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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Julien PA, Arhangelskis M, Germann LS, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Morris AJ, Friščić T. Illuminating milling mechanochemistry by tandem real-time fluorescence emission and Raman spectroscopy monitoring. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12121-12132. [PMID: 37969588 PMCID: PMC10631231 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of accessible and interpretable methods for direct and real-time observation of mechanochemical reactions, we demonstrate a tandem spectroscopic method for monitoring of ball-milling transformations combining fluorescence emission and Raman spectroscopy, accompanied by high-level molecular and periodic density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, including periodic time-dependent (TD-DFT) modelling of solid-state fluorescence spectra. This proof-of-principle report presents this readily accessible dual-spectroscopy technique as capable of observing changes to the supramolecular structure of the model pharmaceutical system indometacin during mechanochemical polymorph transformation and cocrystallisation. The observed time-resolved in situ spectroscopic and kinetic data are supported by ex situ X-ray diffraction and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. The application of first principles (ab initio) calculations enabled the elucidation of how changes in crystalline environment, that result from mechanochemical reactions, affect vibrational and electronic excited states of molecules. The herein explored interpretation of both real-time and ex situ spectroscopic data through ab initio calculations provides an entry into developing a detailed mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical milling processes and highlights the challenges of using real-time spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada 13 General Crerar Crescent K7K 7B4 Kingston Canada
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw 1 Pasteura St. 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Luzia S Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches-Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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3
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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4
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Allenbaugh RJ, Shaw A. Kinetic analysis of the liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) mechanosynthesis of metal bipyridine complexes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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5
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Mazzeo PP, Lampronti GI, Michalchuk AAL, Belenguer AM, Bacchi A, Emmerling F. Accurate extrinsic and intrinsic peak broadening modelling for time-resolved in situ ball milling reactions via synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:289-305. [PMID: 36173263 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The debate on the mechanisms which underpin mechanochemical reactions via ball mill grinding is still open. Our ability to accurately measure the microstructural (crystal size and microstrain) evolution of materials under milling conditions as well as their phase composition as a function of time is key to the in-depth understanding of the kinetics and driving forces of mechanochemical transformations. Furthermore, all ball milling reactions end with a steady state or milling equilibrium - represented by a specific phase composition and relative microstructure - that does not change as long as the milling conditions are maintained. The use of a standard sample is essential to determine the instrumental contribution to the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) peak broadening for time-resolved in situ (TRIS) monitoring of mechanochemical reactions under in operando conditions. Using TRIS-XRPD on a ball milling setup, coupled with low-energy synchrotron radiation, we investigated different data acquisition and analysis strategies on a silicon standard powder. The diffraction geometry and the microstructural evolution of the standard itself have been studied to model the instrumental contribution to XRPD peak broadening throughout the grinding activity. Previously proposed functions are here challenged and further developed. Importantly, we show that minor drifts of the jar position do not affect the instrumental resolution function significantly. We here report and discuss the results of such investigations and their application to TRIS-XRPD datasets of inorganic and organic ball mill grinding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo P Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy. .,Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana M Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alessia Bacchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy. .,Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Lukin S, Germann LS, Friščić T, Halasz I. Toward Mechanistic Understanding of Mechanochemical Reactions Using Real-Time In Situ Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1262-1277. [PMID: 35446551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rapid emergence of interest in mechanochemistry-chemical and materials reactivity achieved or sustained by the action of mechanical force-which has led to application of mechanochemistry to almost all areas of modern chemical and materials synthesis: from organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry to enzymatic reactions, formation of metal-organic frameworks, hybrid perovskites, and nanoparticle-based materials. The recent success of mechanochemistry by ball milling has also raised questions about the underlying mechanisms and has led to the realization that the rational development and effective harnessing of mechanochemical reactivity for cleaner and more efficient chemical manufacturing will critically depend on establishing a mechanistic understanding of these reactions. Despite their long history, the development of such a knowledge framework for mechanochemical reactions is still incomplete. This is in part due to the, until recently, unsurmountable challenge of directly observing transformations taking place in a rapidly oscillating or rotating milling vessel, with the sample being under the continuous impact of milling media. A transformative change in mechanistic studies of milling reactions was recently introduced through the first two methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring based on synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Introduced in 2013 and 2014, the two new techniques have inspired a period of tremendous method development, resulting also in new techniques for mechanistic mechanochemical studies that are based on temperature and/or pressure monitoring, extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS), and, latest, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The new technologies available for real-time monitoring have now inspired the development of experimental strategies