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Jang S, Her M, Kim S, Jang JH, Chae JE, Choi J, Choi M, Kim SM, Kim HJ, Cho YH, Sung YE, Yoo SJ. Membrane/Electrode Interface Design for Effective Water Management in Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34805-34811. [PMID: 31469540 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of ultrathin anion exchange membranes and optimization of their operating conditions have significantly enhanced the performance of alkaline-membrane fuel cells (AMFCs); however, the effects of the membrane/electrode interface structure on the AMFC performance have not been seriously investigated thus far. Herein, we report on a high-performance AMFC system with a membrane/electrode interface of novel design. Commercially available membranes are modified in the form of well-aligned line arrays of both the anode and cathode sides by means of a solvent-assisted molding technique and sandwich-like assembly of the membrane and polydimethylsiloxane molds. Upon incorporating the patterned membranes into a single-cell system, we observe a significantly enhanced performance of up to ∼35% compared with that of the reference membrane. The enlarged interface area and reduced membrane thickness from the line-patterned membrane/electrode interface result in improved water management, reduced ohmic resistance, and effective utilization of the catalyst. We believe that our findings can significantly contribute further advancements in AMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segeun Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanbat National University , Daejeon 34158 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Her
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jue-Hyuk Jang
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Chae
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sang Moon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Incheon National University , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Juhn Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Kangwon National University , Samcheok 24341 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Fuel Cell Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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Yin J, Suo Y, Zou Z, Sun J, Zhang S, Wang B, Xu Y, Darland D, Zhao JX, Mu Y. Integrated microfluidic systems with sample preparation and nucleic acid amplification. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2769-2785. [PMID: 31365009 PMCID: PMC8876602 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, efficient and accurate nucleic acid molecule detection is important in the screening of diseases and pathogens, yet remains a limiting factor at point of care (POC) treatment. Microfluidic systems are characterized by fast, integrated, miniaturized features which provide an effective platform for qualitative and quantitative detection of nucleic acid molecules. The nucleic acid detection process mainly includes sample preparation and target molecule amplification. Given the advancements in theoretical research and technological innovations to date, nucleic acid extraction and amplification integrated with microfluidic systems has advanced rapidly. The primary goal of this review is to outline current approaches used for nucleic acid detection in the context of microfluidic systems. The secondary goal is to identify new approaches that will help shape future trends at the intersection of nucleic acid detection and microfluidics, particularly with regard to increasing disease and pathogen detection for improved diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuanjie Suo
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zheyu Zou
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shan Zhang
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Beng Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 China and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
| | - Yawei Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132000 China
| | - Diane Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, USA.
| | | | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Grate JW, Liu B, Kelly RT, Anheier NC, Schmidt TM. Microfluidic Sensors with Impregnated Fluorophores for Simultaneous Imaging of Spatial Structure and Chemical Oxygen Gradients. ACS Sens 2019; 4:317-325. [PMID: 30609370 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interior surfaces of polystyrene microfluidic structures were impregnated with the oxygen sensing dye Pt(II) tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP) using a solvent-induced fluorophore impregnation (SIFI) method. Using this technique, microfluidic oxygen sensors are obtained that enable simultaneous imaging of both chemical oxygen gradients and the physical structure of the microfluidic interior. A gentle method of fluorophore impregnation using acetonitrile solutions of PtTFPP at 50 °C was developed leading to a 10-μm-deep region containing fluorophore. This region is localized at the surface to sense oxygen in the interior fluid during use. Regions of the device that do not contact the interior fluid pathways lack fluorophores and are dark in fluorescent imaging. The technique was demonstrated on straight microchannel and pore network devices, the latter having pillars of 300 μm diameter spaced center to center at 340 μm providing pore throats of 40 μm. Sensing within channels or pores and imaging across the pore network devices were performed using a Lambert LIFA-P frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging system on a Leica microscope platform. Calibrations of different devices prepared by the SIFI method were indistinguishable. Gradient imaging showed fluorescent regions corresponding to the fluid pore network, dark pillars, and fluorescent lifetime varying across the gradient, thus providing both physical and chemical imaging. More generally, the SIFI technique can impregnate the interior surfaces of other polystyrene containers, such as cuvettes or cell and tissue culture containers, to enable sensing of interior conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Grate
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bingwen Liu
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ryan T. Kelly
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Norman C. Anheier
