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Giordano AN, Rao R. Beyond the Visible: A Review of Ultraviolet Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate Compositions, Morphologies, and Performance. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2177. [PMID: 37570495 PMCID: PMC10421355 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The first observation of ultraviolet surface-enhanced Raman scattering (UV-SERS) was 20 years ago, yet the field has seen a slower development pace than its visible and near-infrared counterparts. UV excitation for SERS offers many potential advantages. These advantages include increased scattering intensity, higher spatial resolution, resonance Raman enhancement from organic, biological, and semiconductor analytes, probing UV photoluminescence, and mitigating visible photoluminescence from analytes or substrates. One of the main challenges is the lack of readily accessible, effective, and reproducible UV-SERS substrates, with few commercial sources available. In this review, we evaluate the reported UV-SERS substrates in terms of their elemental composition, substrate morphology, and performance. We assess the best-performing substrates with regard to their enhancement factors and limits of detection in both the ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet regions. Even though aluminum nanostructures were the most reported and best-performing substrates, we also highlighted some unique UV-SERS composition and morphology substrate combinations. We address the challenges and potential opportunities in the field of UV-SERS, especially in relation to the development of commercially available, cost-effective substrates. Lastly, we discuss potential application areas for UV-SERS, including cost-effective detection of environmentally and militarily relevant analytes, in situ and operando experimentation, defect engineering, development of materials for extreme environments, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Giordano
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
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Li D, Lv P, Han XW, Jia Z, Zheng M, Feng HT. A Highly Efficient Fluorescent Sensor Based on AIEgen for Detection of Nitrophenolic Explosives. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010181. [PMID: 36615375 PMCID: PMC9821835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of nitrophenolic explosives is important in counterterrorism and environmental protection, but it is still a challenge to identify the nitroaromatic compounds among those with a similar structure. Herein, a simple tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics was synthesized and used as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of nitrophenolic explosives (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, TNP and 2, 4-dinitrophenol, DNP) in water solution and in a solid state with a high selectivity. Meanwhile, it was found that only hydroxyl containing nitrophenolic explosives caused obvious fluorescence quenching. The sensing mechanism was investigated by using fluorescence titration and 1H NMR spectra. This simple AIE-active probe can potentially be applied to the construction of portable detection devices for explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471000, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.-T.F.)
| | - Panpan Lv
- AIE Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Han
- AIE Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Zhilei Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Hai-Tao Feng
- AIE Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.-T.F.)
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Zhang F, Plain J, Gérard D, Martin J. Surface roughness and substrate induced symmetry-breaking: influence on the plasmonic properties of aluminum nanostructure arrays. Nanoscale 2021; 13:1915-1926. [PMID: 33439182 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06305c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The surface topography is known to play an important role on the near- and far-field optical properties of metallic nanoparticles. In particular, aluminum (Al) nanoparticles are commonly fabricated through evaporation techniques, therefore exhibiting elevated surface roughness additionally to their native oxide layer. In this study, the mode-dependent influence of surface roughness on the plasmonic properties sustained by Al nanodisks (NDs) is first numerically investigated using a realistic model taking into account the thin native oxide layer. Due to the symmetry-breaking induced by the supporting dielectric substrate to Al ND, it appears that the roughness affects differently the substrate-induced out-of-plane quadrupolar mode (below 300 nm) and the in-plane dipolar mode sustained by the Al ND. By increasing the top surface roughness of the Al ND, the substrate-induced quadrupolar mode is significantly damped especially in the ultraviolet regime, while the dipolar resonance is broadened and redshifted. The explanation of these effects relies in the decoherence and dissipation of the collective electronic oscillations as a result of the top surface roughness to the different near-field distribution of the out-of-plane quadrupolar mode and in-plane dipolar mode. Moreover, the influences of the diameter of Al ND, dielectric substrate with different refractive index, and the oxidation of Al ND on these two modes are also investigated. Particularly, the quadrupolar mode disappears with surface roughness and oxidation, explaining why this mode is very weak and sometimes barely visible on evaporated Al nanostructures reported in the literature. Finally, these results are experimentally confirmed by characterizing the optical properties of periodic Al ND arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.