and advanced data analysis approaches for the identification and quantification of short-lived reaction intermediates, the development of new mechanistic models, as well as the emergence of more complex monitoring methodologies based on two or three simultaneous monitoring approaches. The use of these new opportunities has, in less than a decade, enabled the first real-time observations of mechanochemical reaction kinetics and the first studies of how the presence of additives, or other means of modifying the mechanochemical reaction, influence reaction rates and pathways. These studies have revealed multistep reaction mechanisms, enabled the identification of autocatalysis, as well as identified molecules and materials that have previously not been known or have even been considered not possible to synthesize through conventional approaches. Mechanistic studies through in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy have highlighted the formation of supramolecular complexes (for example, cocrystals) as critical intermediates in organic and metal-organic synthesis and have also been combined with isotope labeling strategies to provide a deeper insight into mechanochemical reaction mechanisms and atomic and molecular dynamics under milling conditions. This Account provides an overview of this exciting, rapidly evolving field by presenting the development and concepts behind the new methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions, outlining key advances in mechanistic understanding of mechanochemistry, and presenting selected studies important for pushing forward the boundaries of measurement techniques, data analysis, and mapping of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luzia S. Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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In Situ Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Mechanochemical Reactions. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest in mechanochemical reactions and their fields of application have increased enormously in recent times. Mechanically activated reactions offer the advantage of cost-efficiency as well as environmentally friendly syntheses routes. In contrast to thermally induced processes, the energy transfer via the milling media takes place on a local scale. This leads to unique reaction pathways, which often also result in the formation of metastable phases. For the understanding of reaction pathways on a mechanistic level, it is very important to follow the processes taking place in the grinding jar during milling. Besides the measurement of pressure and temperature changes during a mechanochemical reaction, in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experiments have been successfully implemented over the last 10 years. This review will highlight the developments which were achieved in the field of in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions and their input to the understanding of mechanochemistry.
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8
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Petersen H, Weidenthaler C. A review of recent developments for the in situ/operando characterization of nanoporous materials. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a review on up-to-date in situ/operando methods for a comprehensive characterization of nanoporous materials. The group of nanoporous materials is constantly growing, and with it, the variety of...
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9
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Rathmann T, Petersen H, Reichle S, Schmidt W, Amrute AP, Etter M, Weidenthaler C. In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies monitoring mechanochemical reactions of hard materials: Challenges and limitations. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:114102. [PMID: 34852549 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions of soft matter is feasible by synchrotron diffraction experiments. However, so far, reactions of hard materials in existing polymer milling vessels failed due to insufficient energy input. In this study, we present the development of a suitable setup for in situ diffraction experiments at a synchrotron facility. The mechanochemical transformation of boehmite, γ-AlOOH, to corundum, α-Al2O3, was chosen as a model system. The modifications of the mill's clamping system and the vessels themselves were investigated separately. Starting from a commercially available Retsch MM 400 shaker mill, the influence of the geometrical adaptation of the setup on the milling process was investigated. Simply extending the specimen holder proved to be not sufficient because changes in mechanical forces need to be accounted for in the construction of optimized extensions. Milling vessels that are suitable for diffraction experiments and also guarantee the required energy input as well as mechanical stability were developed. The vessels consist of a steel body and modular polymer/steel rings as x-ray transparent windows. In addition, the vessels are equipped with a gas inlet and outlet system that is connectable to a gas analytics setup. Based on the respective modifications, the transformation of boehmite to corundum could be observed in an optimized setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rathmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Hilke Petersen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Steffen Reichle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Amol P Amrute
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) P02.1 PETRA III, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
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10
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Changing the game of time resolved X-ray diffraction on the mechanochemistry playground by downsizing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6134. [PMID: 34675198 PMCID: PMC8531352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Time resolved in situ (TRIS) monitoring has revolutionised the study of mechanochemical transformations but has been limited by available data quality. Here we report how a combination of miniaturised grinding jars together with innovations in X-ray powder diffraction data collection and state-of-the-art analysis strategies transform the power of TRIS synchrotron mechanochemical experiments. Accurate phase compositions, comparable to those obtained by ex situ measurements, can be obtained with small sample loadings. Moreover, microstructural parameters (crystal size and microstrain) can be also determined with high confidence. This strategy applies to all chemistries, is readily implemented, and yields high-quality diffraction data even using a low energy synchrotron source. This offers a direct avenue towards the mechanochemical investigation of reactions comprising scarce, expensive, or toxic compounds. Our strategy is applied to model systems, including inorganic, metal-organic, and organic mechanosyntheses, resolves previously misinterpreted mechanisms in mechanochemical syntheses, and promises broad, new directions for mechanochemical research.
