, HE4, CEA, and CA19-9. Finally, we address the future challenges that need to be overcome to advance SPR biosensors from research to clinical applications. The ultimate goal is to facilitate the translation of SPR biosensors into routine clinical practice for the early detection and management of OC.

Strategies, Challenges, and Prospects of Nanoparticles in Gynecological Malignancies

Gynecologic cancers are a significant health issue for women globally. Early detection and successful treatment of these tumors are crucial for the survival of female patients. Conventional therapies are often ineffective and harsh, particularly in advanced stages, necessitating the exploration of new therapy options. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to biomedicine. A novel biosensor utilizing bionanotechnology can be employed for early tumor identification and therapy due to the distinctive physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been rapidly applied in the field of gynecologic malignancies, leading to significant advancements in recent years. This study highlights the significance of nanoparticles in treating gynecological cancers. It focuses on using nanoparticles for precise diagnosis and continuous monitoring of the disease, innovative imaging, and analytic methods, as well as multifunctional drug delivery systems and targeted therapies. This review examines several nanocarrier systems, such as dendrimers, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanomicelles, for gynecological malignancies. The review also examines the enhanced therapeutic potential and targeted delivery of ligand-functionalized nanoformulations for gynecological cancers compared to nonfunctionalized anoformulations. In conclusion, the text also discusses the constraints and future exploration prospects of nanoparticles in chemotherapeutics. Nanotechnology will offer precise methods for diagnosing and treating gynecological cancers.

Classification and applications of nanomaterials in vitro diagnosis

With the rapid development of clinical diagnosis and treatment, many traditional and conventional in vitro diagnosis technologies are unable to meet the demands of clinical medicine development. In this situation, nanomaterials are rapidly developing and widely used in the field of in vitro diagnosis. Nanomaterials have distinct size-dependent physical or chemical properties, and their optical, magnetic, electrical, thermal, and biological properties can be modulated at the nanoscale by changing their size, shape, chemical composition, and surface functional groups, particularly because they have a larger specific surface area than macromaterials. They provide an amount of space to modify different molecules on their surface, allowing them to detect small substances, nucleic acids, proteins, and microorganisms. Combining nanomaterials with in vitro diagnosis is expected to result in lower detection limits, higher sensitivity, and stronger selectivity. In this review, we will discuss the classfication and properties of some common nanomaterials, as well as their applications in protein, nucleic acids, and other aspect detection and analysis for in vitro diagnosis, especially on aging-related nanodiagnostics. Finally, it is summarized with guidelines for in vitro diagnosis.

Recent advances in synergistic use of GQD-based hydrogels for bioimaging and drug delivery in cancer treatment

Graphene quantum dot (GQD) integration into hydrogel matrices has become a viable approach for improving drug delivery and bioimaging in cancer treatment in recent years. Due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted interest as adaptable nanomaterials for use in biomedicine. When incorporated into hydrogel frameworks, these nanomaterials exhibit enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and responsiveness to external stimuli. The synergistic pairing of hydrogels with GQDs has created new opportunities to tackle the problems related to drug delivery and bioimaging in cancer treatment. Bioimaging plays a pivotal role in the early detection and monitoring of cancer. GQD-based hydrogels, with their excellent photoluminescence properties, offer a superior platform for high-resolution imaging. The tunable fluorescence characteristics of GQDs enable real-time visualization of biological processes, facilitating the precise diagnosis and monitoring of cancer progression. Moreover, the drug delivery landscape has been significantly transformed by GQD-based hydrogels. Because hydrogels are porous, therapeutic compounds may be placed into them and released in a controlled environment. The large surface area and distinct interactions of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with medicinal molecules boost loading capacity and release dynamics, ultimately improving therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, GQD-based hydrogels' stimulus-responsiveness allows for on-demand medication release, which minimizes adverse effects and improves therapeutic outcomes. The ability of GQD-based hydrogels to specifically target certain cancer cells makes them notable. Functionalizing GQDs with targeting ligands minimizes off-target effects and delivers therapeutic payloads to cancer cells selectively. Combined with imaging capabilities, this tailored drug delivery creates a theranostic platform for customized cancer treatment. In this study, the most recent advancements in the synergistic use of GQD-based hydrogels are reviewed, with particular attention to the potential revolution these materials might bring to the area of cancer theranostics.

Optical nanomaterial-based detection of biomarkers in liquid biopsy

Liquid biopsy, which is a minimally invasive procedure as an alternative to tissue biopsy, has been introduced as a new diagnostic/prognostic measure. By screening disease-related markers from the blood or other biofluids, it promises early diagnosis, timely prognostication, and effective treatment of the diseases. However, there will be a long way until its realization due to its conceptual and practical challenges. The biomarkers detected by liquid biopsy, such as circulating tumor cell (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), are extraordinarily rare and often obscured by an abundance of normal cellular components, necessitating ultra-sensitive and accurate detection methods for the advancement of liquid biopsy techniques. Optical biosensors based on nanomaterials open an important opportunity in liquid biopsy because of their enhanced sensing performance with simple and practical properties. In this review article, we summarized recent innovations in optical nanomaterials to demonstrate the sensitive detection of protein, peptide, ctDNA, miRNA, exosome, and CTCs. Each study prepares the optical nanomaterials with a tailored design to enhance the sensing performance and to meet the requirements of each biomarker. The unique optical characteristics of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, upconversion NPs, silica NPs, polymeric NPs, and carbon nanomaterials are exploited for sensitive detection mechanisms. These recent advances in liquid biopsy using optical nanomaterials give us an opportunity to overcome challenging issues and provide a resource for understanding the unknown characteristics of the biomarkers as well as the mechanism of the disease.

