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Goudard L, Blaudez D, Sirguey C, Purwadi I, Invernon V, Rouhan G, van der Ent A. Prospecting for rare earth element (hyper)accumulators in the Paris Herbarium using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy reveals new distributional and taxon discoveries. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:573-584. [PMID: 38310542 PMCID: PMC11037481 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare earth elements (REEs) are increasingly crucial for modern technologies. Plants could be used as a biogeochemical pathfinder and a tool to extract REEs from deposits. However, a paucity of information on suitable plants for these tasks exists. METHODS We aimed to discover new REE-(hyper)accumulating plant species by performing an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) survey at the Herbarium of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France). We selected specific families based on the likelihood of containing REE-hyperaccumulating species, using known taxa that accumulate REEs. A total of 4425 specimens, taken in the two main evolutionary lineages of extant vascular plants, were analysed, including the two fern families Blechnaceae (n = 561) and Gleicheniaceae (n = 1310), and the two flowering plant families Phytolaccaceae (n = 1137) and Juglandaceae (n = 1417). KEY RESULTS Yttrium (Y) was used as a proxy for REEs for methodological reasons, and a total of 268 specimens belonging to the genera Blechnopsis (n = 149), Dicranopteris (n = 75), Gleichenella (n = 32), Phytolacca (n = 6), Carya (n = 4), Juglans (n = 1) and Sticherus (n = 1) were identified with Y concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) >49 µg g-1 up to 1424 µg g-1. Subsequently, analysis of fragments of selected specimens by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) revealed that this translated to up to 6423 µg total REEs g-1 in Dicranopteris linearis and up to 4278 µg total REEs g-1 in Blechnopsis orientalis which are among the highest values ever recorded for REE hyperaccumulation in plants. It also proved the validity of Y as an indicator for REEs in XRF analysis of herbarium specimens. The presence of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was also studied by XRF in the selected specimens. Mn was detected in 1440 specimens ranging from the detection limit at 116 µg g-1 up to 3807 µg g-1 whilst Zn was detected in 345 specimens ranging from the detection limit at 77 µg g-1 up to 938 µg g-1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study led to the discovery of REE accumulation in a range of plant species, substantially higher concentrations in species known to be REE hyperaccumulators, and records of REE hyperaccumulators outside of the well-studied populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Goudard
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LSE, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Imam Purwadi
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vanessa Invernon
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Germinal Rouhan
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Antony van der Ent
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LSE, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Imada Y, Oyama N, Shinoda K, Takahashi H, Yukawa H. Oldest leaf mine trace fossil from East Asia provides insight into ancient nutritional flow in a plant-herbivore interaction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5254. [PMID: 35347200 PMCID: PMC8960907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Triassic saw a flourish of plant–arthropod interactions. By the Late Triassic, insects had developed all distinct strategies of herbivory, notably including some of the earliest occurrences of leaf-mining. Herein we describe exceptionally well-preserved leaf-mine trace fossils on a Cladophlebis Brongniart fern pinnule from the Momonoki Formation, Mine Group, Japan (Middle Carnian), representing the oldest unequivocal leaf-mines from East Asia. The mines all display a distinctive frass trail—a continuous meandering line, which later becomes a broad band containing spheroidal particles—demonstrating larval development. Although the shapes of the frass trails are generally comparable to those of Lepidoptera or Coleoptera, they cannot be unequivocally assigned to a specific extant leaf-mining taxon. Furthermore, elemental analyses by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) reveals that the frass trail comprises phosphate coprolites. The quantitative variations in P, S, and Si between coprolites and leaf veins may reflect physiological processes (e.g., consumption, absorption, and excretion) mediated by plant chemicals. Our findings reinforce the idea that leaf-mining had become a pervasive feeding strategy of herbivorous insects by the Late Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Imada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Oyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Shinoda
- Department of Construction, Agriculture, and Forestry, Mine City Office, 326-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2292, Japan
| | - Humio Takahashi
- Mine City Museum of History and Folklore, 279-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2212, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yukawa
- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, 51-11 Terao, Muroko, Katsuyama, Fukui, 911-8601, Japan