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11
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Lukin S, Užarević K, Halasz I. Raman spectroscopy for real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3492-3521. [PMID: 34089023 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state milling has emerged as an alternative, sustainable approach for preparing virtually all classes of compounds and materials. In situ reaction monitoring is essential to understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions, but it has proved difficult to use standard analytical techniques to analyze the contents of the closed, rapidly moving reaction chamber (jar). Monitoring by Raman spectroscopy is an attractive choice, because it allows uninterrupted data collection from the outside of a translucent milling jar. It complements the already established in situ monitoring based on powder X-ray diffraction, which has limited accessibility to the wider research community, because it requires a synchrotron X-ray source. The Raman spectroscopy monitoring setup used in this protocol consists of an affordable, small portable spectrometer, a laser source and a Raman probe. Translucent reaction jars, most commonly made from a plastic material, enable interaction of the laser beam with the solid sample residing inside the closed reaction jar and collection of Raman-scattered photons while the ball mill is in operation. Acquired Raman spectra are analyzed using commercial or open-source software for data analysis (e.g., MATLAB, Octave, Python, R). Plotting the Raman spectra versus time enables qualitative analysis of reaction paths. This is demonstrated for an example reaction: the formation in the solid state of a cocrystal between nicotinamide and salicylic acid. A more rigorous data analysis can be achieved using multivariate analysis.
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12
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Solares-Briones M, Coyote-Dotor G, Páez-Franco JC, Zermeño-Ortega MR, de la O Contreras CM, Canseco-González D, Avila-Sorrosa A, Morales-Morales D, Germán-Acacio JM. Mechanochemistry: A Green Approach in the Preparation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:790. [PMID: 34070646 PMCID: PMC8228148 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is considered an alternative attractive greener approach to prepare diverse molecular compounds and has become an important synthetic tool in different fields (e.g., physics, chemistry, and material science) since is considered an ecofriendly procedure that can be carried out under solvent free conditions or in the presence of minimal quantities of solvent (catalytic amounts). Being able to substitute, in many cases, classical solution reactions often requiring significant amounts of solvents. These sustainable methods have had an enormous impact on a great variety of chemistry fields, including catalysis, organic synthesis, metal complexes formation, preparation of multicomponent pharmaceutical solid forms, etc. In this sense, we are interested in highlighting the advantages of mechanochemical methods on the obtaining of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Hence, in this review, we describe and discuss the relevance of mechanochemical procedures in the formation of multicomponent solid forms focusing on pharmaceutical cocrystals. Additionally, at the end of this paper, we collect a chronological survey of the most representative scientific papers reporting the mechanochemical synthesis of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizraín Solares-Briones
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - Guadalupe Coyote-Dotor
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - José C. Páez-Franco
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
| | - Miriam R. Zermeño-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario No. 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Apdo. Postal 1552, Chihuahua, C.P. 31125, Mexico; (M.R.Z.-O.); (C.M.d.l.OC.)
| | - Carmen Myriam de la O Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario No. 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Apdo. Postal 1552, Chihuahua, C.P. 31125, Mexico; (M.R.Z.-O.); (C.M.d.l.OC.)
| | - Daniel Canseco-González
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Texcoco de Mora, C.P. 56230, Mexico;
| | - Alcives Avila-Sorrosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - David Morales-Morales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan M. Germán-Acacio
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14000, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (G.C.-D.); (J.C.P.-F.)