Nanotechnological Advances in the Diagnosis of Gynecological Cancers and Nanotheranostics

Gynecological cancers are one of the main causes of female mortality worldwide. Despite the various strategies to reduce mortality and improve quality of life, there are still many deficiencies in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers. One of the important steps to ensure optimal cancer treatment is the early detection of cancer cells and the use of drugs to reduce toxicity. Due to the increase in systemic toxicity and resistance to traditional and conventional diagnostic methods, new strategies, including nanotechnology, are being used to improve diagnosis and reduce the severity of the disease. Nanoparticles (NPs) provide exciting opportunities to improve Gynecological Cancers (GCs) diagnosis, particularly in the initial stages. In biomedical investigations and clinical settings, NPs can be used to increase the sensitivity and specificity of recognition and/or imaging of GCs with the help of their molecular and cellular processes. To design more efficient diagnostic NPs for gynecological cancer cells or tissues, determining the specific biomarkers is of great importance. NP-based imaging agents are another solution to trace cancer cells. This review highlights the potential of some NP-based diagnostic techniques in GC detection, which could be translated to clinical settings to improve patient care.

Advances in Structural Modifications and Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are carbon-based, zero-dimensional nanomaterials and unique due to their astonishing optical, electronic, chemical, and biological properties. Chemical, photochemical, and biochemical properties of GQDs are intensely being explored for bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. The synthesis of GQDs by top-down and bottom-up approaches, their chemical functionalization, bandgap engineering, and biomedical applications are reviewed here. Current challenges and future perspectives of GQDs are also presented.

Application of Various Optical and Electrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): A Review

Nowadays, diagnosing early-stage cancers can be vital for saving patients and dramatically decreases mortality rates. Therefore, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of cancer antigens should be elaborately ensured. Some early-stage cancers can be diagnosed via detecting the cancer antigen CA-125, such as ovarian cancer, and required treatments can be applied more efficiently. Thus, detection of CA-125 by employing various optical or electrochemical biosensors is a preliminary and crucial step to treating cancers. In this review, a diverse range of optical and electrochemical means of detecting CA-125 are reviewed. Furthermore, an applicable comparison of their performance and sensitivity is provided, several commercial detection kits are investigated, and their applications are compared and discussed to determine whether they are applicable and accurate enough.

Multifunctional nanomaterials and nanocomposites for sensing and monitoring of environmentally hazardous heavy metal contaminants

The applications of conventional sensors are limited by the long response time, high cost, large detection limit, low sensitivity, complicated usage and low selectivity. These sensors are nowadays replaced by Nanocomposite-based modalities and nanomaterials which are known for their high selectivity and physical and chemical properties. These nanosensors effectively detect heavy metal contaminants in the environment as the discharge of heavy metals into natural water as a result of human activity has become a global epidemic. Exposure to these toxic metals might induce many health-related complications, including kidney failure, brain injury, immune disorders, muscle paleness, cardiac damage, nervous system impairment and limb paralysis. Therefore, designing and developing novel sensing systems for the detection and recognition of these harmful metals in various environmental matrices, particularly water, is of extremely important. Emerging nanotechnological approaches in the past two decades have played a key role in overcoming environmentally-related problems. Nanomaterial-based fabrication of chemical nanosensors has widely been applied as a powerful analytical tool for sensing heavy metals. Portability, high sensitivity, on-site detection capability, better device performance and selectivity are all advantages of these nanosensors. The detection and selectivity have been improved using molecular recognition probes for selective binding on different nanostructures. This study aims to evaluate the sensing properties of various nanomaterials such as metal-organic frameworks, fluorescent materials, metal-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials and quantum dots and graphene-based nanomaterials and quantum dots for heavy metal ions recognition. All these nano-architectures are frequently served as effective fluorescence probes to directly (or by modification with some large or small biomolecules) sense heavy metal ions for improved selectivity. However, efforts are still needed for the simultaneous designing of multiple metal ion-based detection systems, exclusively in colorimetric or optical fluorescence nanosensors for heavy metal cations.