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Fazio E, Gökce B, De Giacomo A, Meneghetti M, Compagnini G, Tommasini M, Waag F, Lucotti A, Zanchi CG, Ossi PM, Dell’Aglio M, D’Urso L, Condorelli M, Scardaci V, Biscaglia F, Litti L, Gobbo M, Gallo G, Santoro M, Trusso S, Neri F. Nanoparticles Engineering by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids: Concepts and Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2317. [PMID: 33238455 PMCID: PMC7700616 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Laser synthesis emerges as a suitable technique to produce ligand-free nanoparticles, alloys and functionalized nanomaterials for catalysis, imaging, biomedicine, energy and environmental applications. In the last decade, laser ablation and nanoparticle generation in liquids has proven to be a unique and efficient technique to generate, excite, fragment and conjugate a large variety of nanostructures in a scalable and clean way. In this work, we give an overview on the fundamentals of pulsed laser synthesis of nanocolloids and new information about its scalability towards selected applications. Biomedicine, catalysis and sensing are the application areas mainly discussed in this review, highlighting advantages of laser-synthesized nanoparticles for these types of applications and, once partially resolved, the limitations to the technique for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
| | - Bilal Gökce
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany; (B.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Alessandro De Giacomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Moreno Meneghetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Friedrich Waag
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany; (B.G.); (F.W.)
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Chiara Giuseppina Zanchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (M.T.); (A.L.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Paolo Maria Ossi
- Department of Energy & Center for NanoEngineered Materials and Surfaces—NEMAS, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marcella Dell’Aglio
- CNR-NANOTEC, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luisa D’Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Marcello Condorelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Vittorio Scardaci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (L.D.); (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Francesca Biscaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Lucio Litti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.M.); (F.B.); (L.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Gallo
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
| | - Marco Santoro
- STMicroelectronics S.R.L., Stradale Primosole 37, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- CNR-IPCF Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, 98053 Messina, Italy;
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics and Earth Physics, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (G.G.); (F.N.)
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Wu J, Zhang L, Huang F, Ji X, Dai H, Wu W. Surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate for the detection of explosives: Construction strategy and dimensional effect. J Hazard Mater 2020; 387:121714. [PMID: 31818672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been reported to be able to quickly and non-destructively identify target analytes. SERS substrate with high sensitivity and selectivity gave SERS technology a broad application prospect. This contribution aims to provide a detailed and systematic review of the current state of research on SERS-based explosive sensors, with particular attention to current research advances. This review mainly focuses on the strategies for improving SERS performance and the SERS substrates with different dimensions including zero-dimensional (0D) nanocolloids, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires and nanorods, two-dimensional (2D) arrays, and three-dimensional (3D) networks. The effects of elemental composition, the shape and size of metal nanoparticles, hot-spot structure and surface modification on the performance of explosive detection are also reviewed. In addition, the future development tendency and application of SERS-based explosive sensors are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information, National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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Giordano BC, Ratchford DC, Johnson KJ, Pehrsson PE. Silicon nanowire arrays for the preconcentration and separation of trace explosives vapors. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moll B, Tichelkamp T, Wegner S, Francis B, Müller TJJ, Janiak C. Near-infrared (NIR) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) study of novel functional phenothiazines for potential use in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). RSC Adv 2019; 9:37365-37375. [PMID: 35542299 PMCID: PMC9075589 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08675g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazines are of potential use as dye sensitizers in Grätzel-type dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Plasmonic nanoparticles like gold nanoparticles can enhance the power conversion efficiency of these solar cells. In this work near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NIR-SERS) is used to investigate the interaction between six novel phenothiazine-merocyanine dyes containing the three different functional groups rhodanine, 1,3-indanedione and cyanoacylic acid with plasmonic nanomaterials, to decide if the incorporation of plasmonic nanoparticles could enhance the efficiency of a Grätzel-type solar cell. The studies were carried out in