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3
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Cohen SX, Webb SM, Gueriau P, Curis E, Bertrand L. Robust framework and software implementation for fast speciation mapping. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1049-1058. [PMID: 33566015 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520005822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest benefits of synchrotron radiation is the ability to perform chemical speciation analysis through X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS). XAS imaging of large sample areas can be performed with either full-field or raster-scanning modalities. A common practice to reduce acquisition time while decreasing dose and/or increasing spatial resolution is to compare X-ray fluorescence images collected at a few diagnostic energies. Several authors have used different multivariate data processing strategies to establish speciation maps. In this manuscript, the theoretical aspects and assumptions that are often made in the analysis of these datasets are focused on. A robust framework is developed to perform speciation mapping in large bulk samples at high spatial resolution by comparison with known references. Two fully operational software implementations are provided: a user-friendly implementation within the MicroAnalysis Toolkit software, and a dedicated script developed under the R environment. The procedure is exemplified through the study of a cross section of a typical fossil specimen. The algorithm provides accurate speciation and concentration mapping while decreasing the data collection time by typically two or three orders of magnitude compared with the collection of whole spectra at each pixel. Whereas acquisition of spectral datacubes on large areas leads to very high irradiation times and doses, which can considerably lengthen experiments and generate significant alteration of radiation-sensitive materials, this sparse excitation energy procedure brings the total irradiation dose greatly below radiation damage thresholds identified in previous studies. This approach is particularly adapted to the chemical study of heterogeneous radiation-sensitive samples encountered in environmental, material, and life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge X Cohen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, IPANEMA, F-91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Gueriau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, IPANEMA, F-91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, EA 7537 - BioSTM, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris - Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Bertrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, IPANEMA, F-91192 Saint-Aubin, France
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Metallomics in deep time and the influence of ocean chemistry on the metabolic landscapes of Earth's earliest ecosystems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4965. [PMID: 32188894 PMCID: PMC7080831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern biological dependency on trace elements is proposed to be a consequence of their enrichment in the habitats of early life together with Earth’s evolving physicochemical conditions; the resulting metallic biological complement is termed the metallome. Herein, we detail a protocol for describing metallomes in deep time, with applications to the earliest fossil record. Our approach extends the metallome record by more than 3 Ga and provides a novel, non-destructive method of estimating biogenicity in the absence of cellular preservation. Using microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission (µPIXE), we spatially quantify transition metals and metalloids within organic material from 3.33 billion-year-old cherts of the Barberton greenstone belt, and demonstrate that elements key to anaerobic prokaryotic molecular nanomachines, including Fe, V, Ni, As and Co, are enriched within carbonaceous material. Moreover, Mo and Zn, likely incorporated into enzymes only after the Great Oxygenation Event, are either absent or present at concentrations below the limit of detection of µPIXE, suggesting minor biological utilisation in this environmental setting. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that metal enrichments do not arise from accumulation in nanomineral phases and thus unambiguously reflect the primary composition of the carbonaceous material. This carbonaceous material also has δ13C between −41.3‰ and 0.03‰, dominantly −21.0‰ to −11.5‰, consistent with biological fractionation and mostly within a restricted range inconsistent with abiotic processes. Considering spatially quantified trace metal enrichments and negative δ13C fractionations together, we propose that, although lacking cellular preservation, this organic material has biological origins and, moreover, that its precursor metabolism may be estimated from the fossilised “palaeo-metallome”. Enriched Fe, V, Ni and Co, together with petrographic context, suggests that this kerogen reflects the remnants of a lithotrophic or organotrophic consortium cycling methane or nitrogen. Palaeo-metallome compositions could be used to deduce the metabolic networks of Earth’s earliest ecosystems and, potentially, as a biosignature for evaluating the origin of preserved organic materials found on Mars.