A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for detection of metformin based on terbium-1,10-phenanthroline-nitrogen-doped-graphene quantum dots

Metformin (MTF), an effective biguanide and oral antihyperglycemic agent, is utilized to control blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and the determination of its concentration in biological fluids is one of the main issues in pharmacology and medicine. In this work, highly luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were modified using terbium (Tb³⁺)–1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) nanoparticles (NPs) to develop a dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the determination of MTF in biological samples. The synthesized N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs were characterized using different techniques to confirm their physicochemical properties. The N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs showed two characteristic emission peaks at 450 nm and 630 nm by exciting at 340 nm that belong to N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs, respectively. The results indicated that the emission intensity of both N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs enhanced upon interaction with MTF in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, a good linear correlation between the enhanced fluorescence intensity of the system and MTF concentration was observed in the range of 1.0 nM–7.0 μM and the limit of detection (LOD) value obtained was 0.76 nM. In addition, the prepared probe was successfully used for the estimation of MTF concentration in spiked human serum samples. In conclusion, the reported dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor can be used as a sensitive and simple fluorimetric method for the detection of MTF in real samples.

Shcematic representation of the MTF detection by an enhancing mechanism.

Graphene quantum dots: synthesis, properties, and applications to the development of optical and electrochemical sensors for chemical sensing

GQDs exhibits exceptional electrochemical activity owing to their active edge sites that make them very attractive for biosensing applications. However, their use in the design of new biosensing devices for application to the detection and quantification of toxins, pathogens, and clinical biomarkers has so far not investigated in detail. In this regard, herein we provide a detailed review on various methodologies employed for the synthesis of GQDs, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, with a special focus on their applications in biosensing via fluorescence, photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and electrochemical techniques. We believe that this review will shed light on the critical issues and widen the applications of GQDs for the design of biosensors with improved analytical response for future applications. HIGHLIGHTS: • Properties of GQDs play a critical role in biosensing applications. • Synthesis of GQDs using top-down and bottom-up approaches is discussed comprehensively. • Overview of advancements in GQD-based sensors over the last decade. • Methods for the design of selective and sensitive GQD-based sensors. • Challenges and opportunities for future GQD-based sensors.

Detection of cancer biomarkers CA125 and CA199 via terahertz metasurface immunosensor

The cancer biomarkers including AFP, CEA, CA199 and CA125, are of great importance in the diagnosis, prognostic prediction and recurrence monitoring of malignancies. However, in clinical practical applications, most tumor cancer biomarkers are lack of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) metasurface (MS) immunosensor coupled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have good biocompatibility and high specific surface area for biomarkers. Firstly, we added AuNPs to the surface of the sensor. And then, the surface is modified with Anti-CA125 or Anti-CA199 to improve the sensitivity and specificity to the target antigen. The biosensor was fabricated using a surface micromachining process and characterized by a THz-time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system. The sensitivity of the resonance frequency of the sensor to the refractive index was 65 GHz/RIU (refractive index unit). The detection performance of the THz immunosensor was also verified with different concentrations of CA125 and CA199. The experimental results showed that the frequency shift of the resonance peak was linearly related to the concentration of CA125 and CA199. The detection limits for both CA125 and CA199 are 0.01 U/ml, which is better than that of other common methods. Finally, serum samples were collected and detected to explore whether this method is suitable for clinical detection. The results are consistent with the results of antigen recognition. This study proves that the practicability of the THz immunosensor, which potentially provides important techniques and equipment for improving the sensitivity and specificity of cancer biomarkers.

Discovery of Imaging and Therapeutic Integration Bifunctional Molecules Based on Bio-Orthogonal Reaction and Releasable Disulfide Bond

The application of conventional fluorescent probes in living cells has been limited by excess fluorescence interference, reduced selectivity, and poor permeability. Herein, we describe a convenient solution for overcoming the above limitations based on bio-orthogonal reactions and releasable linkers that provide bifunctional molecules for imaging and therapeutic integration. To reduce the interference of excess fluorescent moieties, a bio-orthogonal reaction was applied to activate the fluorescence of the active parent drugs without fluorophores. Moreover, disulfide bonds were incorporated as releasable linkers. After imaging the target protein, the newly yielded fluorophore could be released from the active drugs based on the highly reducing conditions of the tumor. Thus, these bifunctional molecules are comparable in therapeutic activity to the parent drug. These novel imaging and therapeutic integration molecules could be used to realize imaging-aided diagnosis and perform efficient real-time monitoring of cancer cells. Our findings are expected to enable efficient and specific imaging and real-time in vivo prognostic monitoring in the clinic.

Integration of Different Graphene Nanostructures with PDMS to Form Wearable Sensors

This paper presents a substantial review of the fabrication and implementation of graphene-PDMS-based composites for wearable sensing applications. Graphene is a pivotal nanomaterial which is increasingly being used to develop multifunctional sensors due to their enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It has been able to generate devices with excellent performances in terms of sensitivity and longevity. Among the polymers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been one of the most common ones that has been used in biomedical applications. Certain attributes, such as biocompatibility and the hydrophobic nature of PDMS, have led the researchers to conjugate it in graphene sensors as substrates or a polymer matrix. The use of these graphene/PDMS-based sensors for wearable sensing applications has been highlighted here. Different kinds of electrochemical and strain-sensing applications have been carried out to detect the physiological signals and parameters of the human body. These prototypes have been classified based on the physical nature of graphene used to formulate the sensors. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of these graphene/PDMS-based wearable sensors are explained in the final part of the paper.