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas M. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Podwin A, Kubicki W, Dziuban JA. Study of the behavior of Euglena viridis, Euglena gracilis and Lepadella patella cultured in all-glass microaquarium. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 28688071 PMCID: PMC5501897 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the paper, the microaquarium fabricated in a form of entirely glass lab-on-a-chip for culturing and microscale study of microorganisms has been presented. A new approach towards cellular studies that brings a significant improvement over commonly utilized - polymer-based solutions has been shown. For the first time, all-borosilicate glass chip was applied for the culturing of the selected microorganisms and enabled notable population growth and behaviorism investigation. The chip fabrication method in comparison to typical glass chip technology was notably simplified, including quick patterning and low temperature bonding in 80 °C. In the studies, both a single-cell (Euglena gracilis and Euglena viridis) and multi-cell microorganisms (Lepadella patella) were cultured in the microaquarium. Behaviorism of the selected microorganisms was investigated by supplying various proportions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and air into the chip. Tests included studies of microorganisms chemotaxis, viability (mostly based on photosynthesis process) and coexistence in the lab-on-a-chip environment. The experiments confirmed that the developed chip is a tool that fits the requirements for the culturing and behavioral studies of microorganisms and constitute ground-works to propel its further application in broadly defined cellular study field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podwin
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kubicki
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan A Dziuban
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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Nemati SH, Liyu DA, Canul AJ, Vasdekis AE. Solvent immersion imprint lithography: A high-performance, semi-automated procedure. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024111. [PMID: 28798847 PMCID: PMC5533493 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We expand upon our recent, fundamental report on solvent immersion imprint lithography (SIIL) and describe a semi-automated and high-performance procedure for prototyping polymer microfluidics and optofluidics. The SIIL procedure minimizes manual intervention through a cost-effective (∼$200) and easy-to-assemble apparatus. We analyze the procedure's performance specifically for Poly (methyl methacrylate) microsystems and report repeatable polymer imprinting, bonding, and 3D functionalization in less than 5 min, down to 8 μm resolutions and 1:1 aspect ratios. In comparison to commercial approaches, the modified SIIL procedure enables substantial cost reductions, a 100-fold reduction in imprinting force requirements, as well as a more than 10-fold increase in bonding strength. We attribute these advantages to the directed polymer dissolution that strictly localizes at the polymer-solvent interface, as uniquely offered by SIIL. The described procedure opens new desktop prototyping opportunities, particularly for non-expert users performing live-cell imaging, flow-through catalysis, and on-chip gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nemati
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - D A Liyu
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A J Canul
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A E Vasdekis
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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Chang TM, Xantheas SS, Vasdekis AE. Mesoscale Polymer Dissolution Probed by Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10581-10587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Mei Chang
- University of Wisconsin—Parkside, P.O. Box
2000, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, United States
| | - Sotiris S. Xantheas
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle
Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Andreas E. Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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7
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Liyu D, Nemati SH, Vasdekis AE. Solvent-assisted prototyping of microfluidic and optofluidic microsystems in polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Liyu
- Department of Physics; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844
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Moore JS, Xantheas SS, Grate JW, Wietsma TW, Gratton E, Vasdekis AE. Modular Polymer Biosensors by Solvent Immersion Imprint Lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 54:98-103. [PMID: 27867256 DOI: 10.1002/polb.23961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated Solvent Immersion Imprint Lithography (SIIL), a rapid benchtop microsystem prototyping technique, including polymer functionalization, imprinting and bonding. Here, we focus on the realization of planar polymer sensors using SIIL through simple solvent immersion without imprinting. We describe SIIL's impregnation characteristics, including an inherent mechanism that not only achieves practical doping concentrations, but their unexpected 2-fold enhancement compared to the immersion solution. Subsequently, we developed and characterized optical sensors for detecting molecular O2. To this end, a substantially high dynamic range is reported, including its control through the immersion duration, a manifestation of SIIL's modularity. Overall, SIIL exhibits the potential of improving the operating characteristics of polymer sensors, while significantly accelerating their prototyping, as it requires a few seconds of processing and no need for substrates or dedicated instrumentation. These are critical for O2 sensing as probed by way of example here, as well as any polymer permeable reactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moore
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - S S Xantheas
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - J W Grate
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - T W Wietsma
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - E Gratton
- Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A E Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.; Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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Vasdekis AE, Stephanopoulos G. Review of methods to probe single cell metabolism and bioenergetics. Metab Eng 2015; 27:115-135. [PMID: 25448400 PMCID: PMC4399830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single cell investigations have enabled unexpected discoveries, such as the existence of biological noise and phenotypic switching in infection, metabolism and treatment. Herein, we review methods that enable such single cell investigations specific to metabolism and bioenergetics. Firstly, we discuss how to isolate and immobilize individuals from a cell suspension, including both permanent and reversible approaches. We also highlight specific advances in microbiology for its implications in metabolic engineering. Methods for probing single cell physiology and metabolism are subsequently reviewed. The primary focus therein is on dynamic and high-content profiling strategies based on label-free and fluorescence microspectroscopy and microscopy. Non-dynamic approaches, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 56-469, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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