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13
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Lapshin OV, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV. Role of Mixing and Milling in Mechanochemical Synthesis (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Applications of synchrotron powder X-ray diffractometry in drug substance and drug product characterization. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Sović I, Lukin S, Meštrović E, Halasz I, Porcheddu A, Delogu F, Ricci PC, Caron F, Perilli T, Dogan A, Colacino E. Mechanochemical Preparation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Monitored by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28663-28672. [PMID: 33195919 PMCID: PMC7658942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanochemical preparation of silver sulfadiazine and dantrolene, two marketed active pharmaceutical ingredients, was investigated by in situ Raman spectroscopy. For the first time, the mechanochemical transformations involving highly fluorescent compounds could be studied in situ with a high-resolution Raman system combined with a unique suitable Raman probe. Moreover, the kinetic features of the mechanochemical process were examined by a mathematical model allowing to describe the chemical changes under mechanical stress. This approach is promising both to broaden the scope of Raman in situ investigations that would otherwise be impossible and for process optimization at any scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Sović
- Ruđer
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- Xellia
Pharmaceuticals, Slavonska
avenija 24/6, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Mechanical,
Chemical
and Materials Engineering, University of
Cagliari, via Marengo
2, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella
Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - Fabien Caron
- Endress+Hauser
Process Analysis Support, Saint-Priest 69800, France
| | - Thomas Perilli
- Endress+Hauser
Process Analysis Support, Saint-Priest 69800, France
| | - Anita Dogan
- Endress+Hauser
d.o.o., Zagreb 10020, Croatia
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16
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Rivera-Torrente M, Mandemaker LDB, Filez M, Delen G, Seoane B, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction and scattering of archetypal MOFs: formation, metal sites in catalysis and thin films. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6694-6732. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of characterization tools for the analysis of well-known metal–organic frameworks and physico-chemical phenomena associated to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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17
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Stolar T, Užarević K. Mechanochemistry: an efficient and versatile toolbox for synthesis, transformation, and functionalization of porous metal–organic frameworks. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple ways in which the synergy of mechanochemistry and MOFs advances the field of materials chemistry are presented here.
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18
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Allenbaugh RJ, Zachary JR, Underwood AN, Bryson JD, Williams JR, Shaw A. Kinetic analysis of the complete mechanochemical synthesis of a palladium(II) carbene complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Tigineh GT, Liu L. Systematic studies on mechanochemical synthesis: Schiff bases from solid aromatic primary amines and aldehydes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryBahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
| | - Ling‐Kang Liu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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20
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Okeyo PO, Ilchenko O, Slipets R, Larsen PE, Boisen A, Rades T, Rantanen J. Imaging of dehydration in particulate matter using Raman line-focus microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7525. [PMID: 31101829 PMCID: PMC6525166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline solids can incorporate water molecules into their crystal lattice causing a dramatic impact on their properties. This explains the increasing interest in understanding the dehydration pathways of these solids. However, the classical thermal analytical techniques cannot spatially resolve the dehydration pathway of organic hydrates at the single particle level. We have developed a new method for imaging the dehydration of organic hydrates using Raman line-focus microscopy during heating of a particle. Based on this approach, we propose a new metastable intermediate of theophylline monohydrate during the three-step dehydration process of this system and further, we visualize the complex nature of the three-step dehydration pathway of nitrofurantoin monohydrate to its stable anhydrous form. A Raman line-focus mapping option was applied for fast simultaneous mapping of differently sized and shaped particles of nitrofurantoin monohydrate, revealing the appearance of multiple solid-state forms and the non-uniformity of this particle system during the complex dehydration process. This method provides an in-depth understanding of phase transformations and can be used to explain practical industrial challenges related to variations in the quality of particulate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ouma Okeyo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Oleksii Ilchenko
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark. .,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roman Slipets
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Emil Larsen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Ferguson M, Moyano MS, Tribello GA, Crawford DE, Bringa EM, James SL, Kohanoff J, Del Pópolo MG. Insights into mechanochemical reactions at the molecular level: simulated indentations of aspirin and meloxicam crystals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2924-2929. [PMID: 30996870 PMCID: PMC6427933 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04971h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis continues to gain ever greater importance, the molecular scale processes that occur during such reactions remain largely uncharacterised. Here, we apply computational modelling to indentations between particles of crystals of aspirin and meloxicam under a variety of conditions to mimic the early stages of their mechanochemical cocrystallisation reaction. The study also extends to the effects of the presence of small amounts of solvent. It is found that, despite the solid crystalline nature of the reactants and the presence of little or no solvent, mixing occurs readily at the molecular level even during relatively low-energy collisions. When indented crystals are subsequently drawn apart, a connective neck formed by a mixture of the reactant molecules is observed, suggesting plastic-like behaviour of the reacting materials. Overall the work reveals some striking new insights including (i) relatively facile mixing of crystals under solvent-free conditions, (ii) no appreciable local temperature increases, (iii) localised amorphisation at the contact region and neck of the reacting crystals, and (iv) small amounts of solvent have relatively little effect during this early stage of the reaction, suggesting that their accelerating effect on the reaction may be exerted at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ferguson
- CONICET , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina .