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5
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Roy A, Pittman M, Saitta ET, Kaye TG, Xu X. Recent advances in amniote palaeocolour reconstruction and a framework for future research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:22-50. [PMID: 31538399 PMCID: PMC7004074 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Preserved melanin pigments have been discovered in fossilised integumentary appendages of several amniote lineages (fishes, frogs, snakes, marine reptiles, non-avialan dinosaurs, birds, and mammals) excavated from lagerstätten across the globe. Melanisation is a leading factor in organic integument preservation in these fossils. Melanin in extant vertebrates is typically stored in rod- to sphere-shaped, lysosome-derived, membrane-bound vesicles called melanosomes. Black, dark brown, and grey colours are produced by eumelanin, and reddish-brown colours are produced by phaeomelanin. Specific morphotypes and nanostructural arrangements of melanosomes and their relation to the keratin matrix in integumentary appendages create the so-called 'structural colours'. Reconstruction of colour patterns in ancient animals has opened an exciting new avenue for studying their life, behaviour and ecology. Modern relationships between the shape, arrangement, and size of avian melanosomes, melanin chemistry, and feather colour have been applied to reconstruct the hues and colour patterns of isolated feathers and plumages of the dinosaurs Anchiornis, Sinosauropteryx, and Microraptor in seminal papers that initiated the field of palaeocolour reconstruction. Since then, further research has identified countershading camouflage patterns, and informed subsequent predictions on the ecology and behaviour of these extinct animals. However, palaeocolour reconstruction remains a nascent field, and current approaches have considerable potential for further refinement, standardisation, and expansion. This includes detailed study of non-melanic pigments that might be preserved in fossilised integuments. A common issue among existing palaeocolour studies is the lack of contextualisation of different lines of evidence and the wide variety of techniques currently employed. To that end, this review focused on fossil amniotes: (i) produces an overarching framework that appropriately reconstructs palaeocolour by accounting for the chemical signatures of various pigments, morphology and local arrangement of pigment-bearing vesicles, pigment concentration, macroscopic colour patterns, and taphonomy; (ii) provides background context for the evolution of colour-producing mechanisms; and (iii) encourages future efforts in palaeocolour reconstructions particularly of less-studied groups such as non-dinosaur archosaurs and non-archosaur amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Roy
- Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Department of Earth SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
| | - Michael Pittman
- Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Department of Earth SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
| | - Evan T. Saitta
- Integrative Research Center, Section of Earth SciencesField Museum of Natural History1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, ChicagoIL60605U.S.A.
| | - Thomas G. Kaye
- Foundation for Scientific Advancement7023 Alhambra Drive, Sierra VistaAZ85650U.S.A.
| | - Xing Xu
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences142 Xizhimenwai Street.Beijing100044China
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6
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Pheomelanin pigment remnants mapped in fossils of an extinct mammal. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2250. [PMID: 31113945 PMCID: PMC6529433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress has been made in paleontology with respect to resolving pigmentation in fossil material. Morphological identification of fossilized melanosomes has been one approach, while a second methodology using chemical imaging and spectroscopy has also provided critical information particularly concerning eumelanin (black pigment) residue. In this work we develop the chemical imaging methodology to show that organosulfur-Zn complexes are indicators of pheomelanin (red pigment) in extant and fossil soft tissue and that the mapping of these residual biochemical compounds can be used to restore melanin pigment distribution in a 3 million year old extinct mammal species (Apodemus atavus). Synchotron Rapid Scanning X-ray Fluorescence imaging showed that the distributions of Zn and organic S are correlated within this fossil fur just as in pheomelanin-rich modern integument. Furthermore, Zn coordination chemistry within this fossil fur is closely comparable to that determined from pheomelanin-rich fur and hair standards. The non-destructive methods presented here provide a protocol for detecting residual pheomelanin in precious specimens. Chemical imaging and spectroscopy have previously been used to identify eumelanin residue in fossils and infer dark coloration. Here, Manning and colleagues develop an approach to identify pheomelanin (red pigment) residues and ascertain their distribution in fossils.