Nanotechnology-based approaches for effective detection of tumor markers: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review

As well-appreciated biomarkers, tumor markers have been spotlighted as reliable tools for predicting the behavior of different tumors and helping clinicians ascertain the type of molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis. The sensitivity and specificity of these markers have made them an object of even broader interest for sensitive detection and staging of various cancers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence-based, mass-based, and electrochemical-based detections are current techniques for sensing tumor markers. Although some of these techniques provide good selectivity, certain obstacles, including a low sample concentration or difficulty carrying out the measurement, limit their application. With the advent of nanotechnology, many studies have been carried out to synthesize and employ nanomaterials (NMs) in sensing techniques to determine these tumor markers at low concentrations. The fabrication, sensitivity, design, and multiplexing of sensing techniques have been uplifted due to the attractive features of NMs. Various NMs, such as magnetic and metal nanoparticles, up-conversion NPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon-based NMs, quantum dots (QDs), and graphene-based nanosensors, hyperbranched polymers, optical nanosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, paper-based biosensors, microfluidic-based lab-on-chip sensors, and hybrid NMs have proven effective in detecting tumor markers with great sensitivity and selectivity. This review summarizes various categories of NMs for detecting these valuable markers, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3, MUC1), and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and highlights recent nanotechnology-based advancements in detection of these prognostic biomarkers.

Visible-light and near-infrared fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering point-of-care sensing and bio-imaging: a review

This review article deals with the concepts, principles and applications of visible-light and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in in vitro point-of-care testing (POCT) and in vivo bio-imaging. It has discussed how to utilize the biological transparency windows to improve the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio, and how to use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to amplify fluorescence and SERS signals. This article has highlighted some plasmonic fluorescence and SERS probes. It has also reviewed the design strategies of fluorescent and SERS sensors in the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Particularly, it has provided perspectives on the integration of fluorescent and SERS sensors into microfluidic chips as lab-on-chips to realize point-of-care testing. It has also discussed the design of active microfluidic devices and non-paper- or paper-based lateral flow assays for in vitro diagnostics. In addition, this article has discussed the strategies to design in vivo NIR fluorescence and SERS bio-imaging platforms for monitoring physiological processes and disease progression in live cells and tissues. Moreover, it has highlighted the applications of POCT and bio-imaging in testing toxins, heavy metals, illicit drugs, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and sepsis.

Nanoscale SPR sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of the ovarian cancer marker carbohydrate antigen 125

In this study, a nanoscale surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was developed to determine the ovarian cancer marker carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125 level in serum utilizing the molecular imprinting method.

Fluorescence turn-on immunosensing of HE4 biomarker and ovarian cancer cells based on target-triggered metal-enhanced fluorescence of carbon dots

Rapid and sensitive detection of tumor biomarkers and cancer cells is of crucial importance for the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of cancer. The present report describes a target-induced fluorescence enhancement immunosensor that utilizes the optical property of carbon dots (CDs) and the metal-enhanced fluorescence effect (MEF) property of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the sensitive detection of the cancer biomarker human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and ovarian cancer cells. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs with a quantum yield of 85.6% were prepared and served as the fluorophore in MEF. The HE4 antibody (Ab) specific to the HE4 antigen was linked covalently to the surface of the synthesized CDs as the capture. The HE4 Ab-conjugated AgNPs (AgNPs-Ab) were prepared and utilized as signal amplification elements. In the presence of the target HE4, composite sandwich structures were formed between the labeled CDs-Ab and AgNPs-Ab, which brought the CDs and AgNPs into proximity, resulting in the fluorescence of CDs enhancement owing to MEF. The intensity of fluorescence enhancement was positively correlated with the HE4 concentration in the clinically important range of 0.01-200 nM with a limit detection of 2.3 pM. Moreover, the immunosensor was also successfully applied to specific fluorescence labeling and quantitative determination of HE4-positive ovarian cancer cells. The proposed target-triggered MEF sensor platform demonstrated high sensitivity, excellent anti-interference ability, along with successful validation in complex biological matrices, providing a new approach for HE4 detection in early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.

rGO based immunosensor amplified using MWCNT and CNF nanocomposite as analytical tool for CA125 detection

The electrochemical performance of dual layer immunosensor has been studied by employing reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) and its nanocomposites with Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as supporting matrix for the detection of CA125. The immunosensor determination was based on the formation of antibody - antigen immunocomplex, a decrement in the current response was observed in accordance with the concentration of antigen. Better performance exhibited by rGO/CNF in terms of linearity (99%) and sensitivity 0.65 μA (μg mL^-1)^-1 can be attributed to its conductivity and surface area. The nanocomposite are employed in the detection of CA125 with linear working range of 10-32 × 10^-4 μg mL^-1, the limit of detection is found to be 0.28 pg mL^-1 rGO nanocomposite with CNT (rGO/CNT) is studied as transducer material. rGO/CNT exhibited better linearity when compared to rGO due to its good conductivity. Thus, graphene nanocomposite transducer materials have vital application in detection of oncomarkers.