the solution state using spherical and rod-shaped gold nanostructures. With KCl induced agglomerated spherical gold nanoparticles, forming SERS hot spots, the results showed low detection limits between 0.1 μmol L−1 for rhodanine containing phenothiazine dyes, because of the formation of Au–S bonds and 3 μmol L−1 for cyanoacrylic acid containing dyes, which formed H-aggregates in the watery dispersion. Results with gold nanorods showed similar trends in the SERS measurements with lower limits of detection, because of a shielding effect from the strongly-bound surfactant. Additional fluorescence studies were carried out to determine if the incorporation of nanostructures leads to fluorescence quenching. Overall we conclude that the addition of gold nanoparticles to rhodanine and 1,3-indanedione containing phenothiazine merocyanine dyes could enhance their performance in Grätzel-type solar cells, because of their strong interactions with plasmonic nanoparticles. Phenothiazines are of potential use as dye sensitizers in Grätzel-type dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Moll
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Thomas Tichelkamp
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Susann Wegner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Biju Francis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40204 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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Li Y, Lu R, Shen J, Han W, Sun X, Li J, Wang L. Electrospun flexible poly(bisphenol A carbonate) nanofibers decorated with Ag nanoparticles as effective 3D SERS substrates for trace TNT detection. Analyst 2018; 142:4756-4764. [PMID: 29168853 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01639e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A flexible 3D hybrid PC/Ag surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was fabricated through the combination of electrospinning and in situ chemical reduction. Due to the rough surface morphology and the intricate 3D structure, a high density of Raman "hotspots" was formed at the junctions of cross-linked nanofibers, resulting in excellent sensitivity to a probe molecule (4-aminothiophenol). The nanofibers were modified with l-cysteine to capture TNT molecules by the formation of a Meisenheimer complex, after which positively charged 4-ATP-labelled AgNPs were introduced to the system, which both generated more hotspots and led to a linear relationship between the TNT concentration and the SERS intensity of the labelled molecules. As a result, a good linear response ranging from 10-8 to 10-12 M was achieved, and the detection limit for TNT was as low as 2.05 × 10-13 M. This strategy demonstrates an ultra-sensitive approach for the detection of trace amounts of TNT, and a promising method for the detection of many other analogous explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
We report the shape- and wavelength-dependent ultrasensitive label-free detection of adenine on rhodium cube- and tripod-star-like nanoparticles (Rh NPs) using ultraviolet surface-enhanced Raman scattering (UV-SERS). Rh NPs immobilized on a silane-treated glass substrate probed at near-resonant and non-resonant wavelengths served as the SERS platform for the highly reproducible, stable, and real-time detection of adsorbed adenine molecules in the femtomolar region. The sensitivity of SERS-active Rh NPs displaying LSPR in the UV region was exploited for the 266 nm (DUV), 325 nm (UV) and 532 nm (visible) Raman excitation wavelengths. With the 266 nm and 325 nm DUV-UV excitation lines, for the Rh tripod geometry near or pre-resonant excitation being closer to the analyte absorption band combined with the intrinsic UV-LSPR resonant energy produced a SERS enhancement factor as high as 105 and accelerated photoinduced degradations compared to 532 nm for our substrates. Computational results consistent with the experiment clearly demonstrated that the NP SERS enhancement was sensitive to both the intrinsic optical properties of Rh in the UV region and the excitation closer to the LSPR peak producing larger EM enhancements. The wavelength-dependent correlations between the optical properties of the shape-tailored Rh NPs and SERS enhancements envisage the merit and demerit of DUV-UV excitation over visible excitation for Raman measurements. The as-fabricated SERS substrate could also be efficiently recycled using O2 plasma for the detection of other biomolecules. The use of oxide-free transition metal Rh and DUV-UV excitation thereby extends the improved generality of the SERS technique for ultrasensitive bimolecular detection and for gaining a comprehensive understanding of UV-SERS-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Yuan Y, Panwar N, Yap SHK, Wu Q, Zeng S, Xu J, Tjin SC, Song J, Qu J, Yong KT. SERS-based ultrasensitive sensing platform: An insight into design and practical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jha SK, Mojarad N, Agio M, Löffler JF, Ekinci Y. Enhancement of the intrinsic fluorescence of adenine using aluminum nanoparticle arrays. Opt Express 2015; 23:24719-24729. [PMID: 26406673 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the metal-enhanced fluorescence of adenine using aluminum nanoparticle arrays in the deep UV range. It achieves the reproducible intensity enhancement of intrinsic fluorescence up to 80 on well-defined aluminum nanoparticle arrays at 257 nm excitation. In addition to a high signal enhancement, a strong modification of the fluorescence emission spectrum of adenine is observed. This study illustrates that the label-free detection of DNA bases and proteins that have low intrinsic fluorescence and absorption bands in the deep UV range can be facilitated using aluminum nanostructures.
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