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
| | - M Silvina Moyano
- CONICET , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina .
| | - Gareth A Tribello
- Atomistic Simulation Centre , School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
| | - Deborah E Crawford
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
| | - Eduardo M Bringa
- CONICET , Facultad de Ingenería , Universidad de Mendoza , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
| | - Jorge Kohanoff
- Atomistic Simulation Centre , School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
| | - Mario G Del Pópolo
- CONICET , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , Mendoza , Argentina .
- Atomistic Simulation Centre , School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK .
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22
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Lukin S, Tireli M, Stolar T, Barišić D, Blanco MV, di Michiel M, Užarević K, Halasz I. Isotope Labeling Reveals Fast Atomic and Molecular Exchange in Mechanochemical Milling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1212-1216. [PMID: 30608669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using tandem in situ monitoring and isotope-labeled solids, we reveal that mechanochemical ball-milling overcomes inherently slow solid-state diffusion through continuous comminution and growth of milled particles. This process occurs with or without a net chemical reaction and also occurs between solids and liquid additives that can be practically used for highly efficient deuterium labeling of solids. The presented findings reveal a fundamental aspect of milling reactions and also delineate a methodology that should be considered in the study of mechanochemical reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Martina Tireli
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Stolar
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Maria Valeria Blanco
- ESRF - the European Synchrotron , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Marco di Michiel
- ESRF - the European Synchrotron , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđ̵er Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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23
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Užarević K, Ferdelji N, Mrla T, Julien PA, Halasz B, Friščić T, Halasz I. Enthalpy vs. friction: heat flow modelling of unexpected temperature profiles in mechanochemistry of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2525-2532. [PMID: 29732130 PMCID: PMC5911823 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions by ball milling are becoming increasingly popular across a wide range of chemical sciences, but understanding and evaluation of temperature during such processes remains a persistent challenge, especially for organic and metal-organic materials. Here, we describe the first methodology for precise real-time measurement of sample temperature during mechanochemical transformations. Using this technique coupled with real-time in situ reaction monitoring by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and numerical simulations of heat flow, we have shown that the temperature profiles of mechanochemical reactions are dominantly determined by the energy dissipated through friction between the sample and the moving milling assembly, while the reaction enthalpy will usually be comparatively insignificant. With the changes in composition during mechanochemical reactions, frictional properties of the milled material change, leading to either better or worse energy absorption upon collisions in the process of milling. This approach explains unexpected and rapid temperature drops during exothermic transformations of ZIF-8 polymorphs. Since reaction kinetics are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, precise temperature profiles provided here will be mandatory to understand kinetics and its changes during milling, and will aid in developing the comprehensive model of mechanochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
| | - Nenad Ferdelji
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture , University of Zagreb , Ul. Ivana Lučića 5 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mrla
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
| | - Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Boris Halasz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture , University of Zagreb , Ul. Ivana Lučića 5 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia . ;
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24
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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25
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Pisk J, Hrenar T, Rubčić M, Pavlović G, Damjanović V, Lovrić J, Cindrić M, Vrdoljak V. Comparative studies on conventional and solvent-free synthesis toward hydrazones: application of PXRD and chemometric data analysis in mechanochemical reaction monitoring. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce02136d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the implementation of chemometric analysis for mechanochemical synthesis monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pisk
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Gordana Pavlović
- Faculty of Textile Technology
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vladimir Damjanović
- School of Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Jasna Lovrić
- School of Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Marina Cindrić
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Višnja Vrdoljak
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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26
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Ban V, Sadikin Y, Lange M, Tumanov N, Filinchuk Y, Černý R, Casati N. Innovative in Situ Ball Mill for X-ray Diffraction. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13176-13181. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Voraksmy Ban
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Sadikin
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet
24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Lange
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Yaroslav Filinchuk
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory
of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet
24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Casati
- Swiss
Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St.W. H3A0B8 Montreal Canada