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7
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Edwards NP, Webb SM, Krest CM, van Campen D, Manning PL, Wogelius RA, Bergmann U. A new synchrotron rapid-scanning X-ray fluorescence (SRS-XRF) imaging station at SSRL beamline 6-2. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1565-1573. [PMID: 30179198 PMCID: PMC6140386 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new large-range rapid-scan X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging station at beamline 6-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This station uses a continuous rapid-scan system with a scan range of 1000 × 600 mm and a load capacity of up to 25 kg, capable of 25-100 µm resolution elemental XRF mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a wide range of objects. XRF is measured using a four-element Hitachi Vortex ME4 silicon drift detector coupled to a Quantum Detectors Xspress3 multi-channel analyzer system. A custom system allows the X-ray spot size to be changed quickly and easily via pinholes ranging from 25 to 100 µm, and the use of a poly-capillary or axially symmetric achromatic optic may achieve a <10 µm resolution in the future. The instrument is located at wiggler beamline 6-2 which has an energy range of 2.1-17 keV, creating K emission for elements up to strontium, and L or M emission for all other elements. XAS can also be performed at selected sample positions within the same experiment, allowing for a more detailed chemical characterization of the elements of interest. Furthermore, sparse excitation energy XRF imaging can be performed over a wide range of incident X-ray energies. User friendliness has been emphasized in all stages of the experiment, including versatile sample mounts, He purged chambers for low-Z analyses, and intuitive visualization hardware and software. The station provides analysis capabilities for a wide range of materials and research fields including biological, chemical, environmental and materials science, paleontology, geology and cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Edwards
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Samuel M. Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Courtney M. Krest
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Douglas van Campen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Phillip L. Manning
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roy A. Wogelius
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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8
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Yamaguchi C, Takimoto Y, Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Hokura A, Shinano T, Nakamura T, Suyama A, Maruyama-Nakashita A. Effects of Cadmium Treatment on the Uptake and Translocation of Sulfate in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2353-2366. [PMID: 27590710 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic and non-essential element for plants, whereas phytochelatins and glutathione are low-molecular-weight sulfur compounds that function as chelators and play important roles in detoxification. Cadmium exposure is known to induce the expression of sulfur-assimilating enzymes and sulfate uptake by roots. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Cd-induced changes remains largely unknown. Accordingly, we analyzed the effects of Cd treatment on the uptake and translocation of sulfate and accumulation of thiols in Arabidopsis thaliana Both wild type (WT) and null mutant (sel1-10 and sel1-18) plants of the sulfate transporter SULTR1;2 exhibited growth inhibition when treated with CdCl2 However, the mutant plants exhibited a lower growth rate and lower Cd accumulation. Cadmium treatment also upregulated the transcription of SULTR1;2 and sulfate uptake activity in WT plants, but not in mutant plants. In addition, the sulfate, phytochelatin and total sulfur contents were preferentially accumulated in the shoots of both WT and mutant plants treated with CdCl2, and sulfur K-edge XANES spectra suggested that sulfate was the main compound responsible for the increased sulfur content in the shoots of CdCl2-treated plants. Our results demonstrate that Cd-induced sulfate uptake depends on SULTR1;2 activity, and that CdCl2 treatment greatly shifts the distribution of sulfate to shoots, increases the sulfate concentration of xylem sap and upregulates the expression of SULTRs involved in root-to-shoot sulfate transport. Therefore, we conclude that root-to-shoot sulfate transport is stimulated by Cd and suggest that the uptake and translocation of sulfate in CdCl2-treated plants are enhanced by demand-driven regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuki Takimoto
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akiko Hokura
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju-Asahicho, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Takuro Shinano
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
- Present address: Agricultural Radiation Research Center, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, 50 Aza-Harajyukuminami, Arai, Fukushima, 210-2156
| | - Toshiki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akiko Suyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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9