Cancer antigen 125 assessment using carbon quantum dots for optical biosensing for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer

Fluorometric quantification of biological molecules is a key feature used in many biosensing studies. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using highly fluorescent quantum dots offers highly sensitive detection of the in-proximity wide variety of analyst molecules. In this contribution, we report the use of carbon quantum dots (CDs) for the ultrasensitive optical biosensing of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) in the early malignant stage. This approach is based on monitoring the quenching of CDs luminescence at 535 nm by CA-125 after excitation at 425 nm and pH 10. The calibration of this method was performed in the concentration range of CA-125 from 0.01 to 129 U ml⁻¹ (R² = 0.99) with a detection limit of 0.66 U ml⁻¹, which matches remarkably with the standard chemiluminometric method in control and real patient samples. The sensing mechanism for cancer antigen 125 assessment was discussed on the basis of fluorescence quenching of CDs and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. The current method is easy, sensitive, cost-effective and provides a wide range of validity, which helps in overcoming the limitations of high cost and time consumption exhibited by many other traditional clinical assays for CA-125 quantification.

Fluorometric quantification of biological molecules is a key feature used in many biosensing studies.

Novel Optical Biosensor Based on a Nano-Gold Coated by Schiff Base Doped in Sol/Gel Matrix for Sensitive Screening of Oncomarker CA-125

The urge for sensitive, facile, minimally invasive, and fast detection method of CA-125, a significant and crucial biomarker in ovarian malignancy, is currently substantial. This paper describes the detailed construction and characterization of a newly designed optical nano-biosensor to detect CA-125 accurately and sensitively. The fabricated sensor consists of a nano-gold thin film doped into a matrix of sol-gel, exhibiting a centered fluorescence band at 423 nm when excited at 340 nm. The quantification of CA-125 relies on its quenching ability of this fluorescence signal. The sensor was challenged to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity in detecting CA-125 present in samples collected from ovarian cancer diagnosed patients and compared to samples from healthy women as a control. Our findings revealed that the developed biosensor had a sensitivity of 97.35% and a specificity of 94.29%. Additionally, a wide linearity range over 2.0-127.0 U mL-1 for CA-125 was achieved with a detection limit of 1.45 U mL-1. Furthermore, the sensor could successfully discriminate samples between healthy and diseased people, which demonstrates its suitability in CA-125 assessment.

Uptake of carbon nanodots into human AML cells in comparison to primary hematopoietic cells

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) comprise a class of next generation nanomaterials with a wide variety of potential applications. Here, we report on their uptake into primary hematopoietic cells from three normal donors and malignant cells from five patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A significant CND uptake was observed in all cell types of the normal and leukemic cells. Still, the uptake was significantly smaller for the CD34⁺ and CD33⁺ myeloid subsets of the malignant cell population as compared to the normal blood-derived CD34⁺ and CD33⁺ cells. For the T and B lymphoid cell populations as defined by CD3 and CD19 within the leukemic and normal samples a similar uptake was observed. The CNDs accumulate preferentially in small clusters in the periphery of the nucleus as already shown in previous studies for CD34⁺ progenitor/stem cells and human breast cancer cells. This particular subcellular localization could be useful for targeting the lysosomal compartment, which plays a pivotal role in the context of autophagy associated survival of AML cells. Our results demonstrate the usability of CNDs beyond their application for in vitro and in vivo fluorescence labeling or drug delivery into normal and malignant cells.

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) comprise a class of next generation nanomaterials with a wide variety of potential applications.

Smart Biosensors for Cancer Diagnosis Based on Graphene Quantum Dots

The timely diagnosis of cancer represents the best chance to increase treatment success and to reduce cancer deaths. Nanomaterials-based biosensors containing graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a sensing platform show great promise in the early and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers, due to their unique chemical and physical properties, large surface area and ease of functionalization with different biomolecules able to recognize relevant cancer biomarkers. In this review, we report different advanced strategies for the synthesis and functionalization of GQDs with different agents able to selectively recognize and convert into a signal specific cancer biomarkers such as antigens, enzymes, hormones, proteins, cancer related byproducts, biomolecules exposed on the surface of cancer cells and changes in pH. The developed optical, electrochemical and chemiluminescent biosensors based on GQDs have been shown to ensure the effective diagnosis of several cancer diseases as well as the possibility to evaluate the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. The wide linear range of detection and low detection limits recorded for most of the reported biosensors highlight their great potential in clinics for the diagnosis and management of cancer.

Boron nitride nanosheet modified label-free electrochemical immunosensor for cancer antigen 125 detection

In this presented study, a new boron nitride nanosheets modified label-free electrochemical immunosensors were prepared for early detection of cancer antigen 125 (CA125). To aim for, boron nitride (BN) nanosheets were synthesized by conventional sonication-assisted method and then characterized. BN nanosheets were used for the surface modification of the working electrode of the screen-printed electrode (SPE). Anti CA125 antibody was then directly immobilized onto the electrode surface due to its natural affinity towards BN nanosheets. Modified electrodes were blocked with BSA and finally protected with Nafion. The newly synthesized label-free immunosensor demonstrated good detection properties to CA125 with a linear range of 5-100 U and a detection limit of 1.18 U/mL. The developed immunosensor also showed excellent reproducibility, selectivity, and stability profiles. Additionally, this immunosensor was successfully used for the detection of CA125 in artificial human serum samples along with the interfering agents. Also, it is expected that the prepared immunosensor should carry the good potential for point-of-care diagnosis in real cases.

Graphene and its Derivatives-Based Optical Sensors

Being the first successfully prepared two-dimensional material, graphene has attracted extensive attention from researchers due to its excellent properties and extremely wide range of applications. In particular, graphene and its derivatives have displayed several ideal properties, including broadband light absorption, ability to quench fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, and strong polarization-dependent effects, thus emerging as one of the most popular platforms for optical sensors. Graphene and its derivatives-based optical sensors have numerous advantages, such as high sensitivity, low-cost, fast response time, and small dimensions. In this review, recent developments in graphene and its derivatives-based optical sensors are summarized, covering aspects related to fluorescence, graphene-based substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), optical fiber biological sensors, and other kinds of graphene-based optical sensors. Various sensing applications, such as single-cell detection, cancer diagnosis, protein, and DNA sensing, are introduced and discussed systematically. Finally, a summary and roadmap of current and future trends are presented in order to provide a prospect for the development of graphene and its derivatives-based optical sensors.

GTW inhibits the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer via ILK/AKT/GSK3β/Slug Signalling Pathway

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for the most lethal of all gynaecological cancers which is attributed to metastasis, invasiveness and drug resistance. A crucial link has been found between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis and chemo-resistance. Previous studies have confirmed that one of the main components of tripterygium glycosides (GTW)-triptolide (TPL) has anticancer effects. Methods: The purpose of this study is to determine whether GTW could inhibit EMT in A2780/DPP cells in vitro and in vivo, and explore the underlying mechanism. Results: In vitro results showed that GTW inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and intensified the sensitivity of A2780/DDP cells to cisplatin (DDP). GTW, especially GTW+DDP, significantly inhibited the expression of N-cadherin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), phospho-protein kinase B/AKT (PKB/p-AKT), phospho-glycogen synthase kinase (p-GSK3β) and Slug, while it increased E-cadherin levels by inhibiting EMT via the ILK/AKT/GSK3β/Slug signalling pathway. Animal results indicated that GTW, especially GTW+DDP, significantly reduced tumour burden, prolonged the life span of mice, and down-regulated the levels of tumour markers CA125 and HE4 by regulating EMT through the ILK/AKT/GSK3β/Slug signalling pathway. Conclusion: Our results highlighted the significance of EMT in EOC metastasis, invasiveness and resistance to DDP and investigated the potential role of GTW as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in chemo-resistant EOC.

Nanotechnology in ovarian cancer: Diagnosis and treatment

To overcome the drawbacks of conventional delivery, this review spotlights a number of nanoscale drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, nano micelles, branched dendrimers, nanocapsules, and nanostructured lipid formulations for the targeted therapy of ovarian cancer. These nanoformulations offer numerous advantages to promote therapeutic drug delivery such as nontoxicity, biocompatibility, good biodegradability, increased therapeutic impact than free drugs, and non-inflammatory effects. Importantly, the development of specific ligands functionalized nanoformulations enable preferential targeting of ovarian tumors and eventually amplify the therapeutic potential compared to nonfunctionalized counterparts. Ovarian cancer is typically identified by biomarker assessment such as CA125, HE4, Mucin 1, and prostatic. There is, nevertheless, a tremendous demand for less costly, faster, and compact medical tools, both for timely detection and ovarian cancer control. This paper explored multiple types of tumor marker-based on nanomaterial biosensors. Initially, we mention different forms of ovarian cancer biomarkers involving CA125, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), mucin 1 (MUC1), and prostate. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for diagnosis. Nanobiosensors for evaluating ovarian cancer biomarkers can be categorized based on electrochemical, optical, paper-based, giant magnetoresistive, and lab-on-a-chip devices.

A magneto-controlled microfluidic device for voltammetric immunoassay of carbohydrate antigen-125 with silver-polypyrrole nanotags

An innovative magnetic immunoassay was developed for the voltammetric detection of carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) on a home-made microfluidic device including a multisyringe pump, selection valve and magneto-controlled detection cell. Two kinds of biofunctionalized nanostructures including anti-CA-125 capture antibody-conjugated magnetic beads and anti-CA-125 detection antibody-labeled silver-polypyrrole (Ag-PPy) nanohybrids were utilized for a sandwiched immunoreaction in the presence of CA-125. With the help of an external magnet, the formed magnetic immunocomplexes were attached to the sensing interface to activate the electrical contact between Ag-PPy nanohybrids and the base electrode, thus resulting in the switching on of the sensor circuit for the generation of voltammetric signals thanks to electroactive Ag-PPy nanohybrids. Compared to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alone, improved analytical properties were acquired with Ag-PPy nanohybrids. Under the optimal conditions, the currents depended on the concentrations of target CA-125, and exhibited a linear relationship within the ranges of 0.001-300 U mL-1 at a detection limit of 7.6 mU mL-1. For the determination of CA-125, the magnetic immunoassay had acceptable reproducibility, high specificity against other biomarkers and long-term storage stability. Moreover, good accuracy was obtained for the CA-125 detection in human serum samples with the developed voltammetric immunoassay relative to commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Importantly, the magneto-controlled immunosensing interface could be repeatedly used via detaching/attaching the external magnet.