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28
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Hutchings BP, Crawford DE, Gao L, Hu P, James SL. Feedback Kinetics in Mechanochemistry: The Importance of Cohesive States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15252-15256. [PMID: 29024372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanochemical synthesis is becoming more widely applied and even commercialised, greater basic understanding is needed if the field is to progress on less of a trial-and-error basis. We report that a mechanochemical reaction in a ball mill exhibits unusual sigmoidal feedback kinetics that differ dramatically from the simple first-order kinetics for the same reaction in solution. An induction period is followed by a rapid increase in reaction rate before the rate decreases again as the reaction goes to completion. The origin of these unusual kinetics is found to be a feedback cycle involving both chemical and mechanical factors. During the reaction the physical form of the reaction mixture changes from a powder to a cohesive rubber-like state, and this results in the observed reaction rate increase. The study reveals that non-obvious and dynamic rheological changes in the reaction mixture must be appreciated to understand how mechanochemical reactions progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Hutchings
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Deborah E Crawford
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Peijun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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29
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Hutchings BP, Crawford DE, Gao L, Hu P, James SL. Feedback Kinetics in Mechanochemistry: The Importance of Cohesive States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Hutchings
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Deborah E. Crawford
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Peijun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Stuart L. James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG UK
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30
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Julien PA, Malvestiti I, Friščić T. The effect of milling frequency on a mechanochemical organic reaction monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2160-2168. [PMID: 29114323 PMCID: PMC5669241 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the first in situ and real-time study of the effect of milling frequency on the course of a mechanochemical organic reaction conducted using a vibratory shaker (mixer) ball mill. The use of in situ Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical synthesis of a 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline derivative revealed a pronounced dependence of chemical reactivity on small variations in milling frequency. In particular, in situ measurements revealed the establishment of two different regimes of reaction kinetics at different frequencies, providing tentative insight into processes of mechanical activation in organic mechanochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivani Malvestiti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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31
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Michalchuk AAL, Tumanov IA, Konar S, Kimber SAJ, Pulham CR, Boldyreva EV. Challenges of Mechanochemistry: Is In Situ Real-Time Quantitative Phase Analysis Always Reliable? A Case Study of Organic Salt Formation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700132. [PMID: 28932677 PMCID: PMC5604370 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical methods offer unprecedented academic and industrial opportunities for solvent-free synthesis of novel materials. The need to study mechanochemical mechanisms is growing, and has led to the development of real-time in situ X-ray powder diffraction techniques (RI-XRPD). However, despite the power of RI-XRPD methods, there remain immense challenges. In the present contribution, many of these challenges are highlighted, and their effect on the interpretation of RI-XRPD data considered. A novel data processing technique is introduced for RI-XRPD, through which the solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of an organic salt is followed as a case study. These are compared to ex situ studies, where notable differences are observed. The process is monitored over a range of milling frequencies, and a nonlinear correlation between milling parameters and reaction rate is observed. Kinetic analysis of RI-XRPD allows, for the first time, observation of a mechanistic shift over the course of mechanical treatment, resulting from time evolving conditions within the mechanoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC)Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, David Brewster Rd.EdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Ivan A. Tumanov
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RASKutateladze 18630128NovosibirskRussian Federation
| | - Sumit Konar
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Simon A. J. Kimber
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility71 avenue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Colin R. Pulham
- EaStChem School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions (CSEC)University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC)Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, David Brewster Rd.EdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- REC‐008 Novosibirsk State Universityul. Pirogova 2630090NovosibirskRussian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RASKutateladze 18630128NovosibirskRussian Federation
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32
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Lukin S, Stolar T, Tireli M, Blanco MV, Babić D, Friščić T, Užarević K, Halasz I. Tandem In Situ Monitoring for Quantitative Assessment of Mechanochemical Reactions Involving Structurally Unknown Phases. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28639258 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report herein quantitative in situ monitoring by simultaneous PXRD and Raman spectroscopy of the mechanochemical reaction between benzoic acid and nicotinamide, affording a rich polymorphic system with four new cocrystal polymorphs, multiple phase transformations, and a variety of reaction pathways. After observing polymorphs by in situ monitoring, we were able to isolate and characterize three of the four polymorphs, most of which are not accessible from solution. Relative stabilities among the isolated polymorphs at ambient conditions were established by slurry experiments. Using two complementary methods for in situ monitoring enabled quantitative assessment and kinetic analysis of each studied mechanochemical reaction, even when involving unknown crystal structures, and short-lived intermediates. In situ Raman monitoring was introduced here also as a standalone laboratory technique for quantitative assessment of mechanochemical reactions and understanding of mechanochemical reactivity. Our results provide an important step toward a complete and high-throughput quantitative approach to mechanochemical reaction kinetics and mechanisms, necessary for the development of the mechanistic framework of milling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Stolar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Tireli
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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33
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Do JL, Friščić T. Mechanochemistry: A Force of Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:13-19. [PMID: 28149948 PMCID: PMC5269651 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a reawakening of solid-state approaches to chemical synthesis, driven by the search for new, cleaner synthetic methodologies. Mechanochemistry, i.e., chemical transformations initiated or sustained by mechanical force, has been advancing particularly rapidly, from a laboratory curiosity to a widely applicable technique that not only enables a cleaner route to chemical transformations but offers completely new opportunities in making and screening for molecules and materials. This Outlook provides a brief overview of the recent achievements and opportunities created by mechanochemistry, including access to materials, molecular targets, and synthetic strategies that are hard or even impossible to access by conventional means.
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34
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Mottillo C, Friščić T. Advances in Solid-State Transformations of Coordination Bonds: From the Ball Mill to the Aging Chamber. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010144. [PMID: 28106754 PMCID: PMC6155591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the formation of coordination bonds is pivotal to the development of a plethora of functional metal-organic materials, ranging from coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to metallodrugs. The interest in and commercialization of such materials has created a need for more efficient, environmentally-friendly routes for making coordination bonds. Solid-state coordination chemistry is a versatile greener alternative to conventional synthesis, offering quantitative yields, enhanced stoichiometric and topological selectivity, access to a wider range of precursors, as well as to molecules and materials not readily accessible in solution or solvothermally. With a focus on mechanochemical, thermochemical and “accelerated aging” approaches to coordination polymers, including pharmaceutically-relevant materials and microporous MOFs, this review highlights the recent advances in solid-state coordination chemistry and techniques for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mottillo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H1P 1W1, Canada.
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35
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Kulla H, Fischer F, Benemann S, Rademann K, Emmerling F. The effect of the ball to reactant ratio on mechanochemical reaction times studied by in situ PXRD. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the ball to reactant ratio on reaction times for a cocrystal formation was studied by in situ PXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kulla
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sigrid Benemann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Klaus Rademann
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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36
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Kulla H, Greiser S, Benemann S, Rademann K, Emmerling F. In Situ Investigation of a Self-Accelerated Cocrystal Formation by Grinding Pyrazinamide with Oxalic Acid. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070917. [PMID: 27428942 PMCID: PMC6274108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cocrystal of pyrazinamide with oxalic acid was prepared mechanochemically and characterized by PXRD, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, DTA-TG, and SEM. Based on powder X-ray diffraction data the structure was solved. The formation pathway of the reaction was studied in situ using combined synchrotron PXRD and Raman spectroscopy. Using oxalic acid dihydrate the initially neat grinding turned into a rapid self-accelerated liquid-assisted grinding process by the release of crystallization water. Under these conditions, the cocrystal was formed directly within two minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kulla
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Greiser
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sigrid Benemann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Rademann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Descamps M, Willart JF. Perspectives on the amorphisation/milling relationship in pharmaceutical materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:51-66. [PMID: 26826439 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of recent advances in understanding the role of the amorphous state in the physical and chemical transformations of pharmaceutical materials induced by mechanical milling. The following points are addressed: (1) Is milling really able to amorphise crystals?, (2) Conditions for obtaining an amorphisation, (3) Milling of hydrates, (4) Producing amorphous state without changing the chemical nature, (5) Milling induced crystal to crystal transformations: mediation by an amorphous state, (6) Nature of the amorphous state obtained by milling, (7) Milling of amorphous compounds: accelerated aging or rejuvenation, (8) Specific recrystallisation behaviour, and (9) Toward a rationalisation and conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Descamps
- UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - J F Willart
- UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F 59 000 Lille, France.
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38
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Julien PA, Užarević K, Katsenis AD, Kimber SAJ, Wang T, Farha OK, Zhang Y, Casaban J, Germann LS, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, James SL, Halasz I, Friščić T. In Situ Monitoring and Mechanism of the Mechanochemical Formation of a Microporous MOF-74 Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2929-32. [PMID: 26894258 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides a rapid, efficient route to metal-organic framework Zn-MOF-74 directly from a metal oxide and without bulk solvent. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction monitoring of the reaction course reveals two new phases and an unusual stepwise process in which a close-packed intermediate reacts to form the open framework. The reaction can be performed on a gram scale to yield a highly porous material after activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Simon A J Kimber
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) , Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Timothy Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - José Casaban
- MOF Technologies Ltd , Belfast BT7 1NF, United Kingdom
| | - Luzia S Germann
- Max Planck Institute for Solid-State Research , Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid-State Research , Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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39
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Wilke M, Batzdorf L, Fischer F, Rademann K, Emmerling F. Cadmium phenylphosphonates: preparation, characterisation and in situ investigation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New and known cadmium phenylphosphonates were prepared mechanochemically and their synthesis mechanism was determined in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wilke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Lisa Batzdorf
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Franziska Fischer
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Klaus Rademann
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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40
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Užarević K, Halasz I, Friščić T. Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Reactions: A New Playground for All Chemists. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4129-40. [PMID: 26722788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We provide a brief overview of the first techniques for direct, real-time observation of mechanochemical reactions by milling. Whereas mechanisms and kinetics of solid-state reactions induced by temperature or pressure have been extensively investigated, transformations of materials under continuous impact in a milling assembly remain largely unexplored and based on ex situ studies. The recent introduction and development of techniques for in situ monitoring of milling reactions by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy has enabled the first direct insight into milling mechanochemistry, opening a new area for studies of chemical reactivity. So far, these techniques have revealed rapid, multistep reaction mechanisms and metastable intermediates that are impossible or difficult to observe or isolate in solution and have highlighted shortcomings of ex situ mechanistic studies. These pioneering advances also highlight the low level of mechanistic understanding and future challenges in developing a clear mechanistic picture of physicochemical transformations by milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krunoslav Užarević
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
- Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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41
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42
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In situ X-ray diffraction monitoring of a mechanochemical reaction reveals a unique topology metal-organic framework. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6662. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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43
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Xu C, De S, Balu AM, Ojeda M, Luque R. Mechanochemical synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6698-713. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09876e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical synthesis emerged as the most advantageous, environmentally sound alternative to traditional routes for nanomaterials preparation with outstanding properties for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Sudipta De
- Laboratory of Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Alina M. Balu
- Department of Catalysis and New Chemistries
- Avantium Chemicals
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
| | - Manuel Ojeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Córdoba
- 14014 Córdoba
- Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Córdoba
- 14014 Córdoba
- Spain
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44
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Abstract
This paper offers a perspective on mechanochemistry and offers summarizing commentary on the Faraday Discussion170, “Mechanochemistry: From Functional Solids to Single Molecules”. The connection between the mechanical and the chemical worlds dates back to our earliest written records and beyond, but its renaissance over the past decade or so has had an impact on a huge swathe of modern science and engineering: from metallurgists to polymer scientists to synthetic organic and inorganic chemists to cellular biologists. Connections among the different subfields of mechanochemistry (tribochemistry, trituration, macromolecular, and sonochemistry) are drawn out and the common themes and open questions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Suslick
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
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