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Edwards NP, van Veelen A, Anné J, Manning PL, Bergmann U, Sellers WI, Egerton VM, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Wogelius RA. Elemental characterisation of melanin in feathers via synchrotron X-ray imaging and absorption spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34002. [PMID: 27658854 PMCID: PMC5034265 DOI: 10.1038/srep34002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a critical component of biological systems, but the exact chemistry of melanin is still imprecisely known. This is partly due to melanin’s complex heterogeneous nature and partly because many studies use synthetic analogues and/or pigments extracted from their natural biological setting, which may display important differences from endogenous pigments. Here we demonstrate how synchrotron X-ray analyses can non-destructively characterise the elements associated with melanin pigment in situ within extant feathers. Elemental imaging shows that the distributions of Ca, Cu and Zn are almost exclusively controlled by melanin pigment distribution. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the atomic coordination of zinc and sulfur is different within eumelanised regions compared to pheomelanised regions. This not only impacts our fundamental understanding of pigmentation in extant organisms but also provides a significant contribution to the evidence-based colour palette available for reconstructing the appearance of fossil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Edwards
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arjen van Veelen
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jennifer Anné
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Phillip L Manning
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - William I Sellers
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Victoria M Egerton
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Roy A Wogelius
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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10
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McNamara ME, van Dongen BE, Lockyer NP, Bull I, Orr PJ. Fossilization of melanosomes via sulfurization. PALAEONTOLOGY 2016; 59:337-350. [PMID: 27499556 PMCID: PMC4957269 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fossil melanin granules (melanosomes) are an important resource for inferring the evolutionary history of colour and its functions in animals. The taphonomy of melanin and melanosomes, however, is incompletely understood. In particular, the chemical processes responsible for melanosome preservation have not been investigated. As a result, the origins of sulfur-bearing compounds in fossil melanosomes are difficult to resolve. This has implications for interpretations of original colour in fossils based on potential sulfur-rich phaeomelanosomes. Here we use pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to assess the mode of preservation of fossil microstructures, confirmed as melanosomes based on the presence of melanin, preserved in frogs from the Late Miocene Libros biota (NE Spain). Our results reveal a high abundance of organosulfur compounds and non-sulfurized fatty acid methyl esters in both the fossil tissues and host sediment; chemical signatures in the fossil tissues are inconsistent with preservation of phaeomelanin. Our results reflect preservation via the diagenetic incorporation of sulfur, i.e. sulfurization (natural vulcanization), and other polymerization processes. Organosulfur compounds and/or elevated concentrations of sulfur have been reported from melanosomes preserved in various invertebrate and vertebrate fossils and depositional settings, suggesting that preservation through sulfurization is likely to be widespread. Future studies of sulfur-rich fossil melanosomes require that the geochemistry of the host sediment is tested for evidence of sulfurization in order to constrain interpretations of potential phaeomelanosomes and thus of original integumentary colour in fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. McNamara
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkNorth MallCorkIreland
| | - Bart E. van Dongen
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesWilliamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental ScienceUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Nick P. Lockyer
- School of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ian D. Bull
- Organic Geochemistry UnitSchool of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Patrick J. Orr
- UCD School of Earth SciencesUniversity College DublinBelfield Dublin 4Ireland
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11
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Anné J, Wogelius RA, Edwards NP, van Veelen A, Ignatyev K, Manning PL. Chemistry of bone remodelling preserved in extant and fossil Sirenia. Metallomics 2016; 8:508-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodelling is a crucial biological process needed to maintain elemental homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Anné
- University of Manchester
- School of Earth
- Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roy A. Wogelius
- University of Manchester
- School of Earth
- Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicholas P. Edwards
- University of Manchester
- School of Earth
- Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arjen van Veelen
- University of Manchester
- School of Earth
- Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences
- Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Phillip L. Manning
- University of Manchester
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life
- Manchester, UK
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geoscience
- College of Charleston
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12