Gold-silver alloy film based surface plasmon resonance sensor for biomarker detection

In this study, we developed a gold‑silver alloy film based surface plasmon resonance (AuAg-SPR) sensor with wavelength interrogation to detect cancer antigen 125 (CA125) using a sandwich immunoassay. We first theoretically simulated the sensitivity of conventional gold film based SPR (Au-SPR) sensor and AuAg-SPR sensor, and conducted a series of experiments to investigate the sensitive characteristics of AuAg-SPR sensor, including the angle and refractive index (RI) sensitivity. We then conducted CA125 detection experiments on these two types of sensors. The results demonstrated that the limit of detection (LOD) of CA125 on the AuAg-SPR sensor was 0.1 U/mL (0.8 ng/mL) based on its direct reaction with an immobilised antibody, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Au-SPR sensor (10 U/mL). The total changes in the resonance wavelength (∆λ_R) of the former were 1.7-fold those of the latter. The volume fractions of the adsorbates (f_ad) and effective RIs (n_adlayer) in each adlayer were then calculated and the effect of the antibody size on the detection results was analysed. The AuAg-SPR sensors had a higher sensitivity than the conventional Au-SPR sensors for detecting CA125 due to their electric field characteristics. Therefore, these will have better application prospects.

Aptamer-gold nanozyme based competitive lateral flow assay for rapid detection of CA125 in human serum

For several decades, point-of-care technology (POCT) has proven its potential regarding swift and cost-efficient detection of analytes. Lateral flow assay is a highly popular POC technology that needs improvisation to increase its sensitivity, cost effectiveness and quantification so that it becomes more user friendly and affordable technology. In this context, the present study has investigated the use of aptamers and nanozymes together for the first time in developing an Aptamer-nanozyme lateral flow assay (ALFA). The present study uses a specific aptamer for CA125 as capture reagent and peroxidase mimetic gold nanoparticles as label for detection of CA125 in human serum through developed competitive ALFA. The assay was specific and has a limit of detection of 3.71 U/mL. The ALFA test was in house validated for its precision, recovery and showed a significant correlation with established CA125 chemiluminiscent ELISA with P-value<0.0001. In summary, this assay quantitatively detects an analyte by using an aptamer and peroxidase mimetic gold nanoparticles that ensures circumventing the use of antibodies and incorporating enzyme mimetic activity in assay systems.

Recent advancements in fabrication of nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review

Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed via determination of biomarkers like CA125, Mucin 1, HE4, and prostasin that can be present in the blood. However, there is a substantial need for less expensive, simpler, and portable diagnostic tools, both for timely diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer. This review (with 101 refs.) discusses various kinds of nanomaterial-based biosensors for tumor markers. Following an introduction into the field, a first section covers different kinds of biomarkers for ovarian cancer including CA125 (MUC16), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and prostasin. This is followed by a short overview on conventional diagnostic approaches. A large section is then presented on biosensors for determination of ovarian cancer, with subsections on optical biosensors (fluorimetric, colorimetric, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence), on electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted sensors, paper-based biosensors, microfluidic (lab-on-a-chip) assays, chemiresistive and field effect transistor-based sensors, and giant magnetoresistive sensors. Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the review covering the advancements in the fabrication of various nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors

Due to the proliferative cancer rates, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and a plethora of infections across the globe, it is essential to introduce strategies that can rapidly and specifically detect the ultralow concentrations of relevant biomarkers, pathogens, toxins and pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. Considering these pathophysiologies, various research works have become necessary to fabricate biosensors for their early diagnosis and treatment, using nanomaterials like quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials effectively ameliorate the sensor performance with respect to their reproducibility, selectivity as well as sensitivity. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are ideally graphene fragments of nanometer size, constitute discrete features such as acting as attractive fluorophores and excellent electro-catalysts owing to their photo-stability, water-solubility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and lucrativeness that make them favorable candidates for a wide range of novel biomedical applications. Herein, we reviewed about 300 biomedical studies reported over the last five years which entail the state of art as well as some pioneering ideas with respect to the prominent role of GQDs, especially in the development of optical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Additionally, we outline the ideal properties of GQDs, their eclectic methods of synthesis, and the general principle behind several biosensing techniques.

Graphene Quantum Dots Doped PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT) Fiber Film with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

We report the fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (tetrabutyl titanate)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone ((tetrabutyl titanate))-graphene quantum dots [PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-GQDs] film photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic performance. The polyvinylidene fluoride (tetrabutyl titanate)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone ((tetrabutyl titanate)) [PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)] film was first prepared with a dual-electrospinning method and then followed by attaching graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to the surface of the composite film through a hydrothermal method. Later, part of the PVP in the composite film was dissolved by a hydrothermal method. As a result, a PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-GQDs film photocatalyst with a larger specific surface area was achieved. The photocatalytic degradation behavior of the PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-GQDs film photocatalyst was examined by using Rhodamine B as the target contaminant. The PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-GQDs photocatalyst showed a higher photocatalytic efficiency than PVDF(TBT)-H2O, PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-H2O, and PVDF(TBT)-GQDs, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency can be attributed to the broader optical response range of the PVDF(TBT)/PVP(TBT)-GQDs photocatalyst, which makes it useful as an effective photocatalyst under white light irradiation.

From in vitro to ex vivo: subcellular localization and uptake of graphene quantum dots into solid tumors

Among various nanoparticles tested for pharmacological applications over the recent years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) seem to be promising candidates for the construction of drug delivery systems due to their superior biophysical and biochemical properties. The subcellular fate of incorporated nanomaterial is decisive for transporting pharmaceuticals into target cells. Therefore a detailed characterization of the uptake of GQDs into different breast cancer models was performed. The demonstrated accumulation inside the endolysosomal system might be the reason for the particles' low toxicity, but has to be overcome for cytosolic or nuclear drug delivery. Furthermore, the penetration of GQDs into precision-cut mammary tumor slices was studied. These constitute a far closer to reality model system than monoclonal cell lines. The constant uptake into the depth of the tissue slices underlines the systems' potential for drug delivery into solid tumors.

The Low Toxicity of Graphene Quantum Dots is Reflected by Marginal Gene Expression Changes of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a promising next generation nanomaterial with manifold biomedical applications. For real world applications, comprehensive studies on their influence on the functionality of primary human cells are mandatory. Here, we report the effects of GQDs on the transcriptome of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells after an incubation time of 36 hours. Of the 20 800 recorded gene expressions, only one, namely the selenoprotein W, 1, is changed by the GQDs in direct comparison to CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells cultivated without GQDs. Only a meta analysis reveals that the expression of 1171 genes is weakly affected, taking into account the more prominent changes just by the cell culture. Eight corresponding, weakly affected signaling pathways are identified, which include, but are not limited to, the triggering of apoptosis. These results suggest that GQDs with sizes in the range of a few nanometers hardly influence the CD34+ cells on the transcriptome level after 36 h of incubation, thereby demonstrating their high usability for in vivo studies, such as fluorescence labeling or delivery protocols, without strong effects on the functional status of the cells.

Paper based immunosensing of ovarian cancer tumor protein CA 125 using novel nano-ink: A new platform for efficient diagnosis of cancer and biomedical analysis using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD)

Ovarian cancer is the first and most important cause of malignancy death in women. Mucin 16 or MUC16 protein also known as carcinoma antigen 125 (CA 125) is the most commonly used glycoprotein for early stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In this work, a novel paper-based bio-device through hand writing of Ag/RGO (silver nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide) nano-ink on the flexible paper substrate using pen-on-paper technology was developed. The prepared interface was used to the recognition of CA 125 protein in human biofluid. For this purpose, Ag/rGO nano-ink was synthesized by deposition of Ag nanoparticles onto graphene oxide sheets and the reduction of graphene oxide to rGO simultaneously. Conductivity and resistance of conductive lines were studied after drawing on photographic paper. Subsequently, to prepare a new and unique immuno-device, paper electrode modified by cysteamine caped gold nanoparticles (CysA/Au NPs) using electrochemical techniques. CysA is bonded by sulfur atoms with Au (CysA/Au NPs), and from the amine group with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of Ag/RGO nano-ink deposited on the surface of paper-based electrodes (CysA/Au NPs/Ag-rGO). Then, anti-CA 125 antibody was immobilized on the electrode surface through Au NPs and CA 125 positively charged amine groups interaction. Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, were performed to identify the engineered immunosensor. Using chronoamperometry technique and under the optimized conditions, the low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for the proposed immunoassay was recorded as 0.78 U/ml, which this evaluation was performed at highly linear range of 0.78-400 U/ml. The high sensitivity of the electrochemical immunosensor device is indicative of the ability of this immuno-device to detect early stages ovarian cancer.

An electrochemical aptasensing platform for carbohydrate antigen 125 based on the use of flower-like gold nanostructures and target-triggered strand displacement amplification

An electrochemical aptasensing method is described for the determination of the biomarker CA125. It combines aptamer recognition and target-triggered strand displacement amplification. Flower like gold nanostructures were electrodeposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode to increase the sensor surface, to assemble more toehold-containing hairpin probe 1 (Hp1), and to improve the accessibility for DNA strands. Under the optimal conditions, this assay has a linear response in the 0.05 to 50 ng•mL^-1 CA125 concentration range, with a low detection limit of 5.0 pg•mL^-1. This method is specific and stable. It was successfully applied to the detection of CA125 in spiked biological samples, with recoveries between 82.5% and 104.1%. Graphical abstract.