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Oliveira NC, Silva JH, Barros OA, Pinheiro AP, Santana W, Saraiva AAF, Ferreira OP, Freire PTC, Paula AJ. Large-Field Electron Imaging and X-ray Elemental Mapping Unveil the Morphology, Structure, and Fractal Features of a Cretaceous Fossil at the Centimeter Scale. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10088-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara C. Oliveira
- Solid-Biological
Interface Group (SolBIN), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, 60455-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - João H. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Cariri, Cidade Universitária, 63048-080 Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - William Santana
- Sistematic
Zoology Laboratory (LSZ), Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Universidade Sagrado Coração (USC), 17011-160 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Amauri J. Paula
- Solid-Biological
Interface Group (SolBIN), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 6030, 60455-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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13
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Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138305. [PMID: 26367117 PMCID: PMC4569467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solenopora jurassica is a fossil calcareous alga that functioned as an important reef-building organism during the Palaeozoic. It is of significant palaeobiological interest due to its distinctive but poorly understood pink and white banding. Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate over its taxonomic affinity, with recent work arguing that it should be reclassified as a chaetetid sponge. The banding is thought to be seasonal, but there is no conclusive evidence for this. Other recent work has, however demonstrated the presence of a unique organic boron-containing pink/red pigment in the pink bands of S. jurassica. We present new geochemical evidence concerning the seasonality and pigmentation of S. jurassica. Seasonal growth cycles are demonstrated by X-ray radiography, which shows differences in calcite density, and by varying δ13C composition of the bands. Temperature variation in the bands is difficult to constrain accurately due to conflicting patterns arising from Mg/Ca molar ratios and δ18O data. Fluctuating chlorine levels indicate increased salinity in the white bands, when combined with the isotope data this suggests more suggestive of marine conditions during formation of the white band and a greater freshwater component (lower chlorinity) during pink band precipitation (δ18O). Increased photosynthesis is inferred within the pink bands in comparison to the white, based on δ13C. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show the presence of tetramethyl pyrrole, protein moieties and carboxylic acid groups, suggestive of the presence of the red algal pigment phycoerythrin. This is consistent with the pink colour of S. jurassica. As phycoerythrin is only known to occur in algae and cyanobacteria, and no biomarker evidence of bacteria or sponges was detected we conclude S. jurassica is most likely an alga. Pigment analysis may be a reliable classification method for fossil algae.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vinther
- Schools of Earth Sciences and Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
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15
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Anné J, Edwards NP, Wogelius RA, Tumarkin-Deratzian AR, Sellers WI, van Veelen A, Bergmann U, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Ignatyev K, Egerton VM, Manning PL. Synchrotron imaging reveals bone healing and remodelling strategies in extinct and extant vertebrates. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140277. [PMID: 24806709 PMCID: PMC4032541 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of bone healing and remodelling strategies in vertebrates has traditionally relied on morphological observations through the histological analysis of thin sections. However, chemical analysis may also be used in such interpretations, as different elements are known to be absorbed and used by bone for different physiological purposes such as growth and healing. These chemical signatures are beyond the detection limit of most laboratory-based analytical techniques (e.g. scanning electron microscopy). However, synchrotron rapid scanning–X-ray fluorescence (SRS–XRF) is an elemental mapping technique that uniquely combines high sensitivity (ppm), excellent sample resolution (20–100 µm) and the ability to scan large specimens (decimetre scale) approximately 3000 times faster than other mapping techniques. Here, we use SRS–XRF combined with microfocus elemental mapping (2–20 µm) to determine the distribution and concentration of trace elements within pathological and normal bone of both extant and extinct archosaurs (Cathartes aura and Allosaurus fragilis). Results reveal discrete chemical inventories within different bone tissue types and preservation modes. Chemical inventories also revealed detail of histological features not observable in thin section, including fine structures within the interface between pathological and normal bone as well as woven texture within pathological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Anné
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